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維基百科，自由的百科全書
比哈爾邦
बिहार
印度的邦
摩訶菩提寺
比哈爾邦官方圖章
圖章
比哈爾邦在印度的位置
比哈爾邦在印度的位置
國家 印度
地區印度東部
成立1912年比哈爾與奧立沙省成立，1936年比哈爾省成立
首府巴特那
最大城市巴特那
縣38
政府
 • 邦議會兩院制（75+243席）
 • 人民院選區40
 • 高等法院巴特那高等法院（英語：Patna High Court）
面積
 • 總計94,163 平方公里（36,357 平方英里）
面積排名全國第12位
人口（2021年）[2]
 • 總計130,725,310人
 • 排名全國第2位
 • 密度1,388人/平方公里（3,590人/平方英里）
時區IST（UTC+05:30）
UN/LOCODEINBR
ISO 3166碼IN-BR
車輛號牌BR
HDI▲ 0.577[3]
HDI排名第36位（2022年）
官方語言印地語、烏爾都語
網站gov.bih.nic.in
Module:Mapframe第384行Lua錯誤：attempt to perform arithmetic on local 'lat_d' (a nil value)

比哈爾邦（印地語：बिहार，烏爾都語：بہار‎，轉寫：Bihār‎），印度東部的邦，是印度人口第三多的邦[4][5][6]，首府為巴特那。和尼泊爾接壤，毗鄰北方邦、西孟加拉邦、賈坎德邦。恆河自西向東貫通全境[1]。官方語言為印地語和烏爾都語，本地語言主要有邁蒂利語、摩揭陀語、博杰普爾語。比哈爾邦的公民稱比哈爾人，是印度年輕人口佔比最高的邦，25歲以下年輕人佔58%[7]。

比哈爾邦的經濟和社會發展相對落後[8]。 據統計，2020年，僅有11.27%的人口居住在城市[9]。有學者將之歸咎於中央政策不力[10][11][12]、本地認同感弱[13][14]，同時英國東印度公司的土地政策亦有深遠的不利影響[11]。邦政府致力於改善現狀，近年來，基礎設施投資有所增加，衛生設施、教育條件改善，治安和貪腐問題亦有好轉[15]。

比哈爾邦是印度文明的政治、文化和學術重地[16]。強權孔雀王朝和笈多王朝在摩揭陀故地崛起[17]，佛教亦起源於此[18]。

2000年11月15日，自比哈爾邦分置賈坎德邦[19]。

名稱

[編輯]

「比哈爾」（बिहार）源自梵語विहार vihāra，音譯為毗訶羅，通常指佛教的精舍，即佛教僧團的房舍、寺院。因邦內佛教寺院眾多而得名[20]。

歷史

[編輯]

古代

[編輯]
孔雀王朝的建立者旃陀羅笈多。孔雀王朝興起於摩揭陀地區，位於今日比哈爾邦境內

比哈爾邦的歷史可追溯到新石器時代，在恆河北岸的薩蘭縣有奇蘭德（英語：Chirand）遺址，年代在公元前2500至1345年[21][22]。古印度史詩和經文記載的古國有摩揭陀、彌薩羅、鴦伽。

公元前1100年，彌薩羅地區興起毗提訶國（英語：Videha）[1][23]，在吠陀時代晚期（約前1100年至前500年），為南亞一大政治、文化強權，列王稱為遮那竭[24]。羅摩衍那史詩的女主角悉多公主就是彌薩羅地區其中一位遮那竭的女兒[1][25]。毗提訶後來被跋耆國征服[26]，跋耆國亦是彌薩羅地區的強權，都城在毗舍離，政體類似於共和制，君主在諸位羅闍中間選舉產生。跋耆國被訶黎王朝征服。訶黎王朝創立於約公元前684年，都城在王舍城，統治摩揭陀地區。頻毘娑羅及其子阿闍世王是兩位著名的訶黎王朝君主。阿闍世王囚禁其父頻毘娑羅而即位，建立新都巴連弗邑城，征服了跋耆國。訶黎王朝衰落後，摩揭陀地區又有幼龍王朝和難陀王朝兩大強權[27]。

