法齊·卡武齊

法齊·卡武齊（1890年1月—1977年6月5日）是一位生於黎巴嫩的阿拉伯民族主義軍事人物。1936年巴勒斯坦阿拉伯人大起義期間，英國方面鎮壓巴勒斯坦人起義，他在巴勒斯坦地區抵抗英國方面的鎮壓行動。 1937年，他逃離巴勒斯坦地區。他在第二次世界大戰期間是德意志國防軍的一名上校，第一次中東戰爭期間他又出任阿拉伯解放軍的指揮官。

早年

法齊·卡武齊生於鄂圖曼帝國的黎波里的一個敘利亞土耳其曼人家庭^[1]^[2]。

1912年，他從位於伊斯坦堡一個軍事學院畢業。

第一次世界大戰

第一次世界大戰期間，他擔任鄂圖曼帝國駐摩蘇爾的一個軍團的上尉，而且參加過貝爾謝巴戰役。他的作戰表現受到奧斯曼帝國當局肯定並被授予勳章。他還被授予德國十字勳章。^[3] 法齊·卡武齊曾潛入英國防線後方，並將戰報透露給奧托·馮·桑德斯。

戰間期

第一次世界大戰後，鄂圖曼帝國崩潰。法齊·卡武齊支持阿拉伯敘利亞王國獨立。 1920 年，他跟隨費薩爾一世的軍隊參加麥塞隆戰役。

阿拉伯敘利亞王國覆滅後，敘利亞成為法屬敘利亞及黎巴嫩託管地的一部分。隨後，法齊·卡武齊加入了由法國當局創建的敘利亞軍團（英語：Army of the Levant）。法齊·卡武齊加還來到聖西爾軍校學習。後來他成為駐扎在哈馬的一個騎兵中隊的指揮官。

敘利亞起義期間，他從法國陸軍逃脫並且加入反法陣營，並於1925年10月初參與哈馬起義（英語：1925 Hama uprising）。此後，法齊·卡武齊一直被法國當局通緝。

1936年巴勒斯坦阿拉伯人大起義期間，法齊·卡武齊在巴勒斯坦託管地與英國作戰。

第二次世界大戰

在伊拉克與英國軍隊作戰時身負重傷後，法齊·卡武齊來到維琪法國控制下的敘利亞，隨後又前往納粹德國。第二次世界大戰時間他一直留在德國養傷，並與一位名叫安妮莉絲·穆勒 (Anneliese Müller) 的德國女子結婚。

他後來被授予德意志國防軍上校軍階。

法齊·卡武齊繼續與其他與軸心國結盟的阿拉伯人合作反對同盟國。

1945年，他被蘇聯軍隊俘虜，並被囚禁至1947年2月^[4]。

第一次中東戰爭與阿拉伯解放軍

1947年，法齊·卡武齊經法國前往埃及，宣稱「只要阿拉伯人民要求他再次拿起武器，他隨時待命。」 8月，他表示，如果聯合國大會第181號決議獲得通過，「我們將不得不發動全面戰爭。我們將屠殺、摧毀一切阻礙我們前進的人，無論是英國人、美國人還是猶太人。」

聯合國大會第181號決議獲得通過後，阿拉伯國家聯盟讓他擔任阿拉伯解放軍的戰地指揮官，準備進攻以色列。 ^[5]

1948年3月初，法齊·卡武齊率領部隊從大馬士革出發，部隊隨後進入巴勒斯坦地區。

法齊·卡武齊的部隊主要駐扎在加利利和納布盧斯附近。法齊·卡武齊打算「讓巴勒斯坦不要被猶太復國主義禍害」，他的目標是「把所有猶太人趕入大海」。 ^[6]

1948年4月，法齊·卡武齊率領阿拉伯解放軍進攻米什馬爾哈埃梅克。不過阿拉伯解放軍未能佔領該地。 ^[7]哈加納和帕拉瑪赫發起反攻，阿拉伯解放軍被擊潰。

7月，法齊·卡武齊又率軍進攻伊拉尼亞（英語：Ilaniya）。第1戈蘭尼步兵旅第十二營抵擋住了這次進攻，而且給阿拉伯解放軍造成重大損失。阿拉伯解放軍控制下的盧比亞（英語：Lubya）反而被攻佔。

1948年10月，阿拉伯解放軍依然控制加利利部分地區。 10月22日，阿拉伯解放軍又進攻梅納拉（英語：Manara, Israel）。10月24日，以色列方面發動海勒姆行動，佔領整個上加利利地區。不久，阿拉伯解放軍被徹底趕出加利利，法齊·卡武齊逃到黎巴嫩。 ^[8]

