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維基百科，自由的百科全書
大力士高速列車
Thalys
一輛翻新後的PBKA列車（英語：SNCF TGV Thalys PBKA）
概覽
營運範圍 比利時
 法國
 德國
 荷蘭
服務類型國際列車
主要車站巴黎北站、布魯塞爾南站、阿姆斯特丹中央車站、科隆中央車站
技術數據
最高速度320 km/h
車站數目26
軌距1435 mm
列車編組9列[1] TGV-R
17列TGV大力士PBKA電聯車（英語：SNCF TGV Thalys PBKA）
營運資訊
開通營運1996年6月4日
營運者歐洲之星國際有限公司
網站www.thalys.com

大力士高速列車（法語：Thalys [talis]，亦譯作大力士高速列車、西北高速列車）是一項國際高速列車服務，由布魯塞爾－里爾的HSL 1線發展而成。它由荷蘭鐵路、比利時國家鐵路、法國國營鐵路公司和德國鐵路共同開發。

歷史

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大力士高速列車自1996年開始穿越歐洲的四個國家：法國、比利時、德國、荷蘭。主要城市為巴黎、安特衛普、布魯塞爾、科隆、阿姆斯特丹、鹿特丹等地。在巴黎與布魯塞爾之間的行駛速度高達300公里/小時，車行時間為1小時22分鐘。每天從巴黎到布魯塞爾有高達25次的發車數。巴黎-阿姆斯特丹每日發車可達到8次，車行時間為4小時13分鐘；巴黎-科隆的發車為每日6次，車行時間為3小時50分鐘。布魯塞爾-阿姆斯特丹的車行時間僅為2小時44分鐘。

與歐洲許多高鐵或長途火車類似，Thalys的票價根據訂票時間有所不同：提前越早時間訂票且所訂的票在改退簽方面有嚴格限制則票價越低（早鳥票），反之較晚訂的票且出票規則較靈活的票其票價也較貴（原價）。在荷蘭，人們只能從幾個大站乘坐Thalys（阿姆斯特丹、史基普機場和鹿特丹）。在巴黎北站和布魯塞爾南站，人們不僅可以乘坐大力士火車，還可以轉乘坐其它火車遊玩別的歐洲國家，如通往倫敦的歐洲之星。

Thalys屬於TGV家族，可以在不同的鐵路電壓下行駛。目前共有10列Thalys PBKA火車，從TGV鐵路網出發，通行於布魯塞爾、巴黎和阿姆斯特丹之間。PBKA列車可以在1500伏特直流電壓（荷蘭和法國（南部分地區）），3000伏特直流電壓（比利時）和25千伏交流電壓50Hz（HSL和法國北部）下行駛。

另有17種PBKA火車還可以在德國的15千伏交流電壓，16.7Hz下運轉，並且也被用於巴黎－布魯塞爾－科隆這條線的交通。原有計劃延長在德國的服務至法蘭克福，但由於15千伏交流電壓的輸入不夠供應列車達至營運最高速度，該計劃已取消。魯汶和列日之間的火車則使用新的HSL 2線。

2022年3月28日，歐盟執委會宣佈批准歐洲之星與大力士合併，大力士高速列車成為歐洲之星國際有限公司旗下的品牌。公司計劃於2024年將大力士吸收進歐洲之星品牌，但原大力士列車將保留原有塗裝以區分不同路線的列車。

乘客量和收入

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大力士年度乘客量和收入
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
乘客量 4.72[2] 4.98[3] 5.5[4] 5.8[5] 6.0[6] 5.8[7] 5.95[8] 6.15[9] 6.5[10] 6.2[11] 6.5[12] 6.07[13] 6.45[13] 6.65[14] 6.60[15] 6.69[16]
收入 60[17] 115[18] 190 220 266 294 310 301 318 335 363 364 392 382 432 470 479 487[19]

所有數據使用百萬單位，其中收入以歐元計算。

二十周年慶

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大力士高速列車公司為慶祝開通二十周年，特此推出二十歐元當天往返單日票優惠活動，規定只能在2016年5月20日當天搶購。提供無限量車票從荷蘭阿姆斯特丹、鹿特丹去往比利時安特衛普、布魯塞爾或者法國巴黎，有限量車票去往南法普羅旺斯大區的艾克斯、阿維尼翁和馬賽，行程時間以及車位等級也有相關規定。該消息一出，引發遊客激烈搶購欲望。[20][21]

意外事件

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歐洲高鐵路線
歐洲高鐵路線

畫廊

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軼事

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在韓國製作的動畫「띠띠뽀 띠띠뽀 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）」中，將出現一個按照PBKA類型的Talis建模的名為「지니」的角色。

Thalys
Thalys TGV in 霍夫多普, 荷蘭
概覽
服務類型High-speed rail
技術數據
最高速度300公里每小時（190英里每小時）
車站數目26
軌距1,435毫米（4英尺8+1⁄2英寸）
使用車型
營運資訊
動工年份1996年6月4日，​28年前​（1996-06-04）
擁有者Eurostar Group（英語：Eurostar Group）
網站www.thalys.com

Thalys (French: [talis]) was a brand name used for 高速鐵路 services between Paris 巴黎北站 via 布魯塞爾南站 to either 阿姆斯特丹中央車站 or to German cities in the 萊茵-魯爾, including 亞琛, 科隆火車總站, 杜塞道夫火車總站, 杜伊斯堡火車總站, 埃森火車總站 and 多特蒙德火車總站. Since 29 September 2023, the services continue to operate, but under the 歐洲之星 name; sometimes referred to as Eurostar Red, based on the colour of the trains.