前325年，摩揭陀地區興起孔雀王朝，後來征服了難陀王朝，擴張為幅員遼闊的霸權，史學視之為印度史上首個帝國。其都城在巴連弗邑，在今日比哈爾邦首府巴特那一帶。佛教亦發源於摩揭陀地區，並為孔雀王朝的雄主阿育王所接納[28][29]。公元240年，摩揭陀地區又誕生笈多王朝，在其治下，印度步入商貿和學術的黃金時代[30]。11世紀，朱羅王朝的拉真陀羅一世率軍征服了今日的比哈爾邦和孟加拉地區[31][32]。

12世紀起，佛教在印度步入衰落[33]，古爾王朝的將領巴赫蒂亞爾·卡爾吉（英語：Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji）入侵摩揭陀地區，無數佛寺被毀，那爛陀寺、超戒寺等名寺皆未能倖免，僧人紛紛出逃避難[34][35][36][37]。

11世紀，彌薩羅的卡納塔王朝（英語：Karnat dynasty）興起，取代波羅王朝的統治，14世紀又被奧伊尼瓦爾王朝（英語：Oiniwar dynasty）取代。在11世紀至13世紀，今日的比哈爾邦地區小國林立。菩提伽耶及摩揭陀地區由比迪帕提（英語：Pithipatis of Bodh Gaya）諸王統治；今日比哈爾邦西南地區又有卡亞拉瓦拉王朝（英語：Khayaravala dynasty）[38][39][40]。

從5世紀至13世紀，比哈爾邦地區是印度宗教學術的重地，眾多學者高僧在那爛陀寺、超戒寺等處治學，如蓮花戒、賢諦巴、寂護、無畏生護（英語：Abhayakaragupta）、優填延那（英語：Udayana）、勀迦自在（英語：Gaṅgeśa）等[41]。

殖民時代

[編輯]

1764年，英國東印度公司在布克薩爾戰役取勝，取得包括比哈爾在內的印度東部地區的行政管理權。比哈爾歸屬於孟加拉管轄區，1912年分出比哈爾和奧里薩省。這時的比哈爾為種植業地區之一[42]。

1914年和1916年，查姆帕蘭（Champaran）靛藍種植園工人不滿其待遇，發起兩次起事。1918年，聖雄甘地在查姆帕蘭發起抗議運動，並獲得拉金德拉·普拉薩德、施里·克里希納·辛哈（英語：Shri Krishna Sinha）、阿努格拉·納拉揚·辛哈（英語：Anugrah Narayan Sinha）等比哈爾民族主義者支持[43][44]，是甘地首次發起的真理永恆運動。1929年，薩哈賈南德·薩拉斯瓦蒂（英語：Sahajanand Saraswati）在比哈爾成立農民協會（英語：All India Kisan Sabha），組織農民向扎明達爾地主爭取權利。其組織的農民運動從比哈爾開始，發展到全印度，並在1936年於勒克瑙成立全印度農民協會[45]。

獨立後

[編輯]

在獨立後的數十年間，比哈爾邦土地改革受阻，國大黨政府在比哈爾的土地政策執行不力，導致無地農民和有產的當權者之間衝突頻發。拉傑普特人和布米哈爾人（英語：Bhumihar）等有產種姓亦在政府中間阻止各類土地再分配政策的實施，意圖維持種姓不平等的狀況[46]。各地的比哈爾外勞亦遭受歧視和不公待遇[47][48]。

20世紀後半葉，比哈爾邦存在嚴重的種姓土地分配矛盾問題，釀成多次種姓暴力衝突事件。在波傑布爾縣等扎明達爾主導的地區，多有達利特階層上街乞討，亦常遭侮辱，導致當地逐步興起大規模的擁護毛主義的納薩爾派運動[49]，擴張至比哈爾邦全境。納薩爾派組織，如印度共產黨（馬列）解放組織，主要由中層種姓領導，並獲達利特和相對落後的種姓支持[50][51]。有產種姓則招募私人軍隊防範，造成武裝對峙局面[52]。

20世紀60年代起，國大黨在比哈爾邦日漸失勢，本地落後種姓的政黨逐步崛起[53]。

Geography

[編輯]
Himalayan Foothills in Valmikinagar, Bihar
Flooded farmlands during 2008 Bihar flood
Mountain of Ashrams, Vindhya range Bodh Gaya
主條目：Geography of Bihar和Climate of Bihar
參見：Physiographical Regions of Bihar和Forest in Bihar
更多資訊：Floods in Bihar
Climate of Bihar
氣候圖表
㋀
㋁
㋂
㋃
㋄
㋅
㋆
㋇
㋈
㋉
㋊
㋋
 
