无齿鲹

无齿鲹
保护状况
	; 无危（IUCN 3.1）
科学分类
界：	动物界 Animalia
门：	脊索动物门 Chordata
纲：	辐鳍鱼纲 Actinopteri
目：	鲹形目 Carangiformes
科：	鲹科 Carangidae
属：	无齿鲹属 Gnathanodon
种：	无齿鲹 G. speciosus
二名法
	Gnathanodon speciosus; (Forsskål, 1775)
异名
	Caranx panamensis; Gill, 1863; Caranx cives; De Vis, 1884; Caranx edentulus; Alleyne & Macleay, 1877; Scomber speciosus; Forsskål, 1775; Caranx speciosus; Forsskål, 1775;

无齿鲹（学名：Gnathanodon speciosus），又称黄金鲹、黄鹂无齿鲹，俗名为虎斑瓜，为辐鳍鱼纲鲈形目鲈亚目鲹科的其中一个种。其种加词“speciosus”意为“好看的”、“艳丽的”。

分类及命名

本鱼最早由瑞典博物学家彼得·福斯科尔于1775年首次对这一物种进行了科学描述。^[1]将该物种称为Scomber属，该物种最初被称为两个名称，即Scomber rim及Scomber speciosus，并将“rim”作为该物种的阿拉伯名称的转录。^[2]因此，当局将Scomber rim视为初级同义词。^[3]在荷兰鱼类学家彼得·布莱克尔将它放入Gnathanodon属之前，本种被转移到Caranx属，这个名字来源于拉丁语中的“无牙颌”。除了福斯科尔的命名之外，其他七个后来的名字也被归为鱼类，所有这些名字现在都被认为是ICZN规则下的无效初级同义词。

分布

本鱼分布于印度太平洋区，包括红海、东非、马尔代夫、斯里兰卡、印度、孟加拉湾、泰国、马来西亚、印尼、日本、台湾、中国、菲律宾、澳洲、新几内亚、所罗门群岛、密克罗尼西亚、马绍尔群岛、马里亚纳群岛、斐济群岛、诺鲁、图瓦卢、夏威夷群岛、萨摩亚群岛、基里巴斯、法属波里尼西亚、美国加利福尼亚州、加利福尼亚湾、加拉巴哥群岛、厄瓜多尔、巴拿马沿岸海域。

深度

水深0至20米。

特征

本鱼体呈椭圆形且侧扁，背侧轮廓比腹侧轮廓略微凸起，特别是在前面。^[4]下颌、锄骨均无齿，仅舌面粗糙。体黄色，两侧有9至11条宽窄不一的黑色横带，随着鱼的生长，身体逐渐变成银色，横带逐渐消失被深色斑点所取代，背鳍硬棘8枚、背鳍软条18-20枚、臀鳍硬棘3枚、臀鳍软条15-17枚，体长可达110公分，体重可达15公斤。^[5]^[6]

生态

本鱼主要栖息于珊瑚礁区，成群活动，偶而也会进入岩石海岸及港口防波堤内，会跟随在大型鱼类后方，如鲨鱼、石斑鱼，甚至水母。^[7]属肉食性，利用伸缩的嘴，在珊瑚礁吸食小型无脊椎动物。^[8]在夏威夷，繁殖期发生在2月下旬至10月上旬，从4月下旬到9月上旬达到高峰^[9]；在波斯湾南部的印度洋，繁殖期发生在4月和5月。^[10]

经济利用

本鱼自古以来都被当成食用鱼，^[11]本种仍然在太平洋群岛使用许多传统方法捕捞，当它迁移到较浅的水域时，将其捕获。在较大的商业规模上，通常使用刺网和其他手工捕鱼方法捕获。西澳大利亚州的记录表明，2010年商业渔业的黄金价格为3.3吨，^[12]而昆士兰州的渔获量在1988年至2005年间波动在0.6至5.9吨之间。^[13]2000年至2010年，粮农组织记录的全球捕捞量从1187吨到3475吨不等。新加坡、台湾、马来西亚和印度尼西亚等则用笼养养殖。^[14]另外由于本种色泽鲜艳而且攻击力不强，在水族箱里又很温驯，容易饲养。另外也可作为食用鱼，适合各种烹饪方法。