Thalys was created out of a political ambition formalised in October 1987 to establish a network of international high-speed railway services between the cities of Paris, Brussels, Cologne and Amsterdam. The Thalys name was created in January 1995. The company procured a fleet of 阿爾斯通-built 法國高速列車 trains to operate its services as they were viewed as the only existing rolling stock suitable to the task.

On 4 June 1996, the first Thalys-branded train departed from Paris. Early services were more reliant on slower conventional lines as many of the intended new high-speed lines were still under construction. Service speeds would improve with the opening of Belgium's 1號高速鐵路 (比利時) line in December 1997 and the Dutch 南部高速鐵路 in December 2009, alongside other infrastructure works. Thalys's busiest route was the Paris–Belgium corridor; various airlines, such as 法國航空 and 荷蘭皇家航空, opted to discontinue directly competing flights with Thalys's high speed services.

From 1996 to April 2022, the service was managed by Thalys International, which was 70% owned by the French national railway company 法國國家鐵路公司 and 30% owned by the Belgian national railway company 比利時國家鐵路公司.[22] It was operated by THI Factory, which was 60% owned by SNCF and 40% owned by NMBS/SNCB.[23] Between 2007 and 2013, the German national railway company 德国铁路 had also held a 10% stake in the company.

On 30 March 2015, Thalys was restructured as a conventional train operating company, becoming less reliant on SNCF and NMBS/SNCB. During September 2019, a plan was announced to merge Thalys and the 英法海底隧道 high-speed train operator 歐洲之星. Approval of the merger was issued by the 歐洲聯盟執行委員會 on 28 March 2022. In February 2022, Thalys International was integrated into THI Factory,[24] which in turn was acquired by the holding company Eurostar Group（英語：Eurostar Group） during the following month. From April 2022 to September 2023, Thalys services were operated by the Eurostar Group.

History

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Background and establishment

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Prior to the creation of Thalys, an express rail service had long been operated between the capital cities of Paris and Brussels, the earliest being run in 1924 in the form of the train service l'北方之星號列車. By the 1970s, the conventional service connecting the two cities had a journey time of around two hours and 30 minutes.[來源請求] In the following decade, interest in an international high-speed train service along a similar route was gaining traction amongst various governments.[25]

During October 1987, the political decision to create a network of high-speed services between the cities of Paris, Brussels, Cologne, and Amsterdam was made in Brussels.[25] However, in 1991, the Dutch parliament initially rejected the project; continued discussions led to an agreement being reached with Belgium for a route via 布雷達 instead of 羅森達爾. The building of the 南部高速鐵路 high speed line in the Netherlands was finally approved in 1996.[25] Meanwhile, Germany decided against the construction of a new railway between Aachen and Cologne, instead opting to renovate the existing track between 迪倫 and 科隆, which resulted in a top speed of 250 kilometres per hour along this section.[25] On 28 January 1993, SNCF, SNCB/NMBS,[23] 荷蘭鐵路 and 德国联邦铁路 (which became part of 德国铁路 in 1994) signed an agreement to operate the axis on a joint basis.[26]

During January 1995, Westrail International was created by the French and Belgian national railways to operate the new international services. That same month, both the logo and brand of Thalys were also created; the word deliberately lacked any particular meaning, save for being pronounceable in the languages of all the countries served.[25] It was decided to procure 阿爾斯通-built 法國高速列車 trains, similar to those already used by SNCF on the French national railways, as these were the only suitable rolling stock available at the time. Another key decision was to launch the service in advance of many of the planned high speed lines, being initially reliant upon slower conventional lines until these were eventually completed; the existing international services that used conventional rolling stock were deliberately withdrawn in preparation for the running of Thalys trains in early June 1996.[25]

On 4 June 1996, the first Thalys-branded train departed Paris, this maiden journey took two hours and seven minutes to reach to Brussels, and four hours and 47 minutes to arrive in Amsterdam.[27] Initially, Thalys services only operated four times per day to Amsterdam and Cologne, while a far greater volume were run between Paris and Belgium. While quite restricted early on, the number of Thalys services would be gradually expanded over time, as would the high speed network that supported it.[25]

Changes and improvements

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During December 1997, the Belgian 1號高速鐵路 (比利時) line, allowing 300 km/h（186 mph） and running from the French border to the outskirts of Brussels, was inaugurated.[25] On 14 December 1997, the first Thalys train from Paris to Brussels ran on the HSL 1, reducing travel time to 1:25 hours. At the same time, service commenced to Cologne and 亞琛 in Germany, and 布魯日, 沙勒羅瓦, 根特, 蒙斯, 那慕爾 and 奧斯坦德 in Belgium. On 19 December 1998, the Thalys Neige service started to the ski resorts of 塔朗泰斯谷 and 聖莫里斯堡. In May 1999, the new high-speed line serving Charles de Gaulle Airport opened, and Thalys started direct services from 巴黎夏爾·戴高樂機場 to Brussels, including 班號共用s with 法國航空, 美國航空 and 西北航空. On 28 November 1999, Westrail International changed its name to Thalys International.[28]

In 2000, Thalys started a daily Service between Brussels and Geneva. With its Thalys Soleil (French for 'Thalys Sun'), it started offering direct connections to 普羅旺斯, initially to 瓦朗斯, and extended to 亞維農 and 馬賽 in 2002. Service between Brussels and Cologne was improved in December 2002 when trains began running on the new 2號高速鐵路 (比利時) in Belgium. During 2003, Thalys services started to 布魯塞爾機場 and the Thalys Nuits d'Été service to 馬恩拉瓦萊. In 2007, Deutsche Bahn purchased a 10% shareholding, while SNCF reduced its stake to 62% and SNCB to 28%.[27][29]

