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鲤科

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维基百科,自由的百科全书

鲤科
化石时期:始新世至现代
麦穗鱼Pseudorasbora parva
科学分类 编辑
界: 动物界 Animalia
门: 脊索动物门 Chordata
纲: 辐鳍鱼纲 Actinopteri
目: 鲤形目 Cypriniformes
亚目: 鲤亚目 Cyprinoidei
科: 鲤科 Cyprinidae
Rafinesque, 1815
亚科

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鲤科鲤形目下种类最多的一个科,包括约200有效属、约2000现生种[1][2](具体数目随着新发现及相关各科定义的变化,在有关专家学者当中未有定论)。中国共有约132属532种和亚种,其中包括鲤鱼鲫鱼等常见鱼类。此科鱼的特征是有鱼须、有咽齿脂鳍。鲤科一族分布于欧亚大陆、北美、非洲。最大的鲤鱼—巨暹罗鲤Catlocarpio siamensis)可以长到3米长,300公斤。黄鳍结鱼Tor putitora),可以长到2.75米长,54公斤。结鱼Tor tor),可以长到2米长,9公斤。在北美分支中的尖头叶唇鱼Ptychocheilus lucius)单体记录为1.8米长,45公斤。

与之相对的,有很多种类的体长不足5厘米。透体小发育成熟后体长仅11毫米,而2006年发现的微鲤更仅有7.9毫米。鲤科的所有成员均为卵生,大部分不保护他们的卵。但是,有一些种类建鱼窝或护卵。鳑鲏类的鱼会将卵产于贝类体内,新生的小鱼直到有能力生存后才离开寄主。

特征

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本科鱼外观体型差异极大。一般为纺锤形或长形,侧扁或稍侧扁,口由前上颔骨与下颔骨组成,能伸缩。上下颔皆无齿,但由最后一对鳃之腹面特化成1至3行咽头齿,每行少于8枚齿,与头骨腹面的角质后垫形成咀嚼构造。通常具有1至2对须或无须。背鳍1枚,其前部有2至4根不分枝鳍条,腹鳍腹位,尾鳍叉形或深叉形。体被圆鳞,少数种类鳞片变小或退化。腹鳍基部一般均具有狭长腋鳞。

分类

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鲤科下分约200有效属,如下:

曲鲤属Aaptosyax

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棒花鱼属Abbottina

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刺𬶋属Acanthogobio

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坦噶尼喀魮属Acapoeta

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光唇鱼属Acrossocheilus

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梭短吻鱼属Albulichthys

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钝齿鱼属Amblypharyngodon

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钝吻魮属Amblyrhynchichthys

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近金线鲃属Anchicyclocheilus

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异𫚔属Aspidoparia

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扁吻鱼属Aspiorhynchus

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Aspius

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管臀鱼属Aulopyge

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袋唇鱼属Balantiocheilos

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孟加拉鲮属Bangana

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髯魮属Barbichthys

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  • 光髯魮 Barbichthys laevis (Valenciennes, 1842),基异名:Barbus laevis Valenciennes, 1842

四须鲃属Barbodes

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拟四须魮属Barboides

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四须魮属Barbonymus

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小髯魮属Barbopsis

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魮属Barbus

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低线𫚭属Barilius

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似䱻属(Belligobio

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Betadevario

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Bhava

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泰波鱼属Boraras

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短波鱼属(Brevibora)

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Brevibora Liao, Kullander & Fang, 2010[7]

瞎眼魮属Caecobarbus

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盲鲤属Caecocypris

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二须魮属Capoeta

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Carasobarbus

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须鲫属Carassioides

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鲫属Carassius

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  • 卡特拉魮 Catla catla (Hamilton, 1822),为Gibelion catla (Hamilton, 1822)的异名

印度鲤属Catlocarpio

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  • 巨暹罗鲤 Catlocarpio siamensis Boulenger, 1898:又称暹罗印度鲤。[10]

