使用者:ItMarki/Wikipedia:維基百科有最終期限
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 | 本頁簡而言之：世界知識難保，情況岌岌可危。儘快貢獻百科，以免悔之莫及。 |
幾乎每天，各種形式的知識會永遠遺失，而且沒有副本可用。某個地區一旦發生自然災害或爆發戰爭時，圖書館、檔案館、博物館、紀念建築物以及其他文物、有價值建築物、搖籃本和獨特物品都遭到摧毀或面臨這些威脅。這些事件通常會消除部分人類知識，甚至消滅整個文化。
歷史事例
[編輯]維基百科推出之前，有很多知識已經永久遺失。以下列出一些例子。[1]
20世紀之前
[編輯]
- 亞歷山大圖書館、智慧之家和君士坦丁堡帝國圖書館是一些古代遭到摧毀的偉大圖書館。此外，很多中國古代百科全書已部分或完全失傳。
- 1551年，奧斯曼帝國入侵哥佐島，中世紀檔案也得到毀壞。[2]
- 1562年，迭戈·德·蘭達焚毀瑪雅手抄本，到現在只發現了四本殘卷。瑪雅歷史的大部分知識就因此遺失了。
- 1566年，喀爾文派聖像破壞運動波及低地國家，天主教堂的許多雕像和宗教文物都遭到破壞偶像主義分子的破壞。
- 1734年聖誕夜，馬德里王家城堡發生火災，超過500幅畫焚毀，其他作品則得以挽救，包括維拉斯奎茲的《宮女》。
- 1836年美國專利局火災徹底焚毀當時收集到的大部分美國專利文件。
- 1879年，原伯明翰中央圖書館發生火災，原本保存50,000卷，但只有1,000卷倖免於難。[3]
20世紀
[編輯]- 西班牙內戰時期，許多教堂、寺院、修女院和圖書館都遭到焚毀。[4]
- 1921年，華盛頓特區商業大樓（Commerce Building）的地下室發生火災，大多數1890年美國人口普查素材都得到毀滅。[5]
- 1937年，福克斯金庫發生火災，1935年前的所有原底片都遭到焚毀。[6]此外，絕大部分在19世紀末和20世紀初生產的無聲電影都是散失電影。根據美國國會圖書館在2013年9月發表的一篇報告，大約70%的美國無聲劇情長片都屬於這一類別。[7]
- 第二次世界大戰期間，數百所圖書館和檔案館都遭到摧毀，內容也已經失傳。[1][8]
- 1943年，秘魯國家圖書館發生火災，價值很高的歷史作品都得到毀滅。[9]
- 文化大革命期間，超過6000間西藏寺廟、獨一無二的雕像、緙織壁毯和手抄本都遭到毀壞。[10]
- 波士尼亞戰爭期間的1992年，波斯尼亞和黑塞哥維那國家和大學圖書館在薩拉熱窩圍城戰役遭到炮轟，數千篇獨一無二的文章也就這樣毀於一旦。[11]
- 一些原版阿波羅11號登月高清錄像帶已經覆寫，因此永久遺失。[12]但是所有信息當時都在幾個地方存檔。[13]
- 1981年6月，斯里蘭卡內戰期間，賈夫納公共圖書館遭到僧伽羅佛教暴民的焚毀，超過97,000本珍稀書籍和手抄本也因此毀壞。[14]
- 1989年羅馬尼亞革命期間，大學中央圖書館發生火災，超過500,000本書和3,700份手抄本遭到焚毀。[15]
現代事例
[編輯]可惜，維基百科於2001年面世後，世界上依然有知識遭到破壞。以下列出幾個例子。
2000年代
[編輯]
- 2003年美國進攻伊拉克期間，伊拉克國家圖書館和檔案館和其他建築物遭到洗劫。[16]
- 2004年，德國的安娜·阿瑪利亞公爵夫人圖書館原本擬定在兩個月後移走收藏品時，發生火災，一部分這些收藏品得到焚毀，。[17]
- 許多圖書館和檔案館在2004年印度洋大地震中受損或受破壞。
- 2009年，科隆歷史檔案館倒塌。[18]
- 2009年10月26日，雅虎地球村關閉，網民在15年間建立的3800萬個頁面也因此永久得到隱藏。[19]只有部分內容得到存檔。
2010年代
[編輯].jpg)
- In 2010, much of Haiti's heritage was damaged or destroyed in an earthquake.[20] Little over a month later, Chile's heritage suffered similar destruction in its own earthquake.
- The Egyptian Museum was looted during the 2011 Egyptian revolution.[21]
- In December 2011, a fire destroyed all but 30,000 of the 200,000 books in the historic Egyptian Scientific Institute.[22][23]
- In May 2012, shrines forming part of the Timbuktu World Heritage Site were destroyed by the Islamist group Ansar Dine.[24][25]
- Some buildings and churches were damaged in the 2012 Northern Italy earthquakes.