Beginning on 14 June 2009, the journey between Brussels and Cologne was shortened by 19 minutes when the new high-speed line 3號高速鐵路 (比利時) between Liège and Aachen opened using Deutsche Bahn's thrice-daily 城際快車 trains running between Brussels and Frankfurt.[30] While HSL 3 was completed during 2007, Thalys trains had not been initially equipped with the 歐洲列車控制系統 (ETCS) signaling equipment necessary to use the new line. Following the completion of installation and testing work, Thalys began operating on HSL 3 on 13 December 2009. For the same reasons, Thalys started operating on the 4號高速鐵路 (比利時)/南部高速鐵路 high-speed line between 安特衛普 and Amsterdam on 13 December 2009, two years after the line's construction.[31]

Since 29 August 2011, one return journey to Cologne has been extended to 埃森火車總站,[32] and since 30 October 2011, one return journey to Brussels had been extended to 布魯塞爾機場-扎芬特姆站.[33]

On 9 June 2013, Deutsche Bahn permanently ceased the sale of tickets for Thalys services, forcing affected travellers to purchase separate tickets. The company also opted to sell its 10 per cent shareholding in Thalys, marking a general parting of ways between the two operators.[34]

Since the winter 2013 schedule, Thalys has operated services stopping at 杜塞道夫機場車站.[35] On 12 April 2014, it launched a regular service between Lille Europe and Amsterdam Centraal.[36]

At the end of March 2015, Thalys dropped the Paris – Oostende and the Paris – Brussels – 蒙斯站 – Charleroi – Namur – Liège routes; this withdrawal was reportedly due to a lack of funding from the Belgian government.[37]

On 30 March 2015, Thalys was restructured as a conventional train operating company, adopting the name THI Factory, and has since operated under its own train operator certificate.[38] Prior to this date, the ownership of Thalys's 26 multi-voltage TGVs had been divided between the four national railway operators holding stakes in the company; they were transferred to the company at this point. These changes were promoted as making Thalys a truly independent company, reducing its interactions with both SNCF and SNCB; headquarters were established in Brussels, with a branch office in Paris.[39]

On 21 March 2016, services in Germany were extended to 多特蒙德.[40]

In March 2018, Thalys ceased all its operations from Lille-Europe, citing disappointing demand (despite lower-than-average ticket prices) and financial results.[來源請求]

Merger with Eurostar

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Two Eurostar (formerly Thalys) trains coupled in 巴黎北站 on 19 October 2023: one of them still wears the Thalys logo.

In September 2019, the shareholders of the cross-Channel high speed train operator 歐洲之星 and Thalys introduced a plan to merge the two companies, named project Green Speed. Both companies already operate in France, Belgium, and the Netherlands, with Eurostar also operating in the United Kingdom, and Thalys also operating in Germany, while SNCF already held a 控制股權 in both operators. The project was promoted as reducing costs and providing a more seamless experience to passengers via the use of a single 電子客票 and 忠誠計劃.[41][42]

During September 2020, the merger between Thalys and 歐洲之星國際有限公司 was confirmed,[43][44][45] In October 2021, it was announced that, upon the completion of the merger, it was intended for all of Thalys's services to be rebranded as Eurostar.[46] On 28 March 2022, the 歐洲聯盟執行委員會 approved the merger.[47] The rebranding of Thalys services commenced in the autumn of 2023, and is planned to be completed by early in 2024. All services of the Eurostar brand will carry a common Eurostar logo, but with the cross-channel trains retaining their dark blue livery, and Thalys's rolling stock retaining its deep red livery.[48] In April 2022, THI Factory was acquired by a new holding company, Eurostar Group（英語：Eurostar Group）; its former shareholders received a corresponding stake in the new holding company.[49][50]

The change of logo on the trains didn't happen in one day (see photo at right) : during a transition period, some PBA/PBKA trains with the new "Eurostar" logo could be seen together with others still wearing the older "Thalys" logo.

Routes

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High-speed rail networks in Europe. Thalys line network shown in burgundy.
參見：List of TGV services

Beyond 布魯塞爾首都大區, the main cities Thalys trains reach are 安特衛普, 鹿特丹, 阿姆斯特丹, 列日, 亞琛 and 科隆. Trains to these destinations run partly on dedicated high-speed tracks, and partly on conventional tracks shared with normal-speed trains. The high-speed lines used by Thalys are 1號高速鐵路 (比利時) between Paris and Brussels, 4號高速鐵路 (比利時)/南部高速鐵路 between Antwerp and Amsterdam, and the 2號高速鐵路 (比利時) and 3號高速鐵路 (比利時) between Brussels and Aachen. For its seasonal operations within France, other high-speed lines are used.

Journeys from Brussels (布魯塞爾南站) to Paris (巴黎北站) are normally 1 hour and 22 minutes, for a distance of approximately 300公里（190英里）. The peak service speed is 300 km/h（186 mph） while travelling a dedicated high-speed railway track, which is typically electrified at 25 kV AC by an overhead line.