沙昆鲤属Chagunius

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元宝鳊属Chela

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埃塞鱼属Chelaethiops

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黄河鱼属Chuanchia

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鲮属Cirrhinus

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Clypeobarbus

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褶吻鲮属Cophecheilus

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裂口须魮属Coptostomabarbus

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铜鱼属Coreius

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高丽雅罗鱼属Coreoleuciscus

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方口魮属Cosmochilus

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穗唇魮属Crossocheilus

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也称缨鱼属

圆唇鱼属Cyclocheilichthys

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似真小鲤属Cyprinion

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鲤属Cyprinus

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Danio

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也称斑马鱼属

Danionella

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Devario

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也称大斑马鱼属德瓦

Diplocheilichthys

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重唇鱼属Diptychus

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盘齿魮属Discherodontus

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盘唇鱼属Discocheilus

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盘𬶋属Discogobio

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Discolabeo

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连理鱥属Eirmotus

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鳀波鱼属Engraulicypris

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因特鲃属Enteromius

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角鱼属Epalzeorhynchus

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长须Esomus

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Folifer

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  • 瓣结鱼 Folifer brevifilis (Peters, 1881):又称海南瓣结鱼。

墨头鱼属Garra

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颌须𬶋属Gnathopogon

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𬶋属Gobio

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鳅𬶍属Gobiobotia

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𬶋鲫属Gobiocypris

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裸鲤属Gymnocypris

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裸重唇鱼属Gymnodiptychus

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Haludaria

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裂峡魮属Hampala

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䱻属Hemibarbus

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半线二须魮属Hemigrammocapoeta

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单吻鱼属Henicorhynchus

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高原鱼属Herzensteinia

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红水鱼属Hongshuia

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霍氏鱼属Horadandia

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霍氏唇魮属Horalabiosa

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高须魮属Hypselobarbus

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高须鱼属Hypsibarbus

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非鲤属Inlecypris

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也称茵莱湖鲤属

  • 杰氏斑马鱼 Inlecypris jayarami (Barman, 1985):又称萨尔温江非鲤、雅氏茵莱湖鲤

伊朗盲鲤属Iranocypris

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婆罗鲤属Kalimantania

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  • 婆罗鲤 Kalimantania lawak (Bleeker, 1855),基异名为Systomus lawak Bleeker, 1855

Kosswigobarbus

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科特拉鱼属(Kottelatia)

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  • 布氏科特拉鱼 Kottelatia brittani (Axelrod, 1976),基异名:Rasbora brittani Axelrod, 1976

野鲮属(Labeo

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Labeobarbus

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长背魮属Labiobarbus

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Ladislavia

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Laocypris

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劳元宝鳊属Laubuka= Laubuca

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美臀鱼属Lepidopygopsis

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细须魮属Leptobarbus

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瘦波鱼属Leptocypris

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林氏鲃属Linichthys

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准舌唇鱼属Lobocheilos

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Longanalus

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亮鲃属Luciobarbus属)

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拟鳡属Luciocyprinus

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梭大口鱼属Luciosoma

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Macrhybopsis

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Malayochela

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Megarasbora

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湄公鱼属Mekongina

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中𬶋属Mesogobio

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Mesopotamichthys

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小徳鱼属(Microdevario

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也称小徳瓦小大斑马鱼属

小鳔𬶋属Microphysogobio

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小波鱼属Microrasbora

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长臀魮属Mystacoleucus

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Naziritor

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线纹鳊属Nematabramis

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Neobarynotus

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新波鱼属Neobola

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新光唇鱼属Neolissochilus

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拟细鲫属Nicholsicypris

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白甲鱼属Onychostoma

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马口波鱼属Opsaridium

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真马口波鱼属Opsarius

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山魮属Oreichthys

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截颌鲤属Ospatulus

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骨鳊属Osteobrama

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骨纹唇鱼属Osteochilichthys

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纹唇鱼属Osteochilus

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尖裸鲤属Oxygymnocypris

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  • 斯氏尖裸鲤 Oxygymnocypris stewartii (Lloyd, 1908),基异名:Schizopygopsis stewartii Lloyd, 1908

