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火槍

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記載於《火龍經》上的火槍形象,14世紀末(1360-1375

火槍是一種中國古代的火器,最早出現於公元10-12世紀。火槍是所有現代火藥類武器的鼻祖[1],曾在宋金戰爭期間發揮了巨大作用。它最初是一種附在長柄武器(即「」)上的小型煙火式裝置,用於在近戰開始時獲得衝擊優勢[2]。隨着火藥的改進爆炸物的排放量增加,碎片或彈丸等也被添加,使其具有現代火焰噴射器以及霰彈槍組合的一些效果,但射程非常短(約3公尺或10英尺),而且只有一發子彈(一些設計可擊發兩次)。至13世紀末期,火槍的槍管已轉變為金屬材料,以更好地承受爆炸衝擊波,並且槍頭的尖刺設計被放棄,轉而成為僅依靠火藥擊發完成攻擊的純火器。這些武器日後演變為了最早的手銃[3]

名稱

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根據使用王朝的不同以及構造等若干差異方面,火槍在當時有着包括「突火槍」、「梨花槍」、「火門槍」、「槍砲」等不同的名稱。此外,因為現代漢語裡的小型火器亦以「槍」一詞通稱,「火槍」一詞在現代漢語裡既可以表示步槍時代以前的早期火器(特別是鳥銃等),也可以用於指代後來所有的近現代槍支,在這種場合下一般將前者替稱為「火矛槍」以作區分。

設計

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最早出現的火槍由一根通常是竹子的管子組成,裡面裝有火藥和一根慢火柴,綁在長矛或其他長柄武器上。 一旦點燃,火藥管就會向矛頭方向噴射出一股火焰。 後來將鐵丸或陶器碎片等射彈添加到火藥中。 發射時,火藥裝藥將彈丸與火焰一起噴射出來[4]

金屬火槍管出現在13世紀中葉左右,並且不再捆綁於槍上,開始獨立於長槍本身而使用。獨立出來的金屬炮管被稱為「eruptor」,成為手銃的前身[4]

在歐洲,以木管制造的火槍版本曾被使用[5]

圖集

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參見

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參考文獻

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  1. ^ Andrade 2016,第35頁.
  2. ^ Andrade 2016,第38頁.
  3. ^ Andrade 2016,第33頁.
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 Andrade 2016,第51頁.
  5. ^ Brown, Ruth Rhynas. Troncks, rockets and fiery balls: Military fireballs of the early modern period. Journal of the Ordnance Society. 2005, 17: 25–36. 

書目

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  • Andrade, Tonio, The Gunpowder Age: China, Military Innovation, and the Rise of the West in World History, Princeton University Press, 2016, ISBN 978-0-691-13597-7 .
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  • Chase, Kenneth, Firearms: A Global History to 1700, Cambridge University Press, 2003, ISBN 0-521-82274-2 .
  • Cocroft, Wayne, Dangerous Energy: The archaeology of gunpowder and military explosives manufacture, Swindon: English Heritage, 2000 [2023-10-29], ISBN 1-85074-718-0, (原始內容存檔於2019-12-21) 
  • Cowley, Robert, Experience of War, Laurel, 1993 .
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  • Curtis, W. S., Long Range Shooting: A Historical Perspective, WeldenOwen, 2014 .
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  • Khan, Iqtidar Alam, Coming of Gunpowder to the Islamic World and North India: Spotlight on the Role of the Mongols, Journal of Asian History, 1996, 30: 41–5 .
  • Khan, Iqtidar Alam, Gunpowder and Firearms: Warfare in Medieval India, Oxford University Press, 2004 
  • Khan, Iqtidar Alam, Historical Dictionary of Medieval India, The Scarecrow Press, Inc., 2008, ISBN 978-0-8108-5503-8 
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  • Liang, Jieming, Chinese Siege Warfare: Mechanical Artillery & Siege Weapons of Antiquity, Singapore, Republic of Singapore: Leong Kit Meng, 2006, ISBN 981-05-5380-3 
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  • Lu, Gwei-Djen, The Oldest Representation of a Bombard, Technology and Culture, 1988, 29 (3): 594–605, JSTOR 3105275, doi:10.2307/3105275 
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  • Nicolle, David, The Mongol Warlords: Genghis Khan, Kublai Khan, Hulegu, Tamerlane, 1990 
  • Nolan, Cathal J., The Age of Wars of Religion, 1000–1650: an Encyclopedia of Global Warfare and Civilization, Vol 1, A-K 1, Westport & London: Greenwood Press, 2006, ISBN 0-313-33733-0 
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  • Partington, J. R., A History of Greek Fire and Gunpowder, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999, ISBN 0-8018-5954-9 
  • Patrick, John Merton, Artillery and warfare during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, Utah State University Press, 1961 .
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  • Perrin, Noel, Giving up the Gun, Japan's reversion to the Sword, 1543–1879需要免費註冊, Boston: David R. Godine, 1979, ISBN 0-87923-773-2 
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外部連結

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  • Little Bit of Info on the Fire Lance頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館
  • Medieval Chinese Armies, 1260-1520 (Men-at-arms S.) by Chris J. Peers. ISBN 1-85532-599-3
  • Chinese Siege Warfare: Mechanical Artillery & Siege Weapons of Antiquity頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館