用户:ItMarki/Wikipedia:维基百科有最终期限
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 | 本页简而言之：世界知识难保，情况岌岌可危。尽快贡献百科，以免悔之莫及。 |
几乎每天，各种形式的知识会永远遗失，而且没有副本可用。某个地区一旦发生自然灾害或爆发战争时，图书馆、档案馆、博物馆、纪念建筑物以及其他文物、有价值建筑物、摇篮本和独特物品都遭到摧毁或面临这些威胁。这些事件通常会消除部分人类知识，甚至消灭整个文化。
历史事例
[编辑]维基百科推出之前，有很多知识已经永久遗失。以下列出一些例子。[1]
20世纪之前
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- 亚历山大图书馆、智慧之家和君士坦丁堡帝国图书馆是一些古代遭到摧毁的伟大图书馆。此外，很多中国古代百科全书已部分或完全失传。
- 1551年，奥斯曼帝国入侵戈佐岛，中世纪档案也得到毁坏。[2]
- 1562年，迭戈·德·兰达焚毁玛雅手抄本，到现在只发现了四本残卷。玛雅历史的大部分知识就因此遗失了。
- 1566年，加尔文派圣像破坏运动波及低地国家，天主教堂的许多雕像和宗教文物都遭到破坏偶像主义分子的破坏。
- 1734年圣诞夜，马德里王家城堡发生火灾，超过500幅画焚毁，其他作品则得以挽救，包括委拉斯开兹的《宫女》。
- 1836年美国专利局火灾彻底焚毁当时收集到的大部分美国专利文件。
- 1879年，原伯明翰中央图书馆发生火灾，原本保存50,000卷，但只有1,000卷幸免于难。[3]
20世纪
[编辑]- 西班牙内战时期，许多教堂、寺院、修女院和图书馆都遭到焚毁。[4]
- 1921年，华盛顿特区商业大楼（Commerce Building）的地下室发生火灾，大多数1890年美国人口普查素材都得到毁灭。[5]
- 1937年，福克斯金库发生火灾，1935年前的所有原底片都遭到焚毁。[6]此外，绝大部分在19世纪末和20世纪初生产的无声电影都是散失电影。根据美国国会图书馆在2013年9月发表的一篇报告，大约70%的美国无声剧情长片都属于这一类别。[7]
- 第二次世界大战期间，数百所图书馆和档案馆都遭到摧毁，内容也已经失传。[1][8]
- 1943年，秘鲁国家图书馆发生火灾，价值很高的历史作品都得到毁灭。[9]
- 文化大革命期间，超过6000间西藏寺庙、独一无二的雕像、缂织壁毯和手抄本都遭到毁坏。[10]
- 波士尼亚战争期间的1992年，波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那国家和大学图书馆在萨拉热窝围城战役遭到炮轰，数千篇独一无二的文章也就这样毁于一旦。[11]
- 一些原版阿波罗11号登月高清录像带已经覆写，因此永久遗失。[12]但是所有信息当时都在几个地方存档。[13]
- 1981年6月，斯里兰卡内战期间，贾夫纳公共图书馆遭到僧伽罗佛教暴民的焚毁，超过97,000本珍稀书籍和手抄本也因此毁坏。[14]
- 1989年罗马尼亚革命期间，大学中央图书馆发生火灾，超过500,000本书和3,700份手抄本遭到焚毁。[15]
现代事例
[编辑]可惜，维基百科于2001年面世后，世界上依然有知识遭到破坏。以下列出几个例子。
2000年代
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- 2003年美国进攻伊拉克期间，伊拉克国家图书馆和档案馆和其他建筑物遭到洗劫。[16]
- 2004年，德国的安娜·阿玛利亚公爵夫人图书馆原本拟定在两个月后移走收藏品时，发生火灾，一部分这些收藏品得到焚毁，。[17]
- 许多图书馆和档案馆在2004年印度洋大地震中受损或受破坏。
- 2009年，科隆历史档案馆倒塌。[18]
- 2009年10月26日，雅虎地球村关闭，网民在15年间建立的3800万个页面也因此永久得到隐藏。[19]只有部分内容得到存档。
2010年代
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- In 2010, much of Haiti's heritage was damaged or destroyed in an earthquake.[20] Little over a month later, Chile's heritage suffered similar destruction in its own earthquake.
- The Egyptian Museum was looted during the 2011 Egyptian revolution.[21]
- In December 2011, a fire destroyed all but 30,000 of the 200,000 books in the historic Egyptian Scientific Institute.[22][23]
- In May 2012, shrines forming part of the Timbuktu World Heritage Site were destroyed by the Islamist group Ansar Dine.[24][25]
- Some buildings and churches were damaged in the 2012 Northern Italy earthquakes.