The ligne à grande vitesse (法國高速鐵路) link with Charles de Gaulle Airport allowed Air France to withdraw its air service between Paris and Brussels; instead, Air France transfers connecting passengers onto Thalys trains.[51] Thalys has been given the 國際航空運輸協會航空公司代碼 2H. This is used in conjunction with American Airlines and Delta Air Lines. American Airlines has a code-sharing agreement with Thalys for rail service from Charles de Gaulle airport to Brussels-South. The 航空聯盟 天合聯盟 also has a code-sharing agreement with Thalys for rail service connecting its hub Amsterdam 阿姆斯特丹史基浦機場 with Antwerp-Centraal and 布魯塞爾南站. Thalys and the Dutch flagcarrier 荷蘭皇家航空 jointly collaborate on AirRail, an initiative to encourage passengers to travel by train to connect with KLM flights; this effort led to KLM reducing air services between Brussels and Amsterdam.[52][53]

Market

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Thalys targets a passenger market in France, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Germany.

The percentage of income coming from different routes[54] demonstrates on which routes the company is most used:

  • Paris-Brussels: 55.6%
  • Paris-Belgium (outside Brussels): 8.9%
  • Paris-Belgium-Netherlands: 21.3%
  • Paris-Belgium-Germany: 11.8%
  • Others: 2.4%

52% of customers are from the leisure market, while 48% are from the business market. A large segment of Thalys's total sales and income comes from the connection between Paris and Brussels.[37]

Unlike many national train companies, Thalys does not allow children below 12 years old to travel alone. Children onboard Thalys services must be accompanied and possess appropriate travel documents as required by the relevant national authorities pertaining to the journey being made.[55]

Since 24 August 2010, there has been a supplement of €7 to Thalys (as well as other international high-speed tickets) tickets bought at SNCB/NMBS ticket offices at train stations (but not on tickets bought over the Internet). This is due to a reduction of a sales fee paid by Thalys and Eurostar to the Belgian rail company.[56] The sales prices have evolved, by June 2019, the "booking fee" (as it is referred to as) had risen to €9.[來源請求]

Thalys yearly passengers and revenue
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Passengers 4.72[57] 4.98[58] 5.5[59] 5.8[60] 6.0[61] 5.8[62] 5.95[63] 6.15[64] 6.5[65] 6.2[66] 6.5[67] 6.07[68] 6.45[68] 6.65[69] 6.60[70] 6.69[71] 6.90[72] 6.70 7.20 7.51 7.85[73] 2.7 2.5 6.5
Revenue 60[74] 115[75] 190 220 266 294 310 301 318 335 363 364 392 382 432 470 479 487[76] 487[77] 457 509 527

All figures in millions. Revenue in millions of 歐元s.

Accessibility

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Thalys trains are wheelchair-accessible, with the assistance of the train staff. Bicycles are not allowed on Thalys unless disassembled or packed in a special wrap. Folding bikes are allowed.[78]

In February 2020, Thalys announced that its new first-and-last mile travel service 'My Driver by Thalys's enables passengers can choose between around 50 local taxi fleets to complete their rail journeys.[79]

Thalys Lounge

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Thalys operates station lounges in Brussels and Paris. Opened on 9 July 2015, the newest lounge in Paris' 巴黎北站 (not to be confused with Brussels' 布魯塞爾北站, where Thalys trains pass through without stopping), located on Rue de Dunkerque​（法語）, offers travelers with a valid My Thalys World membership (Thalys's loyalty program) a variety of services, including free WiFi and a luggage storage service. For business travelers, a fully equipped meeting room is available for up to six people.[80]

Rolling stock

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A Thalys PBA and PBKA coupled in 巴黎北站

Thalys uses two models of trains, both of which are part of the 法國高速列車 (train à grande vitesse) family of high-speed trains built by 阿爾斯通 in France.

 Class  Image  Type   Top speed   Number   Built   Notes 
 km/h   mph 
法國國鐵TGV Réseau列車 電聯車 300[81] 186 9[1] 1996 Tri-current; Not equipped for Germany; operates only between Amsterdam, Brussels and various French destinations.
PBKA（英語：SNCF TGV Thalys PBKA） 電聯車 300 186 17 1997 Quadri-current; Can operate on all Thalys routes across France, Belgium, the Netherlands and Germany.

Accidents and incidents

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Thalys PBKA at 科隆展會/多伊茨車站 with an Essen-bound train
更多資訊：TGV accidents
  • On 9 May 1998, a truck was struck by a Thalys PBKA on an unprotected 平交道; it had attempted to cross the tracks at the crossing when the train arrived. The truck driver was killed in the impact and the train's power unit and first two passenger carriages derailed; the trainset was left heavily damaged. Six passengers were injured and the tracks and catenary were broken in the incident. Passenger carriages R1 and R2 had to be scrapped. The trainset was later repaired with the R1 and R2 carriages from a regular TGV trainset.
  • On 11 October 2008, a Thalys PBA set bound for Amsterdam collided with a national ICM（英語：NS Intercity Materieel） train set at Gouda railway station（英語：Gouda railway station） in the Netherlands. The Thalys train set had been diverted via Gouda due to engineering work on its usual route. None of the passengers were seriously injured, but both trains incurred serious damage. An investigation concluded that staff of the ICM train was to blame, as they left the station while still under a red signal.[82][83]
  • On 21 August 2015, 大力士高速列車槍擊案 on an Amsterdam–Paris train near 阿拉斯. The incident was treated as a terrorist attack. Three passengers along with the gunman received non-fatal injuries.[84][85]