- In June 2012, many documents were burned during a fire at the secretarial building of Mumbai.[26][27]
- Syrian heritage has been damaged, destroyed and looted during the Syrian Civil War.[28]
- On October 15, 2013, the Bohol earthquake destroyed and damaged several iconic sites.[29]
- On December 25, 2013, the Santuario da Virxe da Barca was destroyed by a fire resulting from lightning.[30]
- The Al Sa』eh Library in Tripoli, Lebanon, with 80,000 books and manuscripts, was burnt down in January 2014.[31]
- Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) damaged Mosul Museum artifacts, Mosul Public Library books and other cultural heritage sites like the ancient temples of Baalshamin and Bel.[32]
- The April 25, 2015, Nepal earthquake damaged and destroyed centuries-old buildings in the UNESCO World Heritage sites in the Kathmandu Valley, including some at Kathmandu Durbar Square.[33]
- On April 26, 2016, National Museum of Natural History, New Delhi and its entire collection were destroyed by fire.[34]
- A museum dedicated to Nicola Filotesio stood in the town of his birth until it was destroyed in the August 2016 Central Italy earthquake.[35]
- A fire burned down the National Museum of Brazil on September 2, 2018, destroying more than 90 percent of its collection of more than 20 million objects.[36][37] Many holdings, such as records of extinct languages, were one-of-a-kind and irreplaceably lost.[38]
- In March 2019, Myspace announced that it had lost all music uploaded between 2003 and 2015.[39]
2020s
[編輯]- In January 2020, a fire damaged or destroyed much of the collection of New York City's Museum of Chinese in America. Around 35,000 of the 85,000 items had been digitized and backed up before the fire.[40]
- In April 2021, the University of Cape Town Jagger Library was damaged by a wildfire, threatening its collection of African antiquities.[41]
- On July 29, 2021, the Cinemateca Brasileira was hit by a fire,[42] the fifth in its history.[43]
- Many Ukrainian cultural sites have been damaged or destroyed as a result of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. The Ivankiv Historical and Local History Museum, the Kuindzhi Art Museum, and the Club 8-bit computer museum were destroyed by bombardment, while cultural centers like the Babyn Yar Holocaust Memorial Center and the Korolenko Chernihiv Regional Universal Scientific Library were damaged.
Future threats
[編輯]
Today, many of the world's languages are endangered or nearly extinct.[45][46] In some cases where parents have stopped teaching an endangered language to their children, the language is understood by only a few elderly speakers. The Rosetta Project is a global collaboration of language specialists and native speakers working to build a publicly accessible digital library of material on the nearly 7,000 known human languages.[47]
Furthermore, hundreds of websites are closed every day on the Internet; the average life of a web page is only 77 days.[48] Those websites work in many cases as references. Projects like the Internet Archive or WebCitation and volunteer groups like Archive Team[49] save copies of some of them, but many others are lost forever. This issue may affect Wikimedia projects too, and mirrors are needed to assure long-term preservation of the data.
Wikipedia and its sister projects can—and must—save all these forms of knowledge, through creating articles, uploading images and recordings to Wikimedia Commons, preserving languages in Wiktionary and transcribing books into Wikisource. Events like Wiki Loves Monuments may help to immortalize monuments around the world before they are damaged or destroyed.[50]
There is a deadline. This is a battle against time.
Gallery
[編輯]-
Royal Alcazar of Madrid was consumed by fire in 1734. More than 500 paintings were lost. -
Symbol of New York Society for the Suppression of Vice, advocating book-burning -
Book burning in Berlin, May 1933 -
Burning left-wing books during the early days of the Pinochet military regime -
A cello player in the destroyed National Library, Sarajevo -
The damaged Museum of Contemporary Art in Chile -
Golden toad (Bufo periglenes), now extinct -
Library fire at the Anna Amalia library, 2004 -
Collapsed Historical Archive of the City of Cologne, March 2009 -
Church of Saint Paul in Mirabello, Ferrara -
The town hall of Sant'Agostino -
Mural painting in the Purila Manor, Estonia, almost erased by age -
Fallen statue of zoologist Louis Agassiz after the 1906 San Francisco earthquake -
The Great Mosque of Aleppo was damaged in fighting in 2013 -
Demolition of the Church of St. Lambertus, Immerath (2018) to make room for a surface mine -
Fire at the National Museum of Brazil -
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See also
[編輯]El Vaporcito, a famous ship in Andalusia and Property of Cultural Interest in Spain, sunk in 2011.
In 2007...
.jpg)
...and in 2017.
