蓋爾人
| 蓋爾人 · Gaels · Na Gaeil · Na Gàidheil · Ny Gaeil | |
|---|---|
 綠色表示中世紀時期語言、文化上屬於蓋爾人的地域，其中深綠表示其存在較為長期和強勢 | |
| 總人口 | |
| 約190萬（語言上） | |
| 分佈地區 | |
 愛爾蘭 | 1,770,000（語言上）[1] |
 英國（主要分佈在蘇格蘭、北愛爾蘭） | 122,518（語言上）[2] |
 美國 | 27,475（語言上）[3] |
 加拿大 | 9,000（語言上）[4] |
 澳洲 | 2,717（語言上）[5] |
 新西蘭 | 670（語言上） |
| 語言 | |
| 蓋爾亞支語言 （愛爾蘭語、蘇格蘭蓋爾語、曼島語） 以及非蓋爾語言英語、低地蘇格蘭語 | |
| 宗教信仰 | |
| 基督教 · 無宗教（歷史上：愛爾蘭神話） | |
| 相關族群 | |
| 諾斯-蓋爾人 · 愛爾蘭諾曼人（蓋爾化諾曼人） | |
蓋爾人（英語：The Gaels /ɡeɪlz/；愛爾蘭語：Na Gaeil [ɡeːl]；蘇格蘭蓋爾語：Na Gàidheil [ˈkɛː.el]；萌島語：Ny Gaeil [ge:l]）是一個民族語言集團，凱爾特人的一支，源自西北歐的愛爾蘭、蘇格蘭和曼島。[a][9]他們與蓋爾亞支語言關係緊密，它是凱爾特語族的一個分支，其中包括愛爾蘭語、曼島語和蘇格蘭蓋爾語。歷史上，「Irish」（愛爾蘭人）和「Scots」（蘇格蘭人）是對蓋爾人的統稱，但如今這些族群和國籍的範圍更加複雜。
蓋爾人的語言和文化起源於愛爾蘭，並延伸至蘇格蘭西部的達爾里阿達王國。古代蓋爾人與羅馬帝國進行貿易，並突襲了羅馬時期的不列顛。在中世紀，蓋爾文化在整個蘇格蘭的其他地區和曼島佔據了主導地位。威爾斯和康瓦爾郡也有一些蓋爾人定居點。在維京時代，一些維京人突襲並定居在蓋爾地區，成為諾斯-蓋爾人（即北歐蓋爾人）。在9世紀，達爾·里阿達（Dál Riata）和皮克特合併，組成了蓋爾人的阿爾巴王國。同時，蓋爾愛爾蘭由多個王國組成，高王（High King）要求這些王國忠於他。
12世紀，諾曼人征服了愛爾蘭的部分地區（導致數個世紀的衝突），而蘇格蘭的部分地區則被諾曼化。然而，蓋爾文化在整個愛爾蘭、蘇格蘭高地和加洛韋仍然強勢。17世紀初期，愛爾蘭最後的蓋爾王國落入英國的控制。詹姆斯一世試圖征服蓋爾族並消滅它們的文化。在愛爾蘭，其方式是以說英語的英國定居者殖民蓋爾人土地；在蘇格蘭高地則是通過諸如《愛奧那章程》（Statutes of Iona）等壓制性法律。在接下來的幾個世紀中，蓋爾語受到壓制，大部分被英語排擠。但是，它仍然是愛爾蘭的愛爾蘭語區和蘇格蘭的外赫布里底群島的主要語言。蓋爾人的現代後代遍佈英國、美洲和大洋洲。
傳統的蓋爾社會組織成氏族，各自都有自己的領土和王，通過選長制產生。從基督教世界的視角看，愛爾蘭人過去是異教徒，他們崇拜圖哈德達南，崇拜祖先並信仰異世界。他們的四個年度節日——夏末節、聖燭節、貝爾丹火焰節和Lughnasa——一直持續到近代。蓋爾人有着豐富的口頭傳統，傳統上由「Seanchaí」講述。歐甘字母的碑刻始於公元4世紀。他們依基督教後，伴隨着拉丁字母的引入，愛爾蘭蓋爾語擁有了西歐最古老的白話文學。愛爾蘭神話和Brehon法律儘管被基督教化，但仍保留了下來。蓋爾修道院是著名的學習中心，並且在發展島嶼藝術（Insular art）方面起着關鍵作用，而蓋爾傳教士和學者在西歐具有很大的影響力。在中世紀，大多數蓋爾人都住在roundhouse和ringfort中。蓋爾人有自己的着裝風格，在蘇格蘭演變成了格子花腰帶和蘇格蘭裙。他們也有獨特的音樂、舞蹈、節日和體育活動。蓋爾文化至今仍是愛爾蘭、蘇格蘭和曼島文化的重要組成部分。
名稱
[編輯]幾個世紀以來，蓋爾人和蓋爾語使用者以許多名字而聞名。其中維持最久的是蓋爾人（Gael）、愛爾蘭人（Irish）和蘇格蘭人（Scots）。由於包含了非蓋爾人在內的民族國家的現代早期概念，後兩者的含義變得模糊。其他稱呼（例如米列希安 Milesians）並不常用。[10]蓋爾人的古諾斯語名字是「Vestmenn」（=Westmen，即「西人」）。[11]非正式地，蓋爾有時還被叫作Tadhg或Dòmhnall等早期稱呼。[12]
參見
[編輯]註釋
[編輯]參考文獻
[編輯]- ^ Census 2011: 1.77m say they are able to speak Irish. The Journal. 7 February 2014 [2019-12-25]. （原始內容存檔於2020-04-23）.
- ^ Census 2011: Key Statistics for Northern Ireland (PDF). Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency. 7 February 2014 [2019-12-25]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2017-01-29）.