 
12
 
 
24
9
 
 
9.9
 
 
26
11
 
 
12
 
 
32
16
 
 
24
 
 
37
21
 
 
56
 
 
37
24
 
 
165
 
 
36
26
 
 
325
 
 
33
25
 
 
276
 
 
33
25
 
 
217
 
 
32
25
 
 
83
 
 
32
21
 
 
6.4
 
 
29
15
 
 
6
 
 
25
10
平均最高及最低溫度以攝氏（℃）表記
降雨總量單位為毫米（㎜）
資料來源：[54]
英制單位換算
㋀㋁㋂㋃㋄㋅㋆㋇㋈㋉㋊㋋
 
 
0.5
 
 
74
49
 
 
0.4
 
 
79
53
 
 
0.5
 
 
90
61
 
 
0.9
 
 
98
70
 
 
2.2
 
 
99
75
 
 
6.5
 
 
96
78
 
 
13
 
 
91
78
 
 
11
 
 
91
78
 
 
8.5
 
 
90
77
 
 
3.3
 
 
89
71
 
 
0.3
 
 
84
59
 
 
0.2
 
 
77
51
平均最高及最低溫度以華氏（℉）表記
降雨總量單位為英吋（㏌）

Bihar covers a total area of 94,163 km2（36,357 sq mi）, with an average elevation above sea level of 173英尺（53米）. It is land locked by Nepal in the north, Jharkhand in the south West Bengal in the east and Uttar Pradesh to the west.[55] It has three parts on the basis of physical and structural conditions: the Southern Plateau, the Shivalik Region, and Bihar's Gangetic Plain.[56] Furthermore, the vast stretch of the fertile Bihar Plain is divided by the Ganges River into two unequal parts – North Bihar and South Bihar.[57] The Ganges flows west–east and, along with its tributaries, regularly floods parts of the Bihar plain. The main northern tributaries are the Gandak and Koshi, which originate in the Nepalese Himalayas, and the Bagmati, which originates in the Kathmandu Valley. Other tributaries are the Son, Budhi Gandak, Chandan, Orhani and Phalgu. Bihar has some small hills, such as the Rajgir hills in center, Kaimur Range in south-west and Shivalik Range in North. Bihar has a forest area of 6,764.14 km2, which is 7.1 per cent of its geographical area.[58] The sub-Himalayan foothills of Shivalik ranges, primary Someshwar and Dun mountain, in West Champaran district are clad in a belt of moist deciduous forest. As well as trees, this consists of brush, grasses and reeds.

Bihar lies completely in the Subtropical region of the Temperate Zone, and its climatic type is humid subtropical. Its temperature is subtropical in general, with hot summers and cold winters. Bihar has an average daily high temperature of only 26 °C with a yearly average of 26 °C. The climate is very warm, but has only a very few tropical and humid months. Several months of the year it is warm to hot at temperatures continuously above 25 °C, sometimes up to 29 °C. Due to less rain the best time for travelling is from October to April. The most rainy days occur from May to September.[59]

Flora and fauna

[編輯]
Bengal Tiger is main attraction at Valmiki Tiger Reserve.
Bauhinia acuminata, locally known as Kachnaar
Kanwar Lake Bird Sanctuary, The only Ramsar site in Bihar
主條目：Flora of Bihar和Fauna of Bihar
參見：Protected areas of Bihar
更多資訊：Valmiki National Park和Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary

Bihar has a nature conservation area of 6,845 km2（2,643 sq mi）, which is 7.27% of its geographical area.[60] The sub-Himalayan foothill of Someshwar and the Dun ranges in the Champaran district have belts of moist deciduous forests, mixed with shrubs, grass and reeds. High rainfall (above 1,600 mm [63 in]) promotes forests of Sal (Shorea robusta) in these areas. Other important trees are Sal Cedrela Toona, Khair, and Semal. Deciduous forests also occur in the Saharsa and Purnia districts,[61] with common trees including Shorea robusta (sal), Diospyros melanoxylon (kendu), Boswellia serrata (salai), Terminalia tomentose (asan), Terminalia bellerica (bahera), Terminalia arjuna (arjun), Pterocarpus marsupium (paisar), and Madhuca indica (mahua).