See also

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Notes

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References

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  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 Thalys: Key figures. Thalys. [2009-07-29]. （原始內容存檔於2020-12-21）.  引用錯誤：帶有name屬性「Thalysfig」的<ref>標籤用不同內容定義了多次
  2. ^ Unknown. Thalys trook 57 procent meer treinreizigers in 1998; NMBS: Internationaal treinverkeer zit duidelijk in de lift.. De Financieel-Economische Tijd. 20 January 1999: 26. 
  3. ^ Unknown. Thalys vervoert bijna 5 miljoen passagiers. NRC Handelsblad. 8 February 2000: 15. 
  4. ^ Unknown. Opnieuw goed jaar voor Thalys. De Financieel-Economische Tijd. 10 January 2001: 9. 
  5. ^ Van der Heide, Lolke. Vliegen zonder vleugels ; Hogesnelheidstrein komt nog niet los van strijd om nationaal belang. NRC Handelsblad. 27 July 2002: 11. 
  6. ^ Unknown. Thalys: zes miljoen passagiers in 2002. Nieuws.nl. 6 January 2003 [2016年7月15日]. （原始內容存檔於2012年4月25日）. 
  7. ^ Unknown. Thalys vervoert minder passagiers. BN/De Stem. 16 January 2004. 
  8. ^ Unknown. Recordjaar voor Thalys. Rotterdams Dagblad (Rotterdam). 20 January 2005: 716. 
  9. ^ Unknown. Kort Nieuws. AD/Algemeen Dagblad. 3 January 2006: 15. 
  10. ^ Unknown. 6,5 miljoen reizigers voor Thalys. De Tijd. 10 January 2007: 4. 
  11. ^ Unknown. Thalys verliest reizigers maar behoudt omzet. De Tijd. 16 January 2008: 6. 
  12. ^ Thalys.com 2008 (PDF). [2014-06-02]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2020-11-25）. 
  13. ^ 13.0 13.1 ANP. Volkskrant (2011). Volkskrant.nl. [2014-06-02]. （原始內容存檔於2018-01-04）. 
  14. ^ Press release Thalys (PDF). [2014-06-02]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2014-02-22）. 
  15. ^ Press release Thalys (PDF). [2014-06-02]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2014-02-22）. 
  16. ^ Persbericht resultaten 2013, Rotterdam 17 februari 2014 (PDF). [2014-06-02]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2014-02-22）. 
  17. ^ Botman, Hans. Thalys raast door. Algemeen Dagblad. 27 March 1999: 49. 
  18. ^ Van Gelder, Harry. Belgen, Fransen, Duitsers en Nederlanders exploiteren hogesnelheidslijn liever samen ; Europese spoorbedrijven verwerpen concurrentie. De Volkskrant (Brussels). 26 March 1999: 2 [2016-07-15]. （原始內容存檔於2012-03-16）. 
  19. ^ Treinreiziger.nl, 17 februari 2014. Treinreiziger.nl. [2014-06-02]. （原始內容存檔於2016-04-14）. 
  20. ^ [1] （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館），荷蘭文。
  21. ^ [2] （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館），荷蘭文。
  22. ^ A company on a human scale. Thalys. [22 January 2020] （英語）. 
  23. ^ 23.0 23.1 About Thalys: Corporate. thalys.com. Thalys. 17 December 2007 [8 November 2019]. （原始內容存檔於17 December 2007） （英語）. 
  24. ^ Données de l'entité enregistrée | BCE Public Search. kbopub.economie.fgov.be. [30 March 2022]. 
  25. ^ 25.0 25.1 25.2 25.3 25.4 25.5 25.6 25.7 25th anniversary of Thalys: how did it start?. railtech.com. 2 June 2021. 
  26. ^ 1976–1995 The train: economic development drive. thalystory.com. 24 November 2006 [8 November 2019]. 原始內容存檔於24 November 2006 （英語）. 
  27. ^ 27.0 27.1 Thalys: History. thalys.com. Thalys. 8 June 2008 [9 November 2019]. （原始內容存檔於8 June 2008） （英語）. 
  28. ^ Towards new Rail freight quality and concepts in the European Network in respect to market Demand (PDF). trimis.ec.europa.eu. 4 October 2010. 
  29. ^ DB buys into Thalys. Today's Railways Europe. No. 140. 1 August 2007: 40. ISSN 1354-2753 （英語）. 
  30. ^ ERTMS deployment in Belgium (PDF). ertms.net. [3 July 2022]. 
  31. ^ Delays come to an end (EU HSR 2009). eurotrib.com. 13 December 2009. 
  32. ^ Hermsen, Stephen. Thalys verbindet das Ruhrgebiet mit Paris [Thalys connects the Ruhr area with Paris]. DerWesten (埃森: Funke Mediengruppe（英語：Funke Mediengruppe）). 22 December 2010 [9 November 2019]. （原始內容存檔於16 May 2018） （德語）. Ab August 2011 ist das Ruhrgebiet direkt mit der Stadt der Liebe verbunden. Einmal täglich fährt dann der Schnellzug Thalys nicht mehr nur bis nach Köln, sondern auch über Düsseldorf und Duisburg nach Essen. 
  33. ^ Brussels Airport à 1h47 de Paris via Thalys [Brussels Airport 1h47 from Paris via Thalys]. La Libre Belgique（英語：La Libre Belgique） (La Libre Belgique). 14 September 2011 [9 November 2019]. （原始內容存檔於24 September 2012） （法語）. Une liaison Thalys quotidienne entre Brussels Airport et Paris-Nord, via Bruxelles-Midi, sera ouverte dès le 30 octobre, ont annoncé mercredi Thalys et... 