- ^ Osbourn 2006，第204頁.
- ^ National Household Survey (NHS) 2011. Statistics Canada. 8 May 2013 [7 February 2015]. （原始內容存檔於2020-04-23）.
- ^ The Irish language in Australia: sociocultural identity in diasporic minority language use. Jill Vaughan. 7 February 2015 [2019-12-25]. （原始內容存檔於2021-07-04）.
- ^ Brown, Daniel Guy. The Highland Clearances and the Politics of Memory. 2014 [2 July 2017]. （原始內容存檔於2019-11-07）.
- ^ The Scottish Highlands in Colonial & Psychodynamic Perspective. www.alastairmcintosh.com. [2 July 2017]. （原始內容存檔於2021-04-14）.
- ^ Mackinnon, Iain. Colonialism and the Highland Clearances. Northern Scotland. 1 May 2017, 8 (1): 22–48. ISSN 0306-5278. doi:10.3366/nor.2017.0125.
- ^ Neolithic and Bronze Age migration to Ireland and establishment of the insular Atlantic genome （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館） "Three Bronze Age individuals from Rathlin Island (2026–1534 cal BC), including one high coverage (10.5×) genome, showed substantial Steppe genetic heritage indicating that the European population upheavals of the third millennium manifested all of the way from southern Siberia to the western ocean. This turnover invites the possibility of accompanying introduction of Indo-European, perhaps early Celtic, language. Irish Bronze Age haplotypic similarity is strongest within modern Irish, Scottish, and Welsh populations, and several important genetic variants that today show maximal or very high frequencies in Ireland appear at this horizon. These include those coding for lactase persistence, blue eye color, Y chromosome R1b haplotypes, and the hemochromatosis C282Y allele; to our knowledge, the first detection of a known Mendelian disease variant in prehistory. These findings together suggest the establishment of central attributes of the Irish genome 4,000 y ago."
- ^ Did the Irish Come from Spain?. History Ireland. Autumn 2001 [2019-12-25]. （原始內容存檔於2021-01-24）.
- ^ Woolf, Alex. From Pictland to Alba, 789–1070. Edinburgh University Press. 2007: 283.
- ^ O'Leary 2004.