微鲤属Paedocypris

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Paracanthobrama

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似刺鳊𬶋属Paracanthobrama

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副穗唇魮属Paracrossochilus

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似白𬶋属Paraleucogobio

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副裸吻鱼属Parapsilorhynchus

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副细鲫属Pararasbora

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Pararhinichthys

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Parasikukia

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异华鲮属Parasinilabeo

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Paraspinibarbus

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Parasqualidus

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Parator

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密耙鱼属Pectenocypris

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鲈鲤属Percocypris

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坑鱼属Phreatichthys

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Placogobio

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扁咽齿鱼属Platypharodon

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片唇𬶋属Platysmacheilus

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Plesiopuntius

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头孔无须魮属Poropuntius

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原魮属Probarbus

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原鲤属Procypris

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原野鲮属Prolabeo

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前眼野鲮属Prolabeops

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Protolabeo

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拟魮属Pseudobarbus

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拟缨鱼属Pseudocrossocheilus

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似𬶋属Pseudogobio

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泉水鱼属Pseudogyrinocheilus

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拟扁吻𬶋属Pseudopungtungia

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麦穗鱼属Pseudorasbora

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拟金线魮属(Pseudosinocyclocheilus

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卷口鱼属Ptychidio

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叶须鱼属Ptychobarbus

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扁吻𬶋属Pungtungia

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Puntigrus

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魮鲤属Puntioplites

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无须魮属Puntius

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也称小鲃属

Qianlabeo

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长嘴𫚭属Raiamas

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波鱼属Rasbora

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类波鱼属(Rasboroides)

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波体鱼属(Rasbosoma)

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新耙波拉鱼属Rastrineobola

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直口鲮属Rectoris

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吻𬶋属Rhinogobio

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Rohanella属

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露魮属Rohtee

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罗塔魮属Rohteichthys

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罗马诺𬶋属Romanogobio

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突吻𬶋属Rostrogobio

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Sahyadria

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鲑口波鱼属Salmostoma

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萨纳鱼属Sanagia

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鳈属Sarcocheilichthys

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蛇𬶋属Saurogobio

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闪光鱥属Sawbwa

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  • 闪光鱥 Sawbwa resplendens Annandale, 1918

铲齿鱼属Scaphiodonichthys

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类铲颌鱼属Scaphognathops

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裂吻鱼属Schismatorhynchos

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裂鲤属Schizocypris

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裂臀鱼属Schizopyge

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裸裂尻鱼属Schizopygopsis

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裂腹鱼属Schizothorax

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印度斧鲤属Securicula

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唇鲮属Semilabeo

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半泳鲤属Semiplotus

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短吻鱼属Sikukia

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华鲮属(Sinilabeo)

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华缨鱼属Sinocrossocheilus

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金线魮属Sinocyclocheilus

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也称金线鲃属

Snyderichthys

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Speolabeo

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斯普拉特鲤属Spratellicypris

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倒刺魮属Spinibarbus

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银𬶋属Squalidus

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Sundadanio

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唐鱼属Tanichthys

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Tanichthys Lin, 1932,也称邓鱼属

Tariqilabeo

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芦鲤属Thryssocypris

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似鲔雅罗鱼属Thynnichthys

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丁鱥属Tinca

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结鱼属Tor

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三菱波鱼属(Trigonopoma)

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三角波鱼属Trigonostigma

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Troglocyclocheilus

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盲魮属Typhlobarbus

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盲墨头鱼属Typhlogarra

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突吻鱼属Varicorhinus

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奇须鲤属Xenobarbus

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异鳔鳅𬶍属Xenophysogobio

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鳐山鲤属Yaoshanicus

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经济利用

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本科鱼为各国重要的垂钓种及养殖鱼类,多数可食用,颇具经济价值,是合各种烹饪方式。另外一些种类体色艳丽,适合做为观赏鱼。