  34. ^ McWhirter, Alex. Deutsche Bahn to stop selling Thalys tickets. businesstravelnewseurope.com. 17 May 2013. 
  35. ^ Fahrkarten nach Paris, Brüssel, Amsterdam, Köln [Tickets to Paris, Brussels, Amsterdam, Cologne]. thalys.com. Thalys. 7 December 2013 [10 November 2019]. （原始內容存檔於7 December 2013） （德語）. 
  36. ^ Vosman, Quintus. Thalys launches Amsterdam - Lile services. railjournal.com. 14 April 2014. 
  37. ^ 37.0 37.1 Gardner, Nicky; Kries, Susanne. Keeping Track of Thalys. 26 March 2015. 
  38. ^ Thalys is now a train operating company (PDF) (新聞稿). Thalys International. 1 April 2015 [9 November 2019]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於26 September 2015） （英語）. On Monday 30 March, Agnès Ogier, CEO of Thalys, Jo Cornu（英語：Jo Cornu）, CEO of SNCB, and Rachel Picard, Managing Director of Voyages SNCF, signed the agreements to complete Thalys's formal transformation into a train operating company. 
  39. ^ Briginshaw, David. Thalys set to become independent in 2015. 10 November 2014. 
  40. ^ Les trains Thalys Paris-Dortmund en circulation depuis le 21 mars 2016. KelBillet. 23 March 2016 [29 April 2022]. 
  41. ^ Eurostar-Thalys merger proposal revealed. International Railway Journal. 27 September 2019 [2 May 2022] （英國英語）. 
  42. ^ Coffey, Helen. Eurostar and Thalys could combine to form high-speed train network in response to climate change. 獨立報 (英國). 30 September 2019 [9 November 2019]. ISSN 0951-9467. OCLC 185201487. （原始內容存檔於4 October 2019）. Plans are afoot to merge two high-speed train companies – Eurostar and Thalys – to form one mega rail network spanning five countries, in a response to increasing demand for more sustainable travel options. 
  43. ^ Eurostar and Thalys to merge in 2021. Business Traveller. 16 September 2020 [5 January 2021]. 
  44. ^ Thalys-Eurostar merger planned under Green Speed initiative. 國際鐵路公報 (Europe: DVV Media Group（英語：DVV Media Group）). 27 September 2019 [9 November 2019]. ISSN 0373-5346. （原始內容存檔於18 October 2019） （英語）. SNCF, SNCB and the Patina Rail investment vehicle announced on September 27 their intention to combine the Eurostar and Thalys high speed rail operations, reporting that outline proposals were being presented to their respective boards. 
  45. ^ Eurostar to merge with Thalys to form Green Speed. 鐵路學刊. No. 1424. 1 November 2019: 11. ISSN 0033-8923 （英語）. 
  46. ^ Eurostar brand to remain after Thalys merger. Railway Gazette International. 5 October 2021 [5 October 2021]. 
  47. ^ Competition Policy. ec.europa.eu. [30 March 2022] （英語）. 
  48. ^ Timothy. Eurostar ex-Thalys trains will keep 'ruby' red livery after 2024 merger. Trip By Trip. 3 November 2021 [30 March 2022] （英語）. 
  49. ^ Eurostar, Thalys merge to bring more high-speed rail routes to Europe. Railway Technology. 2 May 2022 [2 May 2022] （美國英語）. 
  50. ^ Eurostar - Thalys merger completed. railjournal.com. 13 May 2022. 
  51. ^ Intermodal Transportation. 美國政府問責署. 1994: 27. ISBN 978-1-4289-3337-8 （英語）. 
  52. ^ Robinson, Elliot. KLM and Thalys agree to continue developing AirRail product. globalrailwayreview.com. 11 April 2022. 
  53. ^ KLM to replace Brussels to Amsterdam flight with high-speed train service. globalrailwayreview.com. 17 September 2019. 
  54. ^ Chiffres Clés. thalys.com. Thalys. 22 January 2008 [9 November 2019]. （原始內容存檔於22 January 2008） （法語）. 
  55. ^ Travelling with Children. thalys.com. [2 July 2022]. 
  56. ^ Thalys et Eurostar économisent sur le dos de la SNCB [Thalys and Eurostar save on the back of SNCB]. La Libre Belgique（英語：La Libre Belgique） (La Libre Belgique). 24 September 2010 [9 November 2019]. （原始內容存檔於9 November 2019） （法語）. "L'augmentation de 7 euros, c'est l'un des effets de la libéralisation du trafic international effectif depuis le 1er janvier, précise Michel Praillet, secrétaire national CGSP Cheminot. Dans ce contexte, la commission versée à la SNCB est passée de 10% du prix des tickets à 5%, affirme Michel Praillet. Une diminution de moitié, donc, qui aggrave les problèmes financiers de la SNCB. Est-ce que la SNCB espère ramener les comptes à l'équilibre via ce supplément de 7 euros ? En tout cas, cela devrait combler une grosse partie de la diminution de recettes liées à la décision des opérateurs", ajoute-t-il. 
  57. ^ Thalys trook 57 procent meer treinreizigers in 1998; NMBS: Internationaal treinverkeer zit duidelijk in de lift. [Thalys drives 57 percent more train passengers in 1998; NMBS: International train traffic is clearly on the rise.]. 比利時時報 (Mediafin（英語：Mediafin）). 20 January 1999: 26. ISBN 978-0-7603-0768-7. ISSN 0771-6079. OCLC 917185135 （荷蘭語）. 
