Help:苏格兰盖尔语国际音标
 | 這頁是維基百科的苏格兰盖尔语国际音标發音指南。 |
下列图表展示了國際音標（IPA）在维基百科条目中表示苏格兰盖尔语发音的方式。对于有关在维基百科条目中添加IPA字符的指南，请参见{{IPA-gd}}与Wikipedia:格式手册/音标 § Notes。
请参阅苏格兰盖尔语音系以更全面地了解苏格兰盖尔语的发音。
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各类音标系统比较
[编辑]各类资料中使用的音标系统会与维基百科有出入。大多数系统与纯IPA不同，特别是凯尔特学中使用的系统。本节将维基百科使用的IPA系统与其他常见的音标系统进行比较。
| IPA | Borgstrøm (1937)[5] (巴拉岛) |
Borgstrøm (1940)[6] (外赫布里底群岛) |
Oftedal (1956)[7] (刘易斯岛) |
Ó Murchú (1989)[8] (东伯斯郡) |
Cox (2002)[9] (刘易斯岛) |
Ó Maolalaigh (2008)[10] (跨地区) |
Black (2006)[11] (跨地区) |
Klevenhaus (2009)[12] Bauer (2011)[13] (跨地区) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ç | ç | ç′ | ç | x′ | ç | ç | ç | ç |
| ʝ | j | j′ | ǰ | ɣ′ | ʝ | j | j | ʝ |
| k | g̊, k | g̬, k | g | ɡ | g | g | g,[14] k[15] | g |
| kʲ | g̊′, k′ | g̬′, k′ | ǵ | ɡ′ | g̭' | gʲ | gʲ,[14] kʲ[15] | gʲ |
| kʰ | kʽ | kʽ | k | k | k | k | k | k |
| kʲʰ | k′ʽ | k′ʽ | ḱ | k′ | k′ | kʲ | kʲ | kʲ |
| l̪ˠ | L | L | L | ɬ | L | ɫ̪ | L | L |
| ʎ | L′ | L′ | L′ | 不適用 | L′ | ʎ | Lʲ | Lʲ |
| l | l′ | l′ | l | l | l | l | l | l |
| n̪ˠ | N | N | N | 不適用 | N | ᵰ̪ | N | N |
| ɲ | N′ | N′ | N′ | 不適用 | N′ | ɲ | Nʲ | Nʲ |
| p | b̥, p | b̬, p | b | b | b | b | b,[14] p[15] | b |
| pʰ | pʽ | pʽ | p | p | p | p | p | p |
| rˠ | R | R, Ṛ | R | 不適用 | R | ᵲ | R | R |
| ɾ | r | r | r | r | r | r | r | r |
| ɾʲ | r′ | r′, ð′ | ð | 不適用 | ð | rʲ | rʲ | rʲ |
| s̪ | s | s | s | s | s | s | s | s |
| ʃ | ʃ | ʃ | ʃ | š | ʃ | ʃ | ʃ | ʃ |
| t̪ | d̥, t | d̬, t | d | d | d | d̪ | d,[14] t[15] | d |
| tʲ | d̥′ž, d̥′, t′ | d̬′ž, d̬′, t′ | d′ | ǰ | d′ | dʲ | dʲ,[14] tʲ[15] | dʲ |
| t̪ʰ | tʽ | tʽ | t | t | t | t̪ | t | t |
| tʲʰ | tʽ′ʃ, tʽ′ | tʽ′ʃ, tʽ′ | t′ | č | t′ | tʲ | tʲ | tʲ |
| ɯ | ʎ | ʎ | ɯ | ɯ | ɯ | ɯ | ʎ | ɯ |
| ɤ | ø | ø | ə | ɤ | ɤ | ɤ | ə | ɤ |
| ɛ | ɛ, æ | ɛ, æ | ɛ | ɛ | ɛ | ɛ | ɛ | ɛ |
| a | a | a | a | ɑ | a | a | a | a |
注释
[编辑]- ^ Scottish Gaelic contrasts between velarized ("broad") and palatalized ("slender") consonants. Velarized consonants, denoted in the IPA by a superscript ⟨ˠ⟩, are pronounced with the back of the tongue raised toward the velum, which happens to the /l/ in English pill in some accents like RP and General American and in all positions in Scottish English. Slender consonants, denoted in the IPA by a superscript ⟨ʲ⟩, are pronounced with the body of the tongue raised toward the hard palate, in a manner similar to the articulation of the ⟨y⟩ sound in yes. In Scottish Gaelic orthography, broad consonants are surrounded by the letters ⟨a⟩, ⟨o⟩, ⟨u⟩, while slender ones are surrounded by ⟨e⟩ and ⟨i⟩.
- ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Neither broad nor slender, slender positions instead having an on- or off-glide /j/.
- ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 In initial position, the aspirated stops /kʰ, kʲʰ, pʰ, t̪ʰ, tʲʰ/ are postaspirated [kʰ, kʲʰ, pʰ, t̪ʰ, tʲʰ]. In medial or final position after a stressed vowel, they are preaspirated [xk, çkʲ, hp, ht̪, htʲ].
- ^ 4.0 4.1 [ə] and [ɪ] are never long and they only ever occur in unstressed position, the latter before a slender consonant.
- ^ Borgstrøm, Carl Hjalmar. The Dialect of Barra in the Outer Hebrides. Norsk Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap. 1937, 8: 71–242.
- ^ Borgstrøm, Carl Hjalmar. The Dialects of the Outer Hebrides. A Linguistic Survey of the Gaelic Dialects of Scotland, vol. 1 (Norsk Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap suppl. vol. 1). Oslo: Aschehoug. 1940.
- ^ Oftedal, Magne. The Gaelic of Leurbost. A Linguistic Survey of the Gaelic Dialects of Scotland, vol. 3 (Norsk Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap suppl. vol. 4). Oslo: Aschehoug. 1956.
- ^ Ó Murchú, Máirtín. East Perthshire Gaelic. Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies. 1989. ISBN 0-901282-93-6.
- ^ Cox, Richard A. V. The Gaelic Place-names of Carloway, Isle of Lewis. School of Celtic Studies, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies. 2002. ISBN 1-85500-192-6.
- ^ Ó Maolalaigh, Roibeard. Scottish Gaelic in Twelve Weeks. Edinburgh: Birlinn. 2008. ISBN 978-1-84158-643-4.
- ^ Black, Ronald. Cothrom Ionnsachaidh. Edinburgh. 2006. ISBN 0906981336.
- ^ Klevenhaus, Michael. Lehrbuch der schottish-gälischen Sprache. Hamburg: Buske. 2009. ISBN 978-3-87548-520-2.
- ^ Bauer, Michael. Blas na Gàidhlig: The Practical Guide to Scottish Gaelic Pronunciation. Glasgow: Akerbeltz. 2011. ISBN 978-1907165009.
- ^ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 Word-initial.
- ^ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 Medial or final.