Valmiki National Park covers about 800 km2（309 sq mi） of forest and is the 18th Tiger Reserve of India, ranked fourth in terms of the density of its tiger population.[62] It has a diverse landscape and biodiversity in addition to sheltering protected carnivores. Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary in Bhagalpur region is a reserve for the endangered South Asian river dolphin.[60] Other species in Bihar include leopard, bear, hyena, bison, chital and barking deer. Crocodilians including gharials and muggers as well as Gangetic turtles can be found in the river systems. Karkatgarh Waterfall on Karmanasa River is a natural habitat of the crocodilians. In 2016, the government of Bihar has accepted the proposal of the forest authorities to turn the area into a Crocodile Conservation Reserve (CCR).[63] Other notable wildlife sanctuaries include Kaimur Wildlife Sanctuary, Bhimbandh Wildlife Sanctuary and Gautam Buddha Wildlife Sanctuary. Many varieties of local and migratory bird species can be seen in natural wetland of Kanwar Lake Bird Sanctuary, Asia's largest oxbow lake and only Ramsar site in Bihar, and other notable wetlands of Baraila lake, Kusheshwar Nath Lake, Udaypur lake.[60]

Natural resource

[編輯]

Bihar is the principal holder of the country's pyrite reserves and possesses 95% of all known resources.[64]

In May 2022, a gold mine was found in the district of Jamui.[65] It accounts for more than 44% of the country's gold reserve, approximately 223 million tons.[66]

Demographics

[編輯]
主條目：Demographics of Bihar、Languages of Bihar和Religion in Bihar

Template:Historical population

At the 2011 census, Bihar was the third most populous state of India with a total population of 104,099,452. It was also India's most densely populated state, with 1,106 persons per square kilometre. The sex ratio was 1090 females per 1000 males in the year 2020.[67] Almost 58% of Bihar's population was below 25 years age, which is the highest in India. In 2021, Bihar has had an urbanisation rate of 20%.[9][68] Bihar has an adult literacy rate of 68.15% (78.5% for males and 57.8% for females) in 2020.[67] Population increased to 130,725,310 as per the Bihar caste survey conducted in 2023.[69]

Religion in Bihar (2023)[70][71]

  Hinduism（82%）
  Islam（17.70%）
  Others（0.3%）

According to the 2023 census, 81.99% of Bihar's population practised Hinduism, while 17.70% followed Islam.[70] Christianity (0.05%), Buddhism (0.08%), and Sikhism (0.01%) are religious minorities in Bihar. Most of Bihar's population belongs to Indo-Aryan-speaking ethnic groups. It also attracted Punjabi Hindu refugees during the Partition of British India in 1947.[72]

Languages of Bihar from 2011 census[73]

  Hindi（25.62%）
  Bhojpuri（24.93%）
  'Other' Hindi[a]（14.31%）
  Maithili（12.58%）
  Magahi（10.90%）
  Urdu（8.45%）
  Surjapuri（1.79%）
  Others（1.42%）

Hindi is the official language of the state and is spoken natively by 25.54% of the total population.[74] At 8.42%, Urdu is the second official language in 15 districts of the state.[75] However, the majority of the people speak one of the Bihari languages, most of which were classified as dialects of Hindi during the census. The major ones are Bhojpuri (24.86%), Maithili (12.55%) and Magahi (10.87%)[76][77] Angika and Bajjika, two other Bihari languages, are classified under other dialects of Hindi in the census. Maithili is a recognised regional language of India under the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India. Proponents have called for Bhojpuri, Magahi, Angika, and Bajjika to receive the same status.[78][79] Smaller communities of Bengali and Surjapuri speakers are found in some parts of the state, especially in the eastern districts and urban areas.[73]

Government and administration

[編輯]
Government of Bihar
Patna High Court
Bihar Vidhan Sabha
Patna Secretariat
主條目：Government of Bihar和Administration in Bihar
參見：Divisions of Bihar和Districts of Bihar

Under the Constitution of India, the Governor is the head of the government of Bihar, and is appointed by the President of India. The Chief minister is the executive head of the government who, with its cabinet ministers, makes all important policy decisions. The political party or coalition of political parties having a majority in the Bihar Legislative Assembly forms the government.

