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火槍

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記載於《火龍經》上的火槍形象,14世紀末(1360-1375

火槍是一種中國古代的火器,最早出現於公元10-12世紀。火槍是所有現代火藥類武器的鼻祖[1],曾在宋金戰爭期間發揮了巨大作用。它最初是一種附在長柄武器(即「」)上的小型煙火式裝置,用於在近戰開始時獲得衝擊優勢[2]。隨着火藥的改進爆炸物的排放量增加,碎片或彈丸等也被添加,使其具有現代火焰噴射器以及霰彈槍組合的一些效果,但射程非常短(約3米或10英尺),而且只有一發子彈(一些設計可擊發兩次)。至13世紀末期,火槍的槍管已轉變為金屬材料,以更好地承受爆炸衝擊波,並且槍頭的尖刺設計被放棄,轉而成為僅依靠火藥擊發完成攻擊的純火器。這些武器日後演變為了最早的手銃[3]

名稱

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根據使用王朝的不同以及構造等若干差異方面,火槍在當時有着包括「突火槍」、「梨花槍」、「火門槍」、「槍砲」等不同的名稱。此外,因為現代漢語裏的小型火器亦以「槍」一詞通稱,「火槍」一詞在現代漢語裏既可以表示步槍時代以前的早期火器(特別是鳥銃等),也可以用於指代後來所有的近現代槍支,在這種場合下一般將前者替稱為「火矛槍」以作區分。

設計

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最早出現的火槍由一根通常是竹子的管子組成,裏面裝有火藥和一根慢火柴,綁在長矛或其他長柄武器上。 一旦點燃,火藥管就會向矛頭方向噴射出一股火焰。 後來將鐵丸或陶器碎片等射彈添加到火藥中。 發射時,火藥裝藥將彈丸與火焰一起噴射出來[4]

金屬火槍管出現在13世紀中葉左右,並且不再捆綁於槍上,開始獨立於長槍本身而使用。獨立出來的金屬炮管被稱為「eruptor」,成為手銃的前身[4]

在歐洲,以木管制造的火槍版本曾被使用[5]

圖集

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參見

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參考文獻

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  1. ^ Andrade 2016,第35頁.
  2. ^ Andrade 2016,第38頁.
  3. ^ Andrade 2016,第33頁.
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 Andrade 2016,第51頁.
  5. ^ Brown, Ruth Rhynas. Troncks, rockets and fiery balls: Military fireballs of the early modern period. Journal of the Ordnance Society. 2005, 17: 25–36. 

