拉律戰爭
| 馬來西亞歷史 |
|---|
 |
| 歷史系列條目 |
 馬來西亞主題 |
拉律戰爭，或譯拿律戰爭[1]（英語：Larut Wars），是發生於馬來西亞拉律地區（也譯拿律[2]，馬來語：Larut，今霹靂州太平一帶）的一系列戰事爭端。第一場戰事始於1861年7月，並以《邦咯條約》的簽署告終。戰爭起因於當地華人秘密會社爭奪霹靂州拉律地區的礦區控制權的衝突，以及拉惹阿都拉（Raja Abdullah）和雅·依布拉欣（Ngah Ibrahim）間的繼承戰爭。
第一次拉律戰爭 1861–62
[編輯]1861年7月，第一次拉律戰爭爆發。有關控制礦井水源的爭論升級，海山公司將義興公司趕出新吉輦 （Klian Baharu, 今甘文丁 ）。 [3][4][5][6] 海峽殖民地總督加文納干預，要求拿律土酋卡依布拉欣代表霹靂州蘇丹賠償義興公司17,447美元。[7][8][9][10][11]
第二次拉律戰爭 1865
[編輯]1865年6月，因兩派結社成員間的賭博爭吵，爆發第二次拉律戰爭。海山公司成員俘虜了14名義興公司成員，其中13人被殺。第14人逃跑，通知會社。義興公司展開報復，襲擊海山公司村莊，夷為平地，殺死了40名男子。戰鬥蔓延到威斯利省和檳城島，其他秘密結社陸續加入戰鬥。雙方戰至筋疲力盡，最終達成協議。在官方調查後，海山和義興，因破壞檳城和平，各被罰款5,000美元，流放領導人。[12][13][14][15]
1870年，拉律地區共有約4萬名客家和粵語礦工，兩組礦區相距較近。[16][17]
第三次拉律戰爭 1871-72
[編輯]1871年，爆發了第三次拉律戰爭。起因，據傳，來自一件醜聞，涉及義興公司首領和海山首領鄭景貴侄子妻子的婚外情。婚外情曝光後，這對姦夫淫婦，遭到嚴刑拷打，浸豬籠，最終扔進廢棄礦池淹死。為首領報仇，義興公司率領經檳城帶進來的4,000名中國大陸僱傭兵襲擊海山，首次將海山公司趕出拉律。約一萬名海山公司成員在檳城尋求庇護。幾個月後，由卡依布拉欣支持的海山公司奪會了馬當（Matang）和拉律礦山。此時，1871年，蘇丹阿里去世後，拉惹阿都拉 ( Raja Abdullah ) 宣稱霹靂州王位，反對在阿都拉缺席時獲任命的蘇丹伊斯邁（Raja Ismail）[18]，以及 卡依布拉欣與海山公司。華裔礦工間的戰爭遂演變成霹靂州馬來蘇丹的內戰。[19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26]
第四次拉律戰爭和邦咯條約 1873–74
[編輯]| 第四次拉律戰爭 Perang Larut Keempat | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 拉律戰爭的一部分 | |||||||
| |||||||
| 參戰方 | |||||||
海山公司 霹靂卡依布拉欣 | |||||||
| 指揮官與領導者 | |||||||
陳亞炎 拉惹阿都拉 克拉爵士 |
鄭景貴 卡依布拉欣 | ||||||