- In June 2012, many documents were burned during a fire at the secretarial building of Mumbai.[26][27]
- Syrian heritage has been damaged, destroyed and looted during the Syrian Civil War.[28]
- On October 15, 2013, the Bohol earthquake destroyed and damaged several iconic sites.[29]
- On December 25, 2013, the Santuario da Virxe da Barca was destroyed by a fire resulting from lightning.[30]
- The Al Sa’eh Library in Tripoli, Lebanon, with 80,000 books and manuscripts, was burnt down in January 2014.[31]
- Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) damaged Mosul Museum artifacts, Mosul Public Library books and other cultural heritage sites like the ancient temples of Baalshamin and Bel.[32]
- The April 25, 2015, Nepal earthquake damaged and destroyed centuries-old buildings in the UNESCO World Heritage sites in the Kathmandu Valley, including some at Kathmandu Durbar Square.[33]
- On April 26, 2016, National Museum of Natural History, New Delhi and its entire collection were destroyed by fire.[34]
- A museum dedicated to Nicola Filotesio stood in the town of his birth until it was destroyed in the August 2016 Central Italy earthquake.[35]
- A fire burned down the National Museum of Brazil on September 2, 2018, destroying more than 90 percent of its collection of more than 20 million objects.[36][37] Many holdings, such as records of extinct languages, were one-of-a-kind and irreplaceably lost.[38]
- In March 2019, Myspace announced that it had lost all music uploaded between 2003 and 2015.[39]
2020s
[编辑]- In January 2020, a fire damaged or destroyed much of the collection of New York City's Museum of Chinese in America. Around 35,000 of the 85,000 items had been digitized and backed up before the fire.[40]
- In April 2021, the University of Cape Town Jagger Library was damaged by a wildfire, threatening its collection of African antiquities.[41]
- On July 29, 2021, the Cinemateca Brasileira was hit by a fire,[42] the fifth in its history.[43]
- Many Ukrainian cultural sites have been damaged or destroyed as a result of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. The Ivankiv Historical and Local History Museum, the Kuindzhi Art Museum, and the Club 8-bit computer museum were destroyed by bombardment, while cultural centers like the Babyn Yar Holocaust Memorial Center and the Korolenko Chernihiv Regional Universal Scientific Library were damaged.
Future threats
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Today, many of the world's languages are endangered or nearly extinct.[45][46] In some cases where parents have stopped teaching an endangered language to their children, the language is understood by only a few elderly speakers. The Rosetta Project is a global collaboration of language specialists and native speakers working to build a publicly accessible digital library of material on the nearly 7,000 known human languages.[47]
Furthermore, hundreds of websites are closed every day on the Internet; the average life of a web page is only 77 days.[48] Those websites work in many cases as references. Projects like the Internet Archive or WebCitation and volunteer groups like Archive Team[49] save copies of some of them, but many others are lost forever. This issue may affect Wikimedia projects too, and mirrors are needed to assure long-term preservation of the data.
Wikipedia and its sister projects can—and must—save all these forms of knowledge, through creating articles, uploading images and recordings to Wikimedia Commons, preserving languages in Wiktionary and transcribing books into Wikisource. Events like Wiki Loves Monuments may help to immortalize monuments around the world before they are damaged or destroyed.[50]
There is a deadline. This is a battle against time.
Gallery
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Royal Alcazar of Madrid was consumed by fire in 1734. More than 500 paintings were lost. -
Symbol of New York Society for the Suppression of Vice, advocating book-burning -
Book burning in Berlin, May 1933 -
Burning left-wing books during the early days of the Pinochet military regime -
A cello player in the destroyed National Library, Sarajevo -
The damaged Museum of Contemporary Art in Chile -
Golden toad (Bufo periglenes), now extinct -
Library fire at the Anna Amalia library, 2004 -
Collapsed Historical Archive of the City of Cologne, March 2009 -
Church of Saint Paul in Mirabello, Ferrara -
The town hall of Sant'Agostino -
Mural painting in the Purila Manor, Estonia, almost erased by age -
Fallen statue of zoologist Louis Agassiz after the 1906 San Francisco earthquake -
The Great Mosque of Aleppo was damaged in fighting in 2013 -
Demolition of the Church of St. Lambertus, Immerath (2018) to make room for a surface mine -
Fire at the National Museum of Brazil -
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See also
[编辑]El Vaporcito, a famous ship in Andalusia and Property of Cultural Interest in Spain, sunk in 2011.
In 2007...
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...and in 2017.