参考文献

台湾鱼类数据库（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）

^ Hosese, D.F.; Bray, D.J.; Paxton, J.R.; Alen, G.R. Zoological Catalogue of Australia Vol. 35 (2) Fishes. Sydney: CSIRO. 2007: 1150. ISBN 978-0-643-09334-8.
^ Forsskål, P.S. Niebuh, C , 编. Descriptiones Animalium Avium, Amphibiorum, Piscium, Insectorum, Vermium. 1775: 54–56 [2011-01-16]. （原始内容存档于2019-08-27）（拉丁语）.
^ California Academy of Sciences: Ichthyology. Catalog of Fishes. CAS. September 2009 [2011-01-16]. （原始内容存档于2015-05-03）.
^ Smith-Vaniz, W. Carangidae. Carpenter, K.E.; Niem, V.H. (编). The Living Marine Resources of the Western Central Pacific Vol 4. Bony fishes part 2 (Mugilidae to Carangidae) (PDF). FAO species identification guide for fishery purposes. Rome: FAO. 1999: 2659–2757 [2011-01-16]. ISBN 92-5-104301-9.
^ Randall, John E. Coastal Fishes of Oman. University of Hawaii Press. Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press. 1995: 183. ISBN 0-8248-1808-3.
^ Pepperel, J. Fishes of the Open Ocean: A Natural History and Illustrated Guide. University Of Chicago Press. 2010: 272. ISBN 978-0-226-65539-0.
^ Honebrink, Randy R. A Review of the Biology of the Family Carangidae, with Emphasis on Species Found in Hawaiian Waters (PDF). Division of Aquatic Resources Technical Report, 20-01. Honolulu: Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources. 2000: 17 [2011-01-16]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2012-03-20）.
^ Heemstra, P.C.; Heemstra, E. Coastal Fishes of Southern Africa. NISC Pty Ltd. 2004: 488. ISBN 9781920033019.
^ Watson, W.; Leis, J.M. Ichthyoplankton of Kaneohe Bay, Hawaii: A one-year study of the fish eggs and larvae. University of Hawaii Sea Grant College Program Technical Reports. 1974,. UNIHI-SEAGRANT-TR-75-01.
^ Grandcourt, E.M.; T.Z. Al Abdessalaam; F. Francis; A. Al Shamsi. Population biology and assessment of representatives of the family Carangidae Carangoides bajad and Gnathanodon speciosus (Forsskal, 1775), in the Southern Arabian Gulf. Fisheries Research. 2004, 69 (3): 331–341. doi:10.1016/j.fishres.2004.06.008.
^ Potts, D.T. Before the Emirates: an Archaeological and Historical Account of Developments in the Region c. 5000 BC to 676 AD in Perspectives on the United Arab Emirates (PDF). 1997: 28–69 [2012-06-30]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2012-07-17）.
^ Department of Fisheries. Fletcher, W.J.; Santoro, K. , 编. 存档副本 (PDF). State of the Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Report. 2011,. 2010/11 [30 June 2012]. ISSN 1838-4161. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2014-09-03）.
^ Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry. Coastal Habitat Resources Information System. The State of Queensland. [30 June 2012]. （原始内容存档于25 July 2012）.
^ Feng, F.; L.C. Lo; G. Lin; Z.Y. Zhu; G.H. Yue. Isolation and characterization of microsatellites in a marine food fish species, golden trevally Gnathanodon specious. Molecular Ecology Notes. 2005, 5 (4): 760–761. doi:10.1111/j.1471-8286.2005.01055.x.

[Zoocat-1] Hosese, D.F.; Bray, D.J.; Paxton, J.R.; Alen, G.R. Zoological Catalogue of Australia Vol. 35 (2) Fishes. Sydney: CSIRO. 2007: 1150. ISBN 978-0-643-09334-8.

[Forsskal-2] Forsskål, P.S. Niebuh, C , 编. Descriptiones Animalium Avium, Amphibiorum, Piscium, Insectorum, Vermium. 1775: 54–56 [2011-01-16]. （原始内容存档于2019-08-27）（拉丁语）.

[cat-3] California Academy of Sciences: Ichthyology. Catalog of Fishes. CAS. September 2009 [2011-01-16]. （原始内容存档于2015-05-03）.

[FAO_CP-4] Smith-Vaniz, W. Carangidae. Carpenter, K.E.; Niem, V.H. (编). The Living Marine Resources of the Western Central Pacific Vol 4. Bony fishes part 2 (Mugilidae to Carangidae) (PDF). FAO species identification guide for fishery purposes. Rome: FAO. 1999: 2659–2757 [2011-01-16]. ISBN 92-5-104301-9.

[Oman-5] Randall, John E. Coastal Fishes of Oman. University of Hawaii Press. Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press. 1995: 183. ISBN 0-8248-1808-3.

[Pepperel2010-6] Pepperel, J. Fishes of the Open Ocean: A Natural History and Illustrated Guide. University Of Chicago Press. 2010: 272. ISBN 978-0-226-65539-0.

[Hawaii-7] Honebrink, Randy R. A Review of the Biology of the Family Carangidae, with Emphasis on Species Found in Hawaiian Waters (PDF). Division of Aquatic Resources Technical Report, 20-01. Honolulu: Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources. 2000: 17 [2011-01-16]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2012-03-20）.

[Heemstra-8] Heemstra, P.C.; Heemstra, E. Coastal Fishes of Southern Africa. NISC Pty Ltd. 2004: 488. ISBN 9781920033019.

[WatsonLeis-9] Watson, W.; Leis, J.M. Ichthyoplankton of Kaneohe Bay, Hawaii: A one-year study of the fish eggs and larvae. University of Hawaii Sea Grant College Program Technical Reports. 1974,. UNIHI-SEAGRANT-TR-75-01.

[assess-10] Grandcourt, E.M.; T.Z. Al Abdessalaam; F. Francis; A. Al Shamsi. Population biology and assessment of representatives of the family Carangidae Carangoides bajad and Gnathanodon speciosus (Forsskal, 1775), in the Southern Arabian Gulf. Fisheries Research. 2004, 69 (3): 331–341. doi:10.1016/j.fishres.2004.06.008.

[11] Potts, D.T. Before the Emirates: an Archaeological and Historical Account of Developments in the Region c. 5000 BC to 676 AD in Perspectives on the United Arab Emirates (PDF). 1997: 28–69 [2012-06-30]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2012-07-17）.

[12] Department of Fisheries. Fletcher, W.J.; Santoro, K. , 编. 存档副本 (PDF). State of the Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Report. 2011,. 2010/11 [30 June 2012]. ISSN 1838-4161. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2014-09-03）.

[13] Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry. Coastal Habitat Resources Information System. The State of Queensland. [30 June 2012]. （原始内容存档于25 July 2012）.

[Feng-14] Feng, F.; L.C. Lo; G. Lin; Z.Y. Zhu; G.H. Yue. Isolation and characterization of microsatellites in a marine food fish species, golden trevally Gnathanodon specious. Molecular Ecology Notes. 2005, 5 (4): 760–761. doi:10.1111/j.1471-8286.2005.01055.x.

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