書目

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  • Adle, Chahryar, History of Civilizations of Central Asia: Development in Contrast: from the Sixteenth to the Mid-Nineteenth Century, 2003 
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  • Agrawal, Jai Prakash, High Energy Materials: Propellants, Explosives and Pyrotechnics, Wiley-VCH, 2010 
  • Andrade, Tonio, The Gunpowder Age: China, Military Innovation, and the Rise of the West in World History, Princeton University Press, 2016, ISBN 978-0-691-13597-7 .
  • Arnold, Thomas, The Renaissance at War, Cassell & Co, 2001, ISBN 0-304-35270-5 
  • Benton, Captain James G. A Course of Instruction in Ordnance and Gunnery 2. West Point, New York: Thomas Publications. 1862. ISBN 1-57747-079-6. 
  • Brown, G. I., The Big Bang: A History of Explosives, Sutton Publishing, 1998, ISBN 0-7509-1878-0 .
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  • Chase, Kenneth, Firearms: A Global History to 1700, Cambridge University Press, 2003, ISBN 0-521-82274-2 .
  • Cocroft, Wayne, Dangerous Energy: The archaeology of gunpowder and military explosives manufacture, Swindon: English Heritage, 2000 [2023-10-29], ISBN 1-85074-718-0, (原始內容存檔於2019-12-21) 
  • Cowley, Robert, Experience of War, Laurel, 1993 .
  • Cressy, David, Saltpeter: The Mother of Gunpowder, Oxford University Press, 2013 
  • Crosby, Alfred W., Throwing Fire: Projectile Technology Through History, Cambridge University Press, 2002, ISBN 0-521-79158-8 .
  • Curtis, W. S., Long Range Shooting: A Historical Perspective, WeldenOwen, 2014 .
  • Earl, Brian, Cornish Explosives, Cornwall: The Trevithick Society, 1978, ISBN 0-904040-13-5 .
  • Easton, S. C., Roger Bacon and His Search for a Universal Science: A Reconsideration of the Life and Work of Roger Bacon in the Light of His Own Stated Purposes, Basil Blackwell, 1952 
  • Ebrey, Patricia B., The Cambridge Illustrated History of China, Cambridge University Press, 1999, ISBN 0-521-43519-6 
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  • Khan, Iqtidar Alam, Coming of Gunpowder to the Islamic World and North India: Spotlight on the Role of the Mongols, Journal of Asian History, 1996, 30: 41–5 .
  • Khan, Iqtidar Alam, Gunpowder and Firearms: Warfare in Medieval India, Oxford University Press, 2004 
  • Khan, Iqtidar Alam, Historical Dictionary of Medieval India, The Scarecrow Press, Inc., 2008, ISBN 978-0-8108-5503-8 
  • Kinard, Jeff, Artillery An Illustrated History of its Impact, 2007 
  • Konstam, Angus, Renaissance War Galley 1470-1590, Osprey Publisher Ltd., 2002 .
  • Liang, Jieming, Chinese Siege Warfare: Mechanical Artillery & Siege Weapons of Antiquity, Singapore, Republic of Singapore: Leong Kit Meng, 2006, ISBN 981-05-5380-3 
  • Lidin, Olaf G., Tanegashima – The Arrival of Europe in Japan, Nordic Inst of Asian Studies, 2002, ISBN 8791114128 
  • Lorge, Peter, Warfare in China to 1600, Routledge, 2005 
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  • Lu, Gwei-Djen, The Oldest Representation of a Bombard, Technology and Culture, 1988, 29 (3): 594–605, JSTOR 3105275, doi:10.2307/3105275 
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  • Morillo, Stephen, War in World History: Society, Technology, and War from Ancient Times to the Present, Volume 1, To 1500, McGraw-Hill, 2008, ISBN 978-0-07-052584-9 
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  • Needham, Joseph, Science & Civilisation in China, V:5 pt. 7: The Gunpowder Epic, Cambridge University Press, 1986, ISBN 0-521-30358-3 .
  • Nicolle, David, The Mongol Warlords: Genghis Khan, Kublai Khan, Hulegu, Tamerlane, 1990 
  • Nolan, Cathal J., The Age of Wars of Religion, 1000–1650: an Encyclopedia of Global Warfare and Civilization, Vol 1, A-K 1, Westport & London: Greenwood Press, 2006, ISBN 0-313-33733-0 
  • Norris, John, Early Gunpowder Artillery: 1300–1600, Marlborough: The Crowood Press, 2003 .
  • Partington, J. R., A History of Greek Fire and Gunpowder, Cambridge, UK: W. Heffer & Sons, 1960 .
  • Partington, J. R., A History of Greek Fire and Gunpowder, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999, ISBN 0-8018-5954-9 
  • Patrick, John Merton, Artillery and warfare during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, Utah State University Press, 1961 .
  • Pauly, Roger, Firearms: The Life Story of a Technology, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2004 .
  • Perrin, Noel, Giving up the Gun, Japan's reversion to the Sword, 1543–1879需要免費註冊, Boston: David R. Godine, 1979, ISBN 0-87923-773-2 
  • Petzal, David E., The Total Gun Manual (Canadian edition), WeldonOwen, 2014 .
  • Phillips, Henry Prataps, The History and Chronology of Gunpowder and Gunpowder Weapons (c.1000 to 1850), Notion Press, 2016 
  • Purton, Peter, A History of the Late Medieval Siege, 1200–1500, Boydell Press, 2010, ISBN 978-1-84383-449-6 
  • Robins, Benjamin, New Principles of Gunnery, 1742 
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外部連結

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  • Little Bit of Info on the Fire Lance頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館
  • Medieval Chinese Armies, 1260-1520 (Men-at-arms S.) by Chris J. Peers. ISBN 1-85532-599-3
  • Chinese Siege Warfare: Mechanical Artillery & Siege Weapons of Antiquity頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館