Articles
[编辑]- Art destruction
- Digital dark age
- Digital preservation
- Book burning and List of book burning incidents
- Impermanence
- List of destroyed libraries
- List of destroyed heritage
- Lost work, Lost artworks and List of lost films
- Rosetta Stone
Documentaries
[编辑]- Biblioteca en guerra (2009, Blanca Calvo & Ramón Salaberria)
- Cicatrices de Sarajevo (2012, Miguel Ángel Viñas)
- Digital Amnesia (2014, Bregtje van der Haak)
- Digital dark age: help, we're disappearing! (2004, Jörg Daniel Hissen & Peter Moers)
- Internet Archive (2012, Jonathan Minard)
- Las cajas españolas (2004, Alberto Porlan)
- Lost Forever (2011, Paul Mariano & Kurt Norton)
- Metrópolis refundada (2010, Evangelina Loguercio)
- Rescatando sombras. Cine, muerte y memoria (2012, Franco Lorenzana)
- The Destruction of Memory (2016, Tim Slade)
- The End of Memory? (2015, Vincent Amouroux)
- The House of History (1996, Quadir Taheri)
Essays
[编辑]- User:Emijrp/All Human Knowledge (userbox {{User preserve all human knowledge}})
- Wikipedia:There is no deadline
- Wikipedia:Wikipedia is a work in progress
- Wikipedia:Build content to endure
Projects
[编辑]- Internet Archive
- Long Now Foundation and Rosetta Project
- Memory of Mankind
- meta:Wikipedia to the Moon
- Arch Mission Foundation
References
[编辑]- ^ 1.0 1.1 Lost Memory — Libraries and Archives Destroyed in the Twentieth Century (WebCite的存档，存档日期August 12, 2012，)
- ^ Grima, Noel. Notarial Archives discovery: Documents from Gozo dating to 1431 saved from the bin. The Malta Independent. 23 May 2015. （原始内容存档于11 August 2015）.
- ^ Notes on the history of Birmingham Public Libraries (1861-1961), Birmingham, 1962
- ^ （西班牙语） El martirio de los libros: una aproximación a la destrucción bibliográfica durante la Guerra Civil (WebCite的存档，存档日期September 27, 2011，)
- ^ US Census Bureau, Census History Staff. Availability of 1890 Census - History - U.S. Census Bureau. Census.gov. [2017-10-24].
- ^ "$45,000 Fire Drives Families From Homes in Little Ferry", Bergen Evening Record, July 9, 1937, p. 1. Quoted by Richard Koszarski in Fort Lee: The Film Town, Indiana University Press, 2005, pp. 339–341. ISBN 978-0-86196-652-3.
- ^ Library Reports on America's Endangered Silent-Film Heritage. News from the Library of Congress (新闻稿). Library of Congress. December 4, 2013 [March 7, 2014]. ISSN 0731-3527.
- ^ It Has Been Done Before! Reconstituting War-Ravaged Libraries (WebCite的存档，存档日期September 27, 2011，)
- ^ YouTube上的Carlos Aguirre: El incendio de la Biblioteca Nacional del Perú de 1943
- ^ Tibetan monks: A controlled life (WebCite的存档，存档日期September 22, 2011，)
- ^ Erasing the Past: The Destruction of Libraries and Archives in Bosnia-Herzegovina (WebCite的存档，存档日期August 30, 2011，)
- ^ Original moon walk footage erased
- ^ Not-Unsolved Mysteries: The “Lost” Apollo 11 Tapes
- ^ Remembering The Jaffna Public Library Destroyed By Sinhalese Extremists. Swarajya. June 1, 2016.
- ^ The Central University Library of Bucharest, official site: "the History".
- ^ Photos of the Iraq National Library 2003–08. [2012-07-05]. （原始内容存档于2010-04-27）.
- ^ （德语） Hilfe für Anna Amalia (WebCite的存档，存档日期September 22, 2011，)
- ^ Archive Collapse Disaster for Historians - Spiegel Online International (WebCite的存档，存档日期September 22, 2011，)
- ^ Shechmeister, Matthew. Ghost Pages: A Wired.com Farewell to GeoCities. Wired.com. 2009-11-03 [2012-02-20].
- ^ Haiti Cultural Recovery Project (互联网档案馆的存档，存档日期index.)