  58. ^ Thalys vervoert bijna 5 miljoen passagiers [Thalys carries almost 5 million passengers]. NRC Handelsblad (Mediahuis（英語：Mediahuis）). 8 February 2000: 15. ISBN 978-0-7603-0768-7. ISSN 0002-5259. OCLC 795962805 （荷蘭語）. 
  59. ^ Opnieuw goed jaar voor Thalys [Another good year for Thalys]. 比利時時報 (Mediafin（英語：Mediafin）). 10 January 2001: 9. ISBN 978-0-7603-0768-7. ISSN 0771-6079. OCLC 917185135 （荷蘭語）. 
  60. ^ Van der Heide, Lolke. Vliegen zonder vleugels ; Hogesnelheidstrein komt nog niet los van strijd om nationaal belang [Flying without wings; High-speed train is not yet released from the struggle for national interest]. NRC Handelsblad (Mediahuis（英語：Mediahuis）). 27 July 2002: 11. ISBN 978-0-7603-0768-7. ISSN 0002-5259. OCLC 795962805 （荷蘭語）. 
  61. ^ Thalys: zes miljoen passagiers in 2002 [Thalys: six million passengers in 2002]. Nieuws.nl (Nort Groep). 6 January 2003 [9 November 2019]. （原始內容存檔於25 April 2012） （荷蘭語）. 
  62. ^ Thalys vervoert minder passagiers [Thalys carries fewer passengers]需要付費訂閱. NRC Handelsblad (Mediahuis（英語：Mediahuis）). 16 January 2004 [9 November 2019]. ISBN 978-0-7603-0768-7. ISSN 0002-5259. OCLC 795962805. （原始內容存檔於10 November 2019） （荷蘭語）. De hogesnelheidstreinen van de Thalys hebben in 2003 2,4 procent minder mensen vervoerd dan het jaar ervoor. Het totaal aantal kwam uit op 5,8 miljoen, het concern was uitgegaan van 6,5 miljoen reizigers. Dat is gisteren bekendgemaakt 
  63. ^ Recordjaar voor Thalys [Record year for Thalys]. 每日匯報 (DPG Media（英語：DPG Media）). 20 January 2005: 716 （荷蘭語）. 
  64. ^ Kort Nieuws [Short News]. 每日匯報 (DPG Media（英語：DPG Media）). 3 January 2006: 3 （荷蘭語）. 
  65. ^ 6,5 miljoen reizigers voor Thalys [6.5 million travelers for Thalys]. 比利時時報 (Mediafin（英語：Mediafin）). 10 January 2007: 4. ISBN 978-0-7603-0768-7. ISSN 0771-6079. OCLC 917185135 （荷蘭語）. 
  66. ^ Thalys verliest reizigers maar behoudt omzet [Thalys loses travelers but retains revenue]. 比利時時報 (Mediafin（英語：Mediafin）). 16 January 2008: 6. ISBN 978-0-7603-0768-7. ISSN 0771-6079. OCLC 917185135 （荷蘭語）. 
  67. ^ THALYS POURSUIT SA CROISSANCE EN 2008: HAUSSE DE SON CHIFFRE D'AFFAIRES DE 9,2% AUGMENTATION DU TRAFIC DE 5,2% [THALYS CONTINUES ITS GROWTH IN 2008: INCREASE IN REVENUE BY 9.2% INCREASE TRAFFIC BY 5.2%] (PDF) (新聞稿). Paris: Thalys International. 22 January 2009 [10 November 2019]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於6 April 2012） （法語）. Pour la 5ème année consécutive, Thalys affiche une belle croissance, avec un chiffre d'affaires enprogression de 9,2%, soit un total de 392,1 millions d'euros en 2008. 
  68. ^ 68.0 68.1 Flink meer reizigers voor Thalys [A lot more travelers for Thalys]. 人民報 (荷蘭) (布魯塞爾首都大區: DPG Media（英語：DPG Media）). ANP（英語：Algemeen Nederlands Persbureau）. 25 January 2001 [10 November 2019]. OCLC 781575477 （荷蘭語）. BRUSSEL – Het spoorbedrijf Thalys heeft vorig jaar een omzet geboekt van 432 miljoen euro, 13 procent meer dan een jaar eerder. Het aantal passagiers steeg met 6,25 procent tot 6,45 miljoen. 
  69. ^ Meer reizigers en hogere omzet voor Thalys in 2011 [More travelers and higher sales for Thalys in 2011] (PDF) (新聞稿). 鹿特丹: Thalys International. 31 January 2012 [10 November 2019]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於22 February 2014） （荷蘭語）. Thalys heeft het jaar 2011 afgesloten met een omzet van 470 miljoen euro; een stijging van 8,4% ten opzichte van 2010. Ook het aantal reizigers nam met 3,1% toe. Meer dan 6,6 miljoen mensen werden vorig jaar vervoerd door Thalys 
  70. ^ Hogere omzet voor Thalys in 2012 [Higher turnover for Thalys in 2012] (PDF) (新聞稿). 鹿特丹: Thalys International. 21 February 2013 [10 November 2019]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於22 February 2014） （荷蘭語）. Rotterdam - Thalys sluit het jaar 2012 af met een omzet van 479 miljoen euro, een stijging van 2,1% ten opzichte van 2011. In totaal reisden 6,6 miljoen mensen met Thalys. Over het gehele netwerk is dat een daling van 1% in vergelijking met het jaar ervoor. Het aantal reizigers tussen Nederland, Brussel en Parijs is echter gestegen. 