本科鱼类全部为淡水鱼;不仅种类繁多,其分布也广泛,各种水体皆有其分布。其食性也因鱼种而不同,各种食性之鱼种皆有。

注释

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  1. ^ 方芳英语Fang Fang Kullander命名。方芳(Fang Fang Kullander),中国及瑞典鱼类学家,曾在中国科学院动物研究所瑞典国家自然历史博物馆从事淡水鱼类研究工作,2010年病逝于瑞典。鲤科两鱼类新种及亚科新属方芳属英语Fangfangia是以她命名,以作纪念。
  2. ^ 秉志命名。
  3. ^ 张春霖命名。

参考文献

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  1. ^ Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) (2015). Cyprinidae. FishBase. Version 2015-07.
  2. ^ Eschmeyer, W.N., Fong, J.D. (2015) Species by family/subfamily页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) in the Catalog of Fishes英语Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes, California Academy of Sciences (retrieved 2 July 2015)
  3. ^ Heckel, J. J. (1843). Ichthyologie [von Syrien]. In: J. von Russegger. Reisen in Europa, Asien und Africa, mit besonderer Rücksicht auf die naturwissenschaftlichen Verhältnisse der betreffenden Länder unternommen in den Jahren 1835 bis 1841, etc. Stuttgart. v. 1 (pt 2), pp 990-1099.
  4. ^ Ng, H. H. and M. Kottelat. 2007. Balantiocheilos ambusticauda, A New and Possibly Extinct Species of cyprinid Fish from Indochina (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae). Zootaxa. 1463: 13-20.
  5. ^ Pramod, P.K., F. Fang, K. Rema Devi, T.-Y. Liao, T.J. Indra, K.S. Jameela Beevi & S. O. Kullander. 2010. Betadevario ramachandrani, A New danionine Genus and Species from the Western Ghats of India (Teleostei: Cyprinidae: Danioninae). Zootaxa. 2519: 31-47. http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2010/f/zt02519p047.pdf页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Hiranya Sudasinghe, Lukas Rüber and Madhava Meegaskumbura. 2023. Molecular Phylogeny and Systematics of the South Asian Freshwater-fish Genus Puntius (Teleostei: Cyprinidae). Zoologica Scripta. DOI: 10.1111/zsc.12618
  7. ^ Liao, T. Y.; Kullander, S. O.; Fang, F. (2010). Phylogenetic analysis of the genus Rasbora (Teleostei: Cyprinidae). Zoologica Scripta. 39(2): 155-176.
  8. ^ Liao, T-Y., and H. H. Tan, 2011. Brevibora cheeya, A New Species of cyprinid Fish from Malay Peninsula and Sumatra. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology. 59(1): 77-82
  9. ^ Liao, T.-Y. & Tan, H.H. 2014. Brevibora exilis, A New rasborin Fish from Borneo (Teleostei: Cyprinidae). Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters, 24(3) [2013]: 209-215.
  10. ^ Boulenger, G. A. (1898). Description of a new genus of cyprinoid fishes from Siam. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 7). v. 1 (no. 6) (art. 69): 450-451.
  11. ^ Herzenstein, S. M. (1891). Fische. In: Wissenschaftliche Resultate der von N. M. Przewalski nach Central-Asien unternommenen Reisen. Zoologischer Theil, St. Petersburg. v. 3 (abt. 2)(3): 181-262, Pls. 14-25.
  12. ^ Zhu Y, Zhang E, Zhang M, Han YQ. 2011. Cophecheilus bamen, a new gneus and species of labeonine fishes (Teleostei: Cyprinidae) from south China. Zootaxa, 2881: 39-50.
  13. ^ Mori, T. (1935). Descriptions of two new genera and seven new species of Cyprinidae from Chosen. Annotationes Zoologicae Japonenses. 15 (2): 161-181, Pls. 11-13.
  14. ^ Ralf Britz, Kevin W. Conway and Lukas Rüber. 2021. The Emerging Vertebrate Model Species for Neurophysiological Studies is Danionella cerebrum, new species (Teleostei: Cyprinidae). Scientific Reports. 11: 18942. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97600-0
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