Articles
[編輯]- Art destruction
- Digital dark age
- Digital preservation
- Book burning and List of book burning incidents
- Impermanence
- List of destroyed libraries
- List of destroyed heritage
- Lost work, Lost artworks and List of lost films
- Rosetta Stone
Documentaries
[編輯]- Biblioteca en guerra (2009, Blanca Calvo & Ramón Salaberria)
- Cicatrices de Sarajevo (2012, Miguel Ángel Viñas)
- Digital Amnesia (2014, Bregtje van der Haak)
- Digital dark age: help, we're disappearing! (2004, Jörg Daniel Hissen & Peter Moers)
- Internet Archive (2012, Jonathan Minard)
- Las cajas españolas (2004, Alberto Porlan)
- Lost Forever (2011, Paul Mariano & Kurt Norton)
- Metrópolis refundada (2010, Evangelina Loguercio)
- Rescatando sombras. Cine, muerte y memoria (2012, Franco Lorenzana)
- The Destruction of Memory (2016, Tim Slade)
- The End of Memory? (2015, Vincent Amouroux)
- The House of History (1996, Quadir Taheri)
Essays
[編輯]- User:Emijrp/All Human Knowledge (userbox {{User preserve all human knowledge}})
- Wikipedia:There is no deadline
- Wikipedia:Wikipedia is a work in progress
- Wikipedia:Build content to endure
Projects
[編輯]- Internet Archive
- Long Now Foundation and Rosetta Project
- Memory of Mankind
- meta:Wikipedia to the Moon
- Arch Mission Foundation
References
[編輯]- ^ 1.0 1.1 Lost Memory — Libraries and Archives Destroyed in the Twentieth Century (WebCite的存檔，存檔日期August 12, 2012，)
- ^ Grima, Noel. Notarial Archives discovery: Documents from Gozo dating to 1431 saved from the bin. The Malta Independent. 23 May 2015. （原始內容存檔於11 August 2015）.
- ^ Notes on the history of Birmingham Public Libraries (1861-1961), Birmingham, 1962
- ^ （西班牙語） El martirio de los libros: una aproximación a la destrucción bibliográfica durante la Guerra Civil (WebCite的存檔，存檔日期September 27, 2011，)
- ^ US Census Bureau, Census History Staff. Availability of 1890 Census - History - U.S. Census Bureau. Census.gov. [2017-10-24].
- ^ "$45,000 Fire Drives Families From Homes in Little Ferry", Bergen Evening Record, July 9, 1937, p. 1. Quoted by Richard Koszarski in Fort Lee: The Film Town, Indiana University Press, 2005, pp. 339–341. ISBN 978-0-86196-652-3.
- ^ Library Reports on America's Endangered Silent-Film Heritage. News from the Library of Congress (新聞稿). Library of Congress. December 4, 2013 [March 7, 2014]. ISSN 0731-3527.
- ^ It Has Been Done Before! Reconstituting War-Ravaged Libraries (WebCite的存檔，存檔日期September 27, 2011，)
- ^ YouTube上的Carlos Aguirre: El incendio de la Biblioteca Nacional del Perú de 1943
- ^ Tibetan monks: A controlled life (WebCite的存檔，存檔日期September 22, 2011，)
- ^ Erasing the Past: The Destruction of Libraries and Archives in Bosnia-Herzegovina (WebCite的存檔，存檔日期August 30, 2011，)
- ^ Original moon walk footage erased
- ^ Not-Unsolved Mysteries: The 「Lost」 Apollo 11 Tapes
- ^ Remembering The Jaffna Public Library Destroyed By Sinhalese Extremists. Swarajya. June 1, 2016.
- ^ The Central University Library of Bucharest, official site: "the History".
- ^ Photos of the Iraq National Library 2003–08. [2012-07-05]. （原始內容存檔於2010-04-27）.
- ^ （德語） Hilfe für Anna Amalia (WebCite的存檔，存檔日期September 22, 2011，)
- ^ Archive Collapse Disaster for Historians - Spiegel Online International (WebCite的存檔，存檔日期September 22, 2011，)
- ^ Shechmeister, Matthew. Ghost Pages: A Wired.com Farewell to GeoCities. Wired.com. 2009-11-03 [2012-02-20].
- ^ Haiti Cultural Recovery Project (網際網路檔案館的存檔，存檔日期index.)