參考書目
[編輯]- Bartlett, Robert. The Making of Europe: Conquest, Colonization and Cultural Change, 950–1350. Penguin. 1994. ISBN 978-0140154092.
- Bateman, Mary. Duanaire Na Sracaire: Songbook of the Pillagers, Anthology of Scottish Gaelic Verse to 1600. Birlinn. 2007. ISBN 978-1841581811.
- Bradshaw, Brendan. Representing Ireland: Literature and the Origins of Conflict, 1534-1660. Cambridge University Press. 1993. ISBN 978-0521416344.
- Bradshaw, Brendan. 'And so began the Irish Nation': Nationality, National Consciousness and Nationalism in Pre-modern Ireland. Ashgate Publishing. 2015. ISBN 978-1472442567.
- Byrne, Francis J. Irish Kings and High Kings. Four Courts Press. 1973. ISBN 978-1851821969.
- Calloway, Colin G. White People, Indians, and Highlanders: Tribal People and Colonial Encounters in Scotland and America. Oxford University Press. 2010. ISBN 978-0199737826.
- Canny, Nicholas. Making Ireland British, 1580-1650. OUP Oxford. 2001. ISBN 978-0199259052.
- Charles-Edwards, T. M. Early Christian Ireland. Cambridge University Press. 2007. ISBN 9780521037167.
- Clancy, Thomas Owen. The Triumph Tree: Scotland's Earliest Poetry AD 550-1350. Canongate Classics. 2008. ISBN 978-0862417871.
- Connolly, S. J. Contested Island: Ireland 1460-1630. OUP Oxford. 2009. ISBN 978-0199563715.
- Connolly, S. J. Divided Kingdom: Ireland 1630-1800. OUP Oxford. 2010. ISBN 978-0199583874.
- Coogan, Tim Pat. The Famine Plot: England's Role in Ireland's Greatest Tragedy. Palgrave Macmillan. 2013. ISBN 978-1137278838.
- Crowley, Tony. Wars of Words: The Politics of Language in Ireland 1537-2004. OUP Oxford. 2008. ISBN 978-0199532766.
- Doyle, Aidan. A History of the Irish Language: From the Norman Invasion to Independence. OUP Oxford. 2015. ISBN 978-0198724766.
- Ellis, Peter Berresford. Erin's Blood Royal: The Gaelic Noble Dynasties of Ireland. Palgrave Macmillan. 2002. ISBN 978-0312230494.
- Denvir, John. The Irish in Britain from the Earliest Times to the Fall and Death of Parnell. Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner. 1892.
- Gibbons, Luke. Gaelic Gothic: Race, Colonization and Irish Culture. Alren House. 2004. ISBN 978-1903631393.
- Gibson, D. Blair. From Chiefdom to State in Early Ireland. Cambridge University Press. 2012. ISBN 978-1107015630.
- Harbison, Peter. The Golden Age of Irish Art: The Medieval Achievement 600-1200. Thames & Hudson. 1999. ISBN 978-0500019276.
- Kinsella, Thomas. An Duanaire 1600-1900: Poems of the Dispossessed. Dolmen Press. 1981. ISBN 978-0851053646.
- Koch, John T. Trafodion Anhrydeddus Gymdeithas y Cymmrodorion; cyfres newydd vol. 9. The Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion. 2004: 41–56 [2003]. ISSN 0959-3632.
- Koch, John T. Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. 2004. ISBN 978-1851094400.
- Leerssen, Joep. Mere Irish and Fior-Ghael: Studies in the Idea of Irish Nationality, Its Development and Literary Expression Prior to the Nineteenth Century. University of Notre Dame Press. 1997. ISBN 978-0268014278.
- Lenihan, Patrick. Consolidating Conquest: Ireland 1603-1727. Routledge. 2007. ISBN 978-0582772175.
- Mac Giolla Chríost, Diarmait. The Irish Language in Ireland: From Goídel to Globalisation. Routledge. 2005. ISBN 978-0415320467.
