說明:蘇格蘭蓋爾語國際音標
 | 這頁是維基百科的蘇格蘭蓋爾語國際音標發音指南。 |
下列圖表展示了國際音標（IPA）在維基百科條目中表示蘇格蘭蓋爾語發音的方式。對於有關在維基百科條目中添加IPA字符的指南，請參見{{IPA-gd}}與Wikipedia:格式手冊/音標 § Notes。
請參閱蘇格蘭蓋爾語音系以更全面地了解蘇格蘭蓋爾語的發音。
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各類音標系統比較
[編輯]各類資料中使用的音標系統會與維基百科有出入。大多數系統與純IPA不同，特別是凱爾特學中使用的系統。本節將維基百科使用的IPA系統與其他常見的音標系統進行比較。
| IPA | Borgstrøm (1937)[5] (巴拉島) |
Borgstrøm (1940)[6] (外赫布里底群島) |
Oftedal (1956)[7] (劉易斯島) |
Ó Murchú (1989)[8] (東伯斯郡) |
Cox (2002)[9] (劉易斯島) |
Ó Maolalaigh (2008)[10] (跨地區) |
Black (2006)[11] (跨地區) |
Klevenhaus (2009)[12] Bauer (2011)[13] (跨地區) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ç | ç | ç′ | ç | x′ | ç | ç | ç | ç |
| ʝ | j | j′ | ǰ | ɣ′ | ʝ | j | j | ʝ |
| k | g̊, k | g̬, k | g | ɡ | g | g | g,[14] k[15] | g |
| kʲ | g̊′, k′ | g̬′, k′ | ǵ | ɡ′ | g̭' | gʲ | gʲ,[14] kʲ[15] | gʲ |
| kʰ | kʽ | kʽ | k | k | k | k | k | k |
| kʲʰ | k′ʽ | k′ʽ | ḱ | k′ | k′ | kʲ | kʲ | kʲ |
| l̪ˠ | L | L | L | ɬ | L | ɫ̪ | L | L |
| ʎ | L′ | L′ | L′ | 不適用 | L′ | ʎ | Lʲ | Lʲ |
| l | l′ | l′ | l | l | l | l | l | l |
| n̪ˠ | N | N | N | 不適用 | N | ᵰ̪ | N | N |
| ɲ | N′ | N′ | N′ | 不適用 | N′ | ɲ | Nʲ | Nʲ |
| p | b̥, p | b̬, p | b | b | b | b | b,[14] p[15] | b |
| pʰ | pʽ | pʽ | p | p | p | p | p | p |
| rˠ | R | R, Ṛ | R | 不適用 | R | ᵲ | R | R |
| ɾ | r | r | r | r | r | r | r | r |
| ɾʲ | r′ | r′, ð′ | ð | 不適用 | ð | rʲ | rʲ | rʲ |
| s̪ | s | s | s | s | s | s | s | s |
| ʃ | ʃ | ʃ | ʃ | š | ʃ | ʃ | ʃ | ʃ |
| t̪ | d̥, t | d̬, t | d | d | d | d̪ | d,[14] t[15] | d |
| tʲ | d̥′ž, d̥′, t′ | d̬′ž, d̬′, t′ | d′ | ǰ | d′ | dʲ | dʲ,[14] tʲ[15] | dʲ |
| t̪ʰ | tʽ | tʽ | t | t | t | t̪ | t | t |
| tʲʰ | tʽ′ʃ, tʽ′ | tʽ′ʃ, tʽ′ | t′ | č | t′ | tʲ | tʲ | tʲ |
| ɯ | ʎ | ʎ | ɯ | ɯ | ɯ | ɯ | ʎ | ɯ |
| ɤ | ø | ø | ə | ɤ | ɤ | ɤ | ə | ɤ |
| ɛ | ɛ, æ | ɛ, æ | ɛ | ɛ | ɛ | ɛ | ɛ | ɛ |
| a | a | a | a | ɑ | a | a | a | a |
註釋
[編輯]- ^ Scottish Gaelic contrasts between velarized ("broad") and palatalized ("slender") consonants. Velarized consonants, denoted in the IPA by a superscript ⟨ˠ⟩, are pronounced with the back of the tongue raised toward the velum, which happens to the /l/ in English pill in some accents like RP and General American and in all positions in Scottish English. Slender consonants, denoted in the IPA by a superscript ⟨ʲ⟩, are pronounced with the body of the tongue raised toward the hard palate, in a manner similar to the articulation of the ⟨y⟩ sound in yes. In Scottish Gaelic orthography, broad consonants are surrounded by the letters ⟨a⟩, ⟨o⟩, ⟨u⟩, while slender ones are surrounded by ⟨e⟩ and ⟨i⟩.
- ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Neither broad nor slender, slender positions instead having an on- or off-glide /j/.
- ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 In initial position, the aspirated stops /kʰ, kʲʰ, pʰ, t̪ʰ, tʲʰ/ are postaspirated [kʰ, kʲʰ, pʰ, t̪ʰ, tʲʰ]. In medial or final position after a stressed vowel, they are preaspirated [xk, çkʲ, hp, ht̪, htʲ].
- ^ 4.0 4.1 [ə] and [ɪ] are never long and they only ever occur in unstressed position, the latter before a slender consonant.
- ^ Borgstrøm, Carl Hjalmar. The Dialect of Barra in the Outer Hebrides. Norsk Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap. 1937, 8: 71–242.
- ^ Borgstrøm, Carl Hjalmar. The Dialects of the Outer Hebrides. A Linguistic Survey of the Gaelic Dialects of Scotland, vol. 1 (Norsk Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap suppl. vol. 1). Oslo: Aschehoug. 1940.
- ^ Oftedal, Magne. The Gaelic of Leurbost. A Linguistic Survey of the Gaelic Dialects of Scotland, vol. 3 (Norsk Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap suppl. vol. 4). Oslo: Aschehoug. 1956.
- ^ Ó Murchú, Máirtín. East Perthshire Gaelic. Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies. 1989. ISBN 0-901282-93-6.
- ^ Cox, Richard A. V. The Gaelic Place-names of Carloway, Isle of Lewis. School of Celtic Studies, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies. 2002. ISBN 1-85500-192-6.
- ^ Ó Maolalaigh, Roibeard. Scottish Gaelic in Twelve Weeks. Edinburgh: Birlinn. 2008. ISBN 978-1-84158-643-4.
- ^ Black, Ronald. Cothrom Ionnsachaidh. Edinburgh. 2006. ISBN 0906981336.
- ^ Klevenhaus, Michael. Lehrbuch der schottish-gälischen Sprache. Hamburg: Buske. 2009. ISBN 978-3-87548-520-2.
- ^ Bauer, Michael. Blas na Gàidhlig: The Practical Guide to Scottish Gaelic Pronunciation. Glasgow: Akerbeltz. 2011. ISBN 978-1907165009.
- ^ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 Word-initial.
- ^ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 Medial or final.