大氣層超旋轉

大氣層超自轉 (Atmospheric super-rotation) 是指一顆行星的大氣層比行星本身旋轉更快的狀態。金星大氣層就是一個極端超自轉的示例，它的大氣層僅用4個地球日就繞行星一周，比金星243天的恆星日要快得多 ^[1]。在土星最大的衛星土衛六上也觀測到大氣層超旋轉的現象^[2]。

據信，地球的熱層有一比地表旋轉速度更快的小型超旋轉網，儘管對該現象的估值相差很大^[3]^[4]^[5] ，部分模型預測表明，全球暖化可能會導致未來超自轉現象的增強，包括可能形成的超級旋風^[6]^[7]。

參考文獻

^ ESA Science & Technology - Major Discoveries by Venus Express: 2006-2014. sci.esa.int. [2020-01-21]. （原始內容存檔於2020-04-20）.
^ Read, Peter L.; Lebonnois, Sebastien. Superrotation on Venus, on Titan, and Elsewhere. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences. 2018, 46 (1): 175–202. doi:10.1146/annurev-earth-082517-010137.
^ Gaposchkin, E. M. Atmospheric superrotation?. Planetary and Space Science. 2003-05-01, 51 (6): 415–425. ISSN 0032-0633. doi:10.1016/S0032-0633(03)00021-7 （英語）.
^ Blum, P. W.; Harris, I. Some new aspects on the superrotation of the thermosphere. Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics. 1974-06-01, 36 (6): 967–978. ISSN 0021-9169. doi:10.1016/0021-9169(74)90006-3. hdl:2060/19730011711  （英語）.
^ Rishbeth, H. Rotation of the Variation of Upper Atmosphere. Nature. January 1971, 229 (5283): 333–334. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 16059224. doi:10.1038/229333a0 （英語）.
^ Carlson, Henrik; Caballero, Rodrigo. Enhanced MJO and transition to superrotation in warm climates. Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems. March 2016, 8 (1): 304–318. ISSN 1942-2466. doi:10.1002/2015ms000615 .
^ Caballero, Rodrigo; Carlson, Henrik. Surface Superrotation. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences. October 2018, 75 (10): 3671–3689. ISSN 0022-4928. doi:10.1175/JAS-D-18-0076.1  （英語）.

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[1] ESA Science & Technology - Major Discoveries by Venus Express: 2006-2014. sci.esa.int. [2020-01-21]. （原始內容存檔於2020-04-20）.

[2] Read, Peter L.; Lebonnois, Sebastien. Superrotation on Venus, on Titan, and Elsewhere. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences. 2018, 46 (1): 175–202. doi:10.1146/annurev-earth-082517-010137.

[3] Gaposchkin, E. M. Atmospheric superrotation?. Planetary and Space Science. 2003-05-01, 51 (6): 415–425. ISSN 0032-0633. doi:10.1016/S0032-0633(03)00021-7 （英語）.

[4] Blum, P. W.; Harris, I. Some new aspects on the superrotation of the thermosphere. Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics. 1974-06-01, 36 (6): 967–978. ISSN 0021-9169. doi:10.1016/0021-9169(74)90006-3. hdl:2060/19730011711  （英語）.

[5] Rishbeth, H. Rotation of the Variation of Upper Atmosphere. Nature. January 1971, 229 (5283): 333–334. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 16059224. doi:10.1038/229333a0 （英語）.

[6] Carlson, Henrik; Caballero, Rodrigo. Enhanced MJO and transition to superrotation in warm climates. Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems. March 2016, 8 (1): 304–318. ISSN 1942-2466. doi:10.1002/2015ms000615 .

[7] Caballero, Rodrigo; Carlson, Henrik. Surface Superrotation. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences. October 2018, 75 (10): 3671–3689. ISSN 0022-4928. doi:10.1175/JAS-D-18-0076.1  （英語）.

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