第一次中東戰爭結束後，法齊·卡武齊主要在大馬士革、貝魯特和的黎波里等地定居。

參考文獻

^ "Ruhmloses Zwischenspiel: Fawzi al-Qawuqji in Deutschland, 1941–1947", by Gerhard Höpp in Peter Heine, ed., Al-Rafidayn: Jahrbuch zu Geschichte und Kultur des modernen Iraq (Würzburg: Ergon Verlag, 1995), (http://www.zmo.de/biblio/nachlass/hoepp/01_30_064.pdf 網際網路檔案館的存檔，存檔日期20 December 2019.) p. 1
^ Parsons, Laila. The Commander: Fawzi al-Qawuqji and the Fight for Arab Independence 1914-1948. New York: Hill and Wang. 2016: 3. ISBN 9780809067121.
^ Höpp, 1995, p. 1.
^ Time, "'I Have Returned'"
^ Palestine, 1948: War, Escape and the Emergence of the Palestinian Refugee Problem, by Yoav Gelber, (Portland, OR: Sussex Academic Press; 2006), p. 46–48, 51–56. ^[缺少ISBN]
^ LaPierre, Dominique; Collins, Larry. O Jerusalem. Simon & Schuster. 1971. By Palestine standards, his men were relatively well armed. Communications and logistics, however, were primitive. Runners ran word-of-mouth commands or handwritten messages from post to post. The shortage of food and other essential items did not unduly concern Kaukji. He intended to let his army live off the plunder of conquered Jewish settlements. Nor did the fact that his medical supplies consisted of aspirin, bandages and laxatives worry him. He anticipated neither a long campaign nor serious casualties. "I have come to Palestine to stay and fight until Palestine is a free and united Arab country or until I am killed and buried here," he announced. His aim, he declared, borrowing the slogan that was becoming the leitmotiv of the Arab leadership, was "to drive all the Jews into the sea." "Everything is ready," he proclaimed. "The battle starts when I give the word."
^ The War for Palestine, by Eugene L. Rogan and Avi Shlaim, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2007), p. 111. ^[缺少ISBN]
^ Morris, 2008, pp. 330–339; see especially p. 339: "IDF Northern Front OC Moshe Carmel was later to write that al-Qawuqji's provocation had been like 'a match that ignited ... [the] fire ... in a dry, yellow field ... but the fire quickly rose ... [and] turned on him and he was unable to douse it. In truth ... Operation Hiram had been long in the planning.'"

Kessler, Oren (2023). Palestine 1936: The Great Revolt and the Roots of the Middle East Conflict. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 1538148803
Parsons, Laila (2016). The Commander: Fawzi al-Qawuqji and the Fight for Arab Independence, 1914–1948. Hill and Wang. ISBN 978-0-80906-712-1
Parsons, Laila. Soldiering for Arab Nationalism: Fawzi al-Qawuqji in Palestine. Journal of Palestine Studies. Summer 2007, 36 (4): 33–48. JSTOR 10.1525/jps.2007.36.4.33. doi:10.1525/jps.2007.36.4.33.
Lyman, Robert. Iraq 1941: The Battles for Basra, Habbaniya, Fallujah and Baghdad. Campaign. Oxford, New York: Osprey Publishing. 2006: 96. ISBN 1-84176-991-6.
Provence, Michael. The Great Syrian Revolt and the Rise of Arab Nationalism. University of Texas Press. 2005. ISBN 9780292706804.
Nafi, Basheer M., Arabism, Islamism and the Palestine question, 1908–1941: a political history, Garnet and Ithaca Press, 1998, ISBN 0-86372-235-0
Felmy, Gen. Hellmuth; Warlimont, Gen. Walter. Foreword by Generaloberst Franz Haider, Historical Div., HQ, U.S. Army, Europe. German Exploitation of Arab Nationalist Movements in World War II. 1952.

[Höpp,_1995-1] "Ruhmloses Zwischenspiel: Fawzi al-Qawuqji in Deutschland, 1941–1947", by Gerhard Höpp in Peter Heine, ed., Al-Rafidayn: Jahrbuch zu Geschichte und Kultur des modernen Iraq (Würzburg: Ergon Verlag, 1995), (http://www.zmo.de/biblio/nachlass/hoepp/01_30_064.pdf 網際網路檔案館的存檔，存檔日期20 December 2019.) p. 1

[2] Parsons, Laila. The Commander: Fawzi al-Qawuqji and the Fight for Arab Independence 1914-1948. New York: Hill and Wang. 2016: 3. ISBN 9780809067121.

[auto-3] Höpp, 1995, p. 1.

[Time-4] Time, "'I Have Returned'"

[Gelber-5] Palestine, 1948: War, Escape and the Emergence of the Palestinian Refugee Problem, by Yoav Gelber, (Portland, OR: Sussex Academic Press; 2006), p. 46–48, 51–56. ^[缺少ISBN]

[6] LaPierre, Dominique; Collins, Larry. O Jerusalem. Simon & Schuster. 1971. By Palestine standards, his men were relatively well armed. Communications and logistics, however, were primitive. Runners ran word-of-mouth commands or handwritten messages from post to post. The shortage of food and other essential items did not unduly concern Kaukji. He intended to let his army live off the plunder of conquered Jewish settlements. Nor did the fact that his medical supplies consisted of aspirin, bandages and laxatives worry him. He anticipated neither a long campaign nor serious casualties. "I have come to Palestine to stay and fight until Palestine is a free and united Arab country or until I am killed and buried here," he announced. His aim, he declared, borrowing the slogan that was becoming the leitmotiv of the Arab leadership, was "to drive all the Jews into the sea." "Everything is ready," he proclaimed. "The battle starts when I give the word."

[7] The War for Palestine, by Eugene L. Rogan and Avi Shlaim, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2007), p. 111. ^[缺少ISBN]

[8] Morris, 2008, pp. 330–339; see especially p. 339: "IDF Northern Front OC Moshe Carmel was later to write that al-Qawuqji's provocation had been like 'a match that ignited ... [the] fire ... in a dry, yellow field ... but the fire quickly rose ... [and] turned on him and he was unable to douse it. In truth ... Operation Hiram had been long in the planning.'"

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]