- ^ Breaking: Images of Egyptian Museum Damage -UPDATE 34- King Tut Objects Damaged? (WebCite的存檔，存檔日期September 22, 2011，)
- ^ Amid army crackdown, Egypt’s richest library set on fire (WebCite的存檔，存檔日期December 17, 2011，)
- ^ Un incendio durante los disturbios de El Cairo destruye el original de la 'Descripción de Egipto' encargada por Napoleón (WebCite的存檔，存檔日期December 19, 2011，)
- ^ Timbuktu's Sidi Yahia mosque 'attacked by Mali militants' (WebCite的存檔，存檔日期July 6, 2012，)
- ^ Islamists vow to smash every mausoleum in Timbuktu (WebCite的存檔，存檔日期July 6, 2012，)
- ^ Towering inferno engulfs Mumbai’s seat of power (WebCite的存檔，存檔日期July 6, 2012，)
- ^ Mumbai government building engulfed in fire (WebCite的存檔，存檔日期July 6, 2012，)
- ^ Damage to the soul: Syria's cultural heritage in conflict (WebCite的存檔，存檔日期August 12, 2012，)
- ^ Pia Ranada. Heartbreaking: 10 iconic churches in Bohol, Cebu damaged. Rappler. October 15, 2013 [October 15, 2013].
- ^ Un rayo destruye un emblemático santuario en Muxía. El Mundo. 2013-12-25 [2013-12-25]. （原始內容存檔於2013-12-25）.
- ^ Lebanon Loses 78000 Books To Terrorism: Tripoli’s “Al Sa’eh” Library Burned. （原始內容存檔於2014-01-05）.
- ^ ISIS thugs take a hammer to civilisation: Priceless 3,000-year-old artworks smashed to pieces in minutes as militants destroy Mosul museum. Daily Mail. [26 February 2015].
- ^ Nepal landmarks flattened by the quake. [April 25, 2015].
- ^ Vidhi Doshi. Fire guts Delhi's natural history museum. The Guardian. 2016-04-26 [2016-04-26].
- ^ La Repubblica, Terremoto nel centro Italia, i danni al patrimonio artistico
- ^ Brazil's 200-year-old national museum hit by huge fire. 2018-09-03 [2018-09-03].
- ^ Los meteoritos sobreviven al incendio que ha devastado siglos de historia en Río de Janeiro.
- ^ McCulloch, Gretchen. Linguistics Division. All Things Linguistic. [23 April 2020].
- ^ Tiffany, Kaitlyn. Myspace, which still exists, accidentally deleted 12 years’ worth of music. Vox. March 18, 2019 [19 June 2019].
- ^ Katz, Brigit. Fire at Museum of Chinese in America Caused Less Damage Than Initially Feared. Smithsonian Magazine. [2020-02-01].
- ^ Wroughton, Lesley. South Africa wildfire that burned University of Cape Town, library of African antiquities is under control. Washington Post. [20 April 2021].
- ^ Incêndio atinge unidade da Cinemateca Brasileira na Zona Oeste de SP. 2021-07-29 [2021-07-29] （巴西葡萄牙語）.
- ^ História da TV e do cinema queima junto com o quinto incêndio da Cinemateca. 2021-07-29 [2021-07-29] （巴西葡萄牙語）.
- ^ The Geograph Britain and Ireland project (WebCite的存檔，存檔日期July 6, 2012，)
- ^ The Endangered Languages Project. EndangeredLanguages.com. [2019-01-16].
- ^ Endangered Languages - Ethnologue. Ethnologue.com. [2019-01-16].
- ^ The Rosetta Project items from The Long Now Foundation
- ^ Internet Archive Frequently Asked Questions (WebCite的存檔，存檔日期October 3, 2011，)
- ^ Archive Team website (WebCite的存檔，存檔日期October 3, 2011，)
- ^ Wiki Loves Monuments 2011 - European website (WebCite的存檔，存檔日期October 2, 2011，)
Further reading
[編輯]- Báez, Fernando (2004). Historia universal de la destrucción de libros. De las tablillas sumerias a la Guerra de Irak. ISBN 9788423335961
- UNESCO (1996). Lost Memory - Libraries and archives destroyed in the twentieth century (WebCite的存檔，存檔日期August 12, 2012，)
- Vines, Timothy et al. (2013). The availability of research data declines rapidly with article age. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2013.11.014
External links
[編輯]- Translations for this essay (permalink to original version) are more than welcome: German (webcite), French (webcite), Spanish, Portuguese, Catalan, Italian, Nederlands, Romanian, Swedish,
- Things get lost. Capture them (Wiki Loves Monuments 2012 blog post by Elke)
- Photos of destroyed heritage (Wiki Loves Monuments 2013 blog post) (Ukrainian version)
- Joel Aldor wants to preserve historic Filipino architecture one photo at a time (Wikimedia Blog, 2014)
- 2015 Earthquake in Nepal: A Wake-up Call for Monument Documentation (Wiki Loves Monuments blog post, 2018)
- Archive Corps, A Volunteer Collective To Help Quickly Save Physical Archives Before They Are Lost (see also Archive Team)
- WikiTeam – Volunteers group to preserve wikis
- Wikimedia projects edits counter – Total edits in Wikimedia projects (near real time)
[[Category:Wikipedia essays about building the encyclopedia]]