- ^ Breaking: Images of Egyptian Museum Damage -UPDATE 34- King Tut Objects Damaged? (WebCite的存档，存档日期September 22, 2011，)
- ^ Amid army crackdown, Egypt’s richest library set on fire (WebCite的存档，存档日期December 17, 2011，)
- ^ Un incendio durante los disturbios de El Cairo destruye el original de la 'Descripción de Egipto' encargada por Napoleón (WebCite的存档，存档日期December 19, 2011，)
- ^ Timbuktu's Sidi Yahia mosque 'attacked by Mali militants' (WebCite的存档，存档日期July 6, 2012，)
- ^ Islamists vow to smash every mausoleum in Timbuktu (WebCite的存档，存档日期July 6, 2012，)
- ^ Towering inferno engulfs Mumbai’s seat of power (WebCite的存档，存档日期July 6, 2012，)
- ^ Mumbai government building engulfed in fire (WebCite的存档，存档日期July 6, 2012，)
- ^ Damage to the soul: Syria's cultural heritage in conflict (WebCite的存档，存档日期August 12, 2012，)
- ^ Pia Ranada. Heartbreaking: 10 iconic churches in Bohol, Cebu damaged. Rappler. October 15, 2013 [October 15, 2013].
- ^ Un rayo destruye un emblemático santuario en Muxía. El Mundo. 2013-12-25 [2013-12-25]. （原始内容存档于2013-12-25）.
- ^ Lebanon Loses 78000 Books To Terrorism: Tripoli’s “Al Sa’eh” Library Burned. （原始内容存档于2014-01-05）.
- ^ ISIS thugs take a hammer to civilisation: Priceless 3,000-year-old artworks smashed to pieces in minutes as militants destroy Mosul museum. Daily Mail. [26 February 2015].
- ^ Nepal landmarks flattened by the quake. [April 25, 2015].
- ^ Vidhi Doshi. Fire guts Delhi's natural history museum. The Guardian. 2016-04-26 [2016-04-26].
- ^ La Repubblica, Terremoto nel centro Italia, i danni al patrimonio artistico
- ^ Brazil's 200-year-old national museum hit by huge fire. 2018-09-03 [2018-09-03].
- ^ Los meteoritos sobreviven al incendio que ha devastado siglos de historia en Río de Janeiro.
- ^ McCulloch, Gretchen. Linguistics Division. All Things Linguistic. [23 April 2020].
- ^ Tiffany, Kaitlyn. Myspace, which still exists, accidentally deleted 12 years’ worth of music. Vox. March 18, 2019 [19 June 2019].
- ^ Katz, Brigit. Fire at Museum of Chinese in America Caused Less Damage Than Initially Feared. Smithsonian Magazine. [2020-02-01].
- ^ Wroughton, Lesley. South Africa wildfire that burned University of Cape Town, library of African antiquities is under control. Washington Post. [20 April 2021].
- ^ Incêndio atinge unidade da Cinemateca Brasileira na Zona Oeste de SP. 2021-07-29 [2021-07-29] （巴西葡萄牙语）.
- ^ História da TV e do cinema queima junto com o quinto incêndio da Cinemateca. 2021-07-29 [2021-07-29] （巴西葡萄牙语）.
- ^ The Geograph Britain and Ireland project (WebCite的存档，存档日期July 6, 2012，)
- ^ The Endangered Languages Project. EndangeredLanguages.com. [2019-01-16].
- ^ Endangered Languages - Ethnologue. Ethnologue.com. [2019-01-16].
- ^ The Rosetta Project items from The Long Now Foundation
- ^ Internet Archive Frequently Asked Questions (WebCite的存档，存档日期October 3, 2011，)
- ^ Archive Team website (WebCite的存档，存档日期October 3, 2011，)
- ^ Wiki Loves Monuments 2011 - European website (WebCite的存档，存档日期October 2, 2011，)
Further reading
[编辑]- Báez, Fernando (2004). Historia universal de la destrucción de libros. De las tablillas sumerias a la Guerra de Irak. ISBN 9788423335961
- UNESCO (1996). Lost Memory - Libraries and archives destroyed in the twentieth century (WebCite的存档，存档日期August 12, 2012，)
- Vines, Timothy et al. (2013). The availability of research data declines rapidly with article age. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2013.11.014
External links
[编辑]- Translations for this essay (permalink to original version) are more than welcome: German (webcite), French (webcite), Spanish, Portuguese, Catalan, Italian, Nederlands, Romanian, Swedish,
- Things get lost. Capture them (Wiki Loves Monuments 2012 blog post by Elke)
- Photos of destroyed heritage (Wiki Loves Monuments 2013 blog post) (Ukrainian version)
- Joel Aldor wants to preserve historic Filipino architecture one photo at a time (Wikimedia Blog, 2014)
- 2015 Earthquake in Nepal: A Wake-up Call for Monument Documentation (Wiki Loves Monuments blog post, 2018)
- Archive Corps, A Volunteer Collective To Help Quickly Save Physical Archives Before They Are Lost (see also Archive Team)
- WikiTeam – Volunteers group to preserve wikis
- Wikimedia projects edits counter – Total edits in Wikimedia projects (near real time)
[[Category:Wikipedia essays about building the encyclopedia]]