1873年，距離上次戰爭僅一年，第四次拉律戰爭爆發 。海山公司奪回拉律幾周後，義興公司在拉惹阿都拉支持下，動用來自新加坡和中國的武器人員反擊。卡依布拉欣在馬當的財產被毀。當地馬來居民遭殺掠。混亂蔓延到吉輦、邦咯和天定。在拉律戰爭中，始終旁觀的馬來酋長震驚於華裔礦工及秘密結社造成的混亂。海峽殖民地檳城華人看到投資在拉律戰爭中遭到破壞，尋求英國干預。超過4萬名來自海山與義興的華人參與霹靂王室的繼承戰爭。[27][28][29][30][31]
霹靂蘇丹國陷入曠日持久的繼承鬥爭，無法維持秩序。事泰失控，對馬來人、華人和英國人不利。 [32] [33] [34] [35] [36] [37] [38]維多利亞時代的旅行家和冒險家伊莎貝拉（Isabella Lucy Bird，1831-1904 年）在《通廣黃金克森尼索的道路》（The Golden Chersonese and The Way Thither, 1892） 中陳述，拉惹阿都拉與友人陳金鐘，以及新加坡英國商人，起草了一封信給海峽殖民地總督克拉，尋求將霹靂州置於英國保護下，說「需要一位能人來展示善治。」[39] [40][41][42] 1872年9月26日，在2千名森寧會人襲擊1萬2千名中山會人後，鄭景貴聯合44位華裔領袖請求英國干預。[43][44][45]
為恢復霹靂州法律和秩序，英國干預馬來國家事務，協助邦咯條約的簽訂。 1874 年，海峽殖民地總督克拉爵士在邦咯島召開會議，阿都拉獲得霹靂州蘇丹王位，而不是競爭對手伊斯邁。 [46] [47] [48]
1874年1月20日，在邦咯島的冥王號上，各方簽署條約，以解決華人爭端及蘇丹繼承權，並為英國居住區鋪平道路──Tristram_Speedy獲任管理拉律，及協助管理英國居民. [49] [50] [51] [52] [53] [54]
海山公司首領鄭景貴，與義興公司首領陳亞炎，分別受封為中國甲必丹。拉律更名為太平，作為休戰狀態的確認。三天後，鄭景貴受任為安撫委員會成員。其他成員包含瑞天咸和必麒麟。委員會目標是，以友好方式，解決拉律錫礦爭吵。 [55] [56] [57] [58] [59]
委員會決定，將太平的礦山分配給海山，將甘文丁的礦山分配給義興。[60][61]
1880年代，在太平建立了馬來半島第一座供奉何仙姑的寺廟。學者廖小菁認為建廟是戰後的「和解工程」[62]，「為謀建凝塑大廣東認同的整合機制，所攜手進行的一系列文化操作的結果」[62]。許多華裔礦工來自何仙姑崇拜中心增城區。 [62]
餘波
[編輯]1875 年，新任命的英國駐紮總長James W. W. Birch在馬哈拉惹里拉命令下遭到暗殺。里拉是上霹靂州的王子和穆夫提，是馬來西亞民族主義者，希望恢復英國禁止的奴隸制，或恢復霹靂州的獨立，來保護自己的經濟利益。在隨後的霹靂戰爭中，英軍擊敗叛軍，進行報復，處決里拉。因認為兩人參與暗殺行動，拉惹阿都拉和卡依布拉欣遭流放至塞席爾。
1877年，英國任命慕扎法沙霹靂州攝政；1886年，慕扎法沙成為霹靂州新蘇丹。
參考書目
[編輯]- 《拜別唐山：在馬來半島異域重生》，白偉權著，台北市：一八四一出版，2024年。ISBN 9786269737291
參見
[編輯]參考
[編輯]註腳
[編輯]- ^ 白偉權. 威震南邦：拿律战争与锡克人的扎根. 當今大馬. 2019-06-28 [2024-05-04]. （原始內容存檔於2023-12-03）.