  71. ^ Hogere omzet voor Thalys in 2013 [Higher turnover for Thalys in 2013] (PDF) (新聞稿). 鹿特丹: Thalys International. 17 February 2014 [10 November 2019]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於22 February 2014） （荷蘭語）. Rotterdam, 17 februari 2014 – Thalys sluit het jaar 2013 af met een omzet van 487 miljoen euro, een stijging van 1,9% ten opzichte van 2012. In totaal reisden bijna 6,7 miljoen mensen met Thalys in 2013. Over het gehele netwerk is dat een stijging van 1,8% in vergelijking met het jaar ervoor. Vooral het treinverkeer tussen Nederland en België is met een toename van 46,3% aanzienlijk gestegen. Tussen Nederland en Frankrijk is er een lichte stijging van verkeer van 0,6% ten opzichte van 2012. 
  72. ^ Thalys verliest reizigers door terreur. Gazet van Antwerpen. March 2016 [17 February 2020] （弗拉芒語）. 
  73. ^ Nombre record de passagers pour Thalys en 2019. RTBF Info. 13 January 2020 [17 February 2020] （法語）. 
  74. ^ Botman, Hans. Thalys raast door [Thalys rushes through]. 每日匯報 (DPG Media（英語：DPG Media）). 27 March 1999: 49 （荷蘭語）. 
  75. ^ Van Gelder, Harry. Thalys levert NS komende jaren 200 miljoen verlies op [Thalys will cause NS to lose 200 million in the coming years]. 人民報 (荷蘭) (阿姆斯特丹: DPG Media（英語：DPG Media）). 22 March 1997 [10 November 2019]. OCLC 781575477. （原始內容存檔於16 March 2012） （荷蘭語）. De Thalys, de hogesnelheidstrein die sinds juni 1996 vijf keer per dag van Amsterdam naar Parijs rijdt, bezorgt de Nederlandse Spoorwegen de komende acht jaar een verlies van minstens 200 miljoen gulden.... 
  76. ^ Fors meer reizigers voor Thalys naar België. Totale reizigersgroei beperkt [Significantly more travelers for Thalys to Belgium. Total passenger growth limited]. treinreiziger.nl. 17 February 2014 [10 November 2019]. （原始內容存檔於4 January 2018） （荷蘭語）. Het is op tal van plaatsen te lezen: hogesnelheidstrein Thalys heeft vorig jaar 46,3 procent meer reizigers tussen Nederland en België vervoerd. Dat is een forse groei, maar de reizigers naar België blijven in de Thalys in de minderheid. De totale treinmarkt tussen Nederland en België is met zes procent gegroeid. 
  77. ^ 20 jaar Thalys: de cijfers. www.bruzz.be. [17 February 2020] （荷蘭語）. 
  78. ^ Can I take my bike? Provisions for cyclists on the Thalys. raileurope.co.uk. Rail Europe, Inc.（英語：Rail Europe, Inc.）. 1 December 2010 [10 November 2019]. （原始內容存檔於1 December 2010） （英語）. You can take your bike as carry-on luggage as long as it either folds up or, with the front wheel removed, can be held in a loose cover measuring up to 190 cm × 90 cm（74.80英寸 × 35.43英寸）. 
  79. ^ My Driver by Thalys's service adds new mobility options. globalrailwayreview.com. 11 February 2020. 
  80. ^ Conditions of Access to Thalys lounges & partner lounges. thalys.com. [2 July 2022]. 
  81. ^ Manufacturers must share the risk. 國際鐵路公報 (DVV Media Group（英語：DVV Media Group）). 1 October 1997 [10 November 2019]. ISSN 0373-5346. （原始內容存檔於1 October 2012） （英語）. 
  82. ^ Twee treinen botsen bij Gouda [Two trains collide at Gouda]. NU.nl（英語：NU.nl） (豪達: 薩諾瑪). 11 October 2008 [10 November 2019]. （原始內容存檔於22 May 2009） （荷蘭語）. GOUDA - Bij station Gouda zijn zaterdagochtend twee treinen op elkaar gebotst. Het gaat om de intercity van Den Haag naar Groningen en de Thalys van Parijs naar Amsterdam. Volgens een woordvoerder van het Korps landelijke politiediensten (KLPD)（英語：Korps landelijke politiediensten） zijn er door het ongeval geen mensen gewond geraakt. 
  83. ^ Treinbotsing Gouda door samenloop [Train collision Gouda due to confluence]. ivw.nl. Inspectie Verkeer en Waterstaat. 18 May 2009 [10 November 2019]. （原始內容存檔於17 June 2009） （荷蘭語）. De zijdelingse aanrijding bij Gouda tussen de intercity en de Thalys op zaterdag 11 oktober 2008 is het gevolg geweest van een opeenvolging van onjuiste handelingen door de conducteurs en machinist van de intercity. Dit blijkt uit onderzoek van de Inspectie Verkeer en Waterstaat. Bij de aanrijding met lage snelheid vielen geen gewonden, wel was de materiele schade groot. 
  84. ^ France train shooting: Hollande thanks 'heroes' who foiled gunman. 英國廣播公司新聞部. 22 August 2015 [10 November 2019]. （原始內容存檔於21 August 2015） （英語）. French President 弗朗索瓦·奧朗德 has thanked three American men hailed as heroes for overpowering a heavily-armed gunman on a train in northern France. 
  85. ^ Deux blessés par balle dans un Thalys reliant Amsterdam à Paris [Two shot dead in Thalys between Amsterdam and Paris]. 世界報 (法國). 法新社. 21 August 2015 [10 November 2019]. ISSN 1950-6244. （原始內容存檔於21 August 2015） （法語）. Un homme a ouvert le feu, vendredi 21 août, dans un train Thalys entre Amsterdam et Paris, avant d'être maîtrisé par des passagers. 
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