- Mac Síomoín, Tomás. The Broken Harp: Identity and Language in Modern Ireland. Nuascealta. 2014. ISBN 978-1502974570.
- Macleod, John. Highlanders: A History of the Gaels. Sceptre. 1997. ISBN 978-0340639917.
- MacManus, Seamus. The Story of the Irish Race: A Popular History of Ireland. The Irish Publishing Company. 1921. ISBN 978-0-517-06408-5.
- McLeod, Wilson. Divided Gaels: Gaelic Cultural Identities in Scotland and Ireland C.1200-C.1650. OUP Oxford. 2004. ISBN 978-0199247226.
- Newton, Michael. A Handbook of the Scottish Gaelic World. Four Courts Press. 2000. ISBN 978-1851825417.
- Newton, Michael. Warriors of the Word: The World of the Scottish Highlanders. Birlinn. 2009. ISBN 978-1841588261.
- O'Callaghan, Sean. To Hell or Barbados: The Ethnic Cleansing of Ireland. Brandon. 2001. ISBN 978-0863222870.
- O'Conor Don, Charles. Dissertations on the Ancient History of Ireland. J. Christie. 1753.
- Ó Cróinín, Dáibhí. A New History of Ireland, Volume I: Prehistoric and Early Ireland. Oxford University Press. 2005. ISBN 9780199226658.
- O'Duffy, Séan. Medieval Ireland: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. 2005. ISBN 978-1135948245.
- Ó Flaithbheartaigh, Ruaidhrí. Ogygia: A Chronological Account of Irish Events. B. Tooke. 1685.
- O'Halloran, Sylvester. A General History of Ireland. Hamilton. 1778.
- Ó hÓgáin, Dáithí. The Sacred Isle: Belief and Religion in Pre-Christian Ireland. Boydell Press. 2001. ISBN 9780851157474.
- O'Leary, Philip. The Prose Literature of the Gaelic Revival, 1881-1921. Pennsylvania State University Press. 2004. ISBN 978-0271025964.
- Ó Muraíle, Nollaig. The Great Book of Irish Genealogies. De Burca Books. 2004. ISBN 978-0946130368.
- O'Sullivan Beare, Philip. Catholic History of Ireland. Spain. 1621.
- Osbourn, Terry A. Teaching World Languages for Social Justice: A Sourcebook of Principles and Practices. Routledge. 2006. ISBN 978-1135609856.
- Patterson, Nerys T. Cattle Lords and Clansmen: The Social Structure of Early Ireland. Garland Press. 1991. ISBN 9780268008000.
- Rankin, David. Celts and the Classical World. Routledge. 2002. ISBN 978-1134747214.
- Richards, Eric. Patrick Sellar and the Highland Clearances: Homicide, Eviction and the Price of Progress. Edinburgh University Press. 1999. ISBN 9781902930138.
- Tanner, Marcus. The Last of the Celts. Yale University Press. 2006. ISBN 9780300115352.
- Thornton, David E. Kings, Chronologies, and Genealogies: Studies in the Political History of Early Medieval Ireland and Wales. Occasional Publications UPR. 2003. ISBN 978-1900934091.
- Welch, Robert. Irish Writers and Religion. Rowman & Littlefield. 1992. ISBN 978-0389209638.
- Watson, Moray. The Edinburgh Companion to the Gaelic Language. Edinburgh University Press. 2010. ISBN 978-0748637096.
- Woolfe, Alex. From Pictland to Alba, 789-1070. Edinburgh University Press. 2007. ISBN 978-0748612338.
外部連結
[編輯]- Foras na Gaeilge （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館） – Irish agency promoting the language
- Bòrd na Gàidhlig – Scottish agency promoting the language
- Culture Vannin – Manx agency promoting the language
- The Columba Project （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館） – Pan-Gaelic cultural initiative
| 歷史 | |
|---|---|
| 文化 | |
| 蓋爾亞支 | |
| 主要部族 |
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| 相關組織 | |
| 相關主題 | |