- ^ 周定國 (編). Larut 拿律 [马来]. 世界地名翻译大辞典. 北京: 中國對外翻譯出版公司. 2008-01. ISBN 978-7-500-10753-8. OCLC 885528603. OL 23943703M. NLC 003756704.（簡體中文）
- ^ Notes on the Larut Disturbances by Khoo Kay Kim, A history of Perak, Sir Richard Olof Winstedt, Richard James Wilkinson, Sir William Edward Maxwell, republished by Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1974, PPiv&v
- ^ History of Malaya, 1400-1959, Joginder Singh Jessy, Jointly published by the United Publishers and Peninsular Publications, 1963, P151
- ^ A portrait of Malaysia and Singapore, Soo Hai Ding Eing Tan, Oxford University Press, 1978, ISBN 0195807227, ISBN 9780195807226, PP78&123
- ^ The Malayan tin industry to 1914: with special reference to the states of Perak, Selangor, Negri, Sembilan, and Pahang by Lin Ken Wong, Published for the Association for Asian Studies by the University of Arizona Press, 1965, P27
- ^ A portrait of Malaysia and Singapore, Soo Hai Ding Eing Tan, Oxford University Press, 1978, ISBN 0195807227, ISBN 9780195807226, PP79
- ^ The Western Malay States, 1850-1873: the effects of commercial development on Malay politics, Kay Kim Khoo, Oxford University Press, 1972, P129
- ^ A history of Malaya, Joseph Kennedy, Macmillan, 1970, P138
- ^ A short history of Malaya, Gerald Percy Dartford, Longmans, Green, 1963, P128
- ^ The Making of Modern South-East Asia: The European conquest, D. J. M. Tate, Oxford University Press, 1971, P276
- ^ History of Malaya, 1400-1959, Joginder Singh Jessy, Jointly published by the United Publishers and Peninsular Publications, 1963, P152
- ^ Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Volume 64, MBRAS, 1991, P10
- ^ A portrait of Malaysia and Singapore, Soo Hai Ding Eing Tan, Oxford University Press, 1978, ISBN 0195807227, ISBN 9780195807226, P79
- ^ The impact of Chinese secret societies in Malaya: a historical study, Wilfred Blythe, Royal Institute of International Affairs, Issued under the auspices of the Royal Institute of International Affairs [by] Oxford U.P., 1969, P115
- ^ Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Volume 36, Part 2, MBRAS, 1968, P44
- ^ The dynamics of Chinese dialect groups in early Malaya, Lau-Fong Mak, Singapore Society of Asian Studies, 1995, P72
- ^ Ooi, Keat Gin. Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. 2004: 775 [19 August 2019]. ISBN 9781576077702.
- ^ The Making of Modern South-East Asia: The European conquest, D. J. M. Tate, Oxford University Press, 1971, PP274&276
- ^ A gallery of Chinese kapitans, Choon San Wong, Ministry of Culture, Singapore, 1963, P72
- ^ The journals of J. W. W. Birch, first British resident to Perak, 1874-1875, James Wheeler Woodford Birch, Oxford University Press, 1976
- ^ The Chinese in Malaya, Victor Purcell, Oxford Univ. Press, 1948, P107
- ^ Chinese secret societies in Malaya: a survey of the Triad Society from 1800 to 1900, Leon Comber, Published for the Association for Asian Studies by J.J. Augustin, 1959, P158
- ^ A portrait of Malaysia and Singapore, Soo Hai Ding Eing Tan, Oxford University Press, 1978 ISBN 0195807227, ISBN 9780195807226, P80
- ^ The impact of Chinese secret societies in Malaya: a historical study, Wilfred Blythe, Royal Institute of International Affairs, Oxford U.P., 1969, P179
- ^ Triad and tabut: a survey of the origin and diffusion of Chinese and Mohamedan secret societies in the Malay Peninsula, A.D. 1800-1935, Parts 1800-1935, Mervyn Llewelyn Wynne, Govt. Print. Off., 1941, PP267,270
- ^ Triad and tabut: a survey of the origin and diffusion of Chinese and Mohamedan secret societies in the Malay Peninsula, A.D. 1800-1935, Parts 1800-1935, Mervyn Llewelyn Wynne, Govt. Print. Off., 1941, P270,275
- ^ History of Malaya, 1400-1959Joginder Singh Jessy, Jointly published by the United Publishers and Peninsular Publications, 1963, P158
- ^ A portrait of Malaysia and Singapore, Soo Hai Ding Eing Tan, Oxford University Press, 1978, ISBN 0195807227, ISBN 9780195807226, P
- ^ The first 150 years of Singapore, Donald Moore, Joanna Moore, 1969, P361
- ^ Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Volume 64, MBRAS, 1991, P11
- ^ A History of Malaysia By Barbara Watson Andaya, Leonard Y. Andaya, Palgrave Macmillan, 1984, ISBN 0312381212, ISBN 9780312381219, P150-151
- ^ A portrait of Malaysia and Singapore, Soo Hai Ding Eing Tan, Oxford University Press, 1978, ISBN 0195807227, ISBN 9780195807226, P80
- ^ Pasir Salak: pusat gerakan menentang British di Perak, Abdullah Zakaria Ghazali, Yayasan Perak, 1997, PP8,24
- ^ Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Volume 64, MBRAS, 1991, P13
- ^ Triad and tabut: a survey of the origin and diffusion of Chinese and Mohamedan secret societies in the Malay Peninsula, A.D. 1800-1935, Parts 1800-1935, Mervyn Llewelyn Wynne, Govt. Print. Off., 1941, P279
- ^ The development of British Malaya 1896-1909, Hon-chan Chai, Oxford U.P., 1968, P5
- ^ A short history of Malaysia, Singapore and Brunei, Constance Mary Turnbull, Graham Brash, 1981, P134
- ^ The Golden Chersonese and the Way Thither, By Isabella Bird, Cambridge University Press, 2010, ISBN 1108014739, ISBN 9781108014731, P269
- ^ Life of Lieutenant General the Honorable Sir Andrew Clarke, By Robert Hamilton Vetch, Kessinger Publishing, 2005, ISBN 1417951303, ISBN 9781417951307, P149
- ^ The impact of Chinese secret societies in Malaya: a historical study, Wilfred Blythe, Royal Institute of International Affairs, Oxford U.P., 1969, P186
- ^ British Intervention in Malaya, 1867-1877Cyril Northcote Parkinson, University of Malaya Press, 1964, PP122, 255
- ^ Triad and tabut: a survey of the origin and diffusion of Chinese and Mohamedan secret societies in the Malay Peninsula, A.D. 1800-1935, Parts 1800-1935, Mervyn Llewelyn Wynne, Govt. Print. Off., 1941, P276
- ^ A gallery of Chinese kapitans. Choon San Wong, Ministry of Culture, Singapore, 1963, P102
- ^ The impact of Chinese secret societies in Malaya: a historical study, Wilfred Blythe, Issued under the auspices of the Royal Institute of International Affairs [by] Oxford U.P., 1969, P177
- ^ Malaysia, Singapore & Brunei By Simon Richmond, Lonely Planet, 2010, ISBN 1741048877, ISBN 9781741048872, P144
- ^ Triad and tabut: a survey of the origin and diffusion of Chinese and Mohamedan secret societies in the Malay Peninsula, A.D. 1800-1935, Parts 1800-1935, Mervyn Llewelyn Wynne, Govt. Print. Off., 1941, P299
- ^ Chinese secret societies in Malaya: a survey of the Triad Society from 1800 to 1900, Leon Comber, Published for the Association for Asian Studies by J.J. Augustin, 1959, P200
- ^ Nineteenth-century Malaya: the origins of British political control, Charles Donald Cowan, Oxford University Press, 1967, P184
- ^ Swettenham by Henry Sackville Barlow, Southdene, 1995, P119
- ^ Footprints in Malaya by Sir Frank Athelstane Swettenham, Hutchinson, 1942, P30
- ^ Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Volume 27, MBRAS, 1 January 1954, P12
- ^ Imperial Connections: India in the Indian Ocean Arena, 1860-1920 By Thomas R. Metcalf, University of California Press, 2008, ISBN 0520258053, ISBN 9780520258051, P39
- ^ Absent history: the untold story of Special Branch Operations in Singapore, 1915-1942, Kah Choon Ban, Raffles, 2001, ISBN 9814071021, 9789814071024, P41
- ^ The Mandarin-Capitalists from Nanyang: Overseas Chinese Enterprise in the Modernisation of China 1893-1911 By Michael R. Godle, Cambridge University Press, 25 July 2002, ISBN 0521526957, ISBN 9780521526951, P28
- ^ A gallery of Chinese kapitans, Choon San Wong, Ministry of Culture, Singapore, 1963, P77
- ^ Rough guide to Malaysia, Singapore & Brunei By Charles de Ledesma, Mark Lewis, Pauline Savage, ISBN 1843530945, ISBN 9781843530947, P181
- ^ Taiping, ibukota Perak by Kay Kim Khoo, Persatuan Muzium Malaysia, 1981, P8
- ^ The evolution of the urban system in Malaya, Heng Kow Lim. Penerbit Universiti Malaya, 1978, PP51&54
- ^ A gallery of Chinese kapitans by Choon San Wong, Ministry of Culture, Singapore. 1963, P78
- ^ The impact of Chinese secret societies in Malaya: a historical study by Wilfred Blythe, Issued under the auspices of the Royal Institute of International Affairs [by] Oxford U.P., 1969, PP121, 123, 180
- ^ 62.0 62.1 62.2 Irene Liao, 「拉律戰爭與何仙姑信仰在英屬馬來亞的開展」 (The Larut Wars and the Beginning of the He Xiangu Cult in British Malaya), Bulletin of the Institute of Modern History Academia Sinica 100 (2018), 47–84 (47).
延伸閱讀
[編輯]- Southeast Asia: a historical encyclopaedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor, Volume 2Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor, Edited by Keat Gin Ooi, Published by ABC-CLIO, 2004, ISBN 1576077705, ISBN 9781576077702, P775
- Ipoh: when tin was king By Ho Tak Ming, Perak Academy, 2009, ISBN 9834250029, ISBN 9789834250027, PP9&67
- Thai south and Malay north: ethnic interactions on the plural Peninsula, Michael John Montesano, Patrick Jory, NUS Press, 2008, ISBN 9971694115, ISBN 9789971694111, P208
- Fifteenth Report of the United States Civil Service Commission, Congressional edition, Volume 3826, United States Congress, US G.P.O., 1899, PP529, 530, 534
- The New Encyclopædia Britannica, Volume 9, 2003, ISBN 0852299613, ISBN 9780852299616, PP113,278
- Sir Frank Swettenham's Malayan journals, 1874-1876 by Sir Frank Athelstane Swettenham, illustrated, reprint, Oxford University Press, 1975
- Nineteenth-century Malaya: the origins of British political control, Volume 11 of London oriental series, Charles Donald Cowan, Oxford University Press, 1967
- In search of Southeast Asia: a modern history, David P. Chandler, David Joel Steinberg, University of Hawaii Press, 1987, ISBN 0824811100, ISBN 9780824811105
- In quest of unity: the centralisation theme in Malaysian Federal-State relations, 1957–75, Issue 39 of Occasional paper, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Robert O. Tilman, Institute of Southeast Asian, 1976
- Monthly summary of commerce and finance of the United States, United States. Dept. of the Treasury. Bureau of Statistics, United States. Dept. of Commerce and Labor. Bureau of Statistics, United States. Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, GPO, 1901, PP1249&1250
- The protected Malay States, 1874-1895, Emily Sadka, University of Malaya Press, 1968
- Papers on Malayan history, K. G. Tregonning, Journal South-East Asian History, 1962
- Papers on Malay subjects, Richard James Wilkinson, Oxford University Press, 1971
- A history of Perak, Issue 3 of M.B.R.A.S. reprints, Sir Richard Olof Winstedt, Richard James Wilkinson, Sir William Edward Maxwell, MBRAS, 1974
- Pickering: protector of Chinese, Robert Nicholas Jackson, Oxford U. P., 1966
- The development of the tin mining industry of Malaya, Yat Hoong Yip, University of Malaya Press, 1969
- The Malayan tin industry to 1914: with special reference to the states of Perak, Selangor, Negri, Sembilan, and Pahang, Volume 14 of Monographs of the Association for Asian Studies, Lin Ken Wong, University of Arizona Press, 1965
- The Malay States, 1877-1895: political change and social policy, Philip Fook Seng Loh, Oxford University Press, 1969