The Chief Secretary is the head of the bureaucracy of the state, under whom a hierarchy of officials is drawn from the Indian Administrative Service, Indian Police Service, Indian Forest Service, and different wings of the state civil services. The judiciary is headed by the Chief Justice of the High Court. Bihar has a high court in Patna, which has been functioning since 1916. All the branches of the government are located in the state capital, Patna.

The state is administratively divided into nine divisions and 38 districts. For the administration of urban areas, Bihar has 19 municipal corporations, 89 nagar parishads (city councils), and 154 nagar panchayats (town councils).[80][81][82][83][84][85][86]

Divisions

[編輯]
參見：Administration in Bihar
更多資訊：Districts of Bihar和Subdivisions of Bihar
Details of Divisions
Map Division Headquarter Area Population*2011 #District Districts
Patna Patna 16,960 km2

(6,550 sq mi)

17,734,739 6 Patna
Nalanda
Bhojpur
Rohtas
Buxar
Kaimur
Magadh Gaya 12,345 km2

(4,766 sq mi)

10,931,018 5 Gaya
Nawada
Aurangabad
Jehanabad
Arwal
Tirhut Muzaffarpur 17,147 km2

(6,620 sq mi)

21,356,045 6 West Champaran
East Champaran
Muzaffarpur
Sitamarhi.
Sheohar
Vaishali
Saran Chhapra 6,893 km2

(2,661 sq mi)

10,819,311 3 Saran
Siwan
Gopalganj
Darbhanga Darbhanga 8,684 km2

(3,353 sq mi)

15,652,799 3 Darbhanga
Madhubani[87][88]
Samastipur
Kosi Saharsa 5,899 km2

(2,277 sq mi)

6,120,117 3 Saharsa
Madhepura
Supaul
Purnea Purnea 10,009 km2

(3,864 sq mi)

10,838,525 4 Purnia
Katihar
Araria
Kishanganj
Bhagalpur Bhagalpur 5,589 km2

(2,158 sq mi)

5,061,565 2 Bhagalpur
Banka
Munger Munger 9,862 km2

(3,807 sq mi)

6,120,117 6 Munger
Jamui
Khagaria
Lakhisarai
Begusarai
Sheikhpura

Note :

* Population data obtained from the sum of the populations of the districts.[89]

List of largest populated cities in Bihar governed by a municipal corporation[90]
Rank City Population (2011) Rank City Population (2011)
1 Patna 1,684,222
11 Begusarai 252,008
2 Gaya 474,093
12 Katihar 240,838
3 Bhagalpur 400,146
13 Bettiah 237,254
4 Muzaffarpur 354,462
14 Motihari 221,646
5 Purnia 310,738
15 Saharsa 216,491
6 Bihar Sharif 297,268 16 Munger 213,303
7 Darbhanga 296,039 17 Chhapra 202,352
8 Sasaram 264,709
18 Sitamarhi 167,818
9 Arrah 261,430
19 Madhubani 164,156
10 Samastipur 253,136

Politics

[編輯]
主條目：Politics of Bihar
參見：Category:Political parties in Bihar、Elections in Bihar、List of politicians from Bihar和2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election
Nitish Kumar (left) with Lalu Prasad Yadav (right) discussing with former Prime Minister, Manmohan Singh (centre) about flood relief operation in Bihar.

The politics of Bihar have been based on caste since the onset of Indian independence. The important castes with political presence and influence in Bihar includes: Yadav, Koeri, Kurmi, Rajput, Bhumihar, and Brahmin. Before 1990, politics was dominated by Forward Castes– Brahmin, Rajput, Bhumihar, and Kayastha. The numerous Other Backward Class group was only given a token representation in the government. This over representation of upper castes was due to their dominance in the Indian National Congress, which dominated the politics of the state for three decades after the independence of India. According to political scientist Sanjay Kumar: "Using their dominant role in state's government, in the period before 1990, the Forward Castes deliberately subverted the 'land reforms', which could have helped Backward Castes and the Scheduled Castes". The upper backwards relied on the political parties of Lok Dal and later Janata Dal for increasing their political representation. The year of 1989-90 saw the implementation of Mandal Commission's recommendation by Vishwanath Pratap Singh's government, which reserved 27% per cent seats in government jobs and educational institutions for the members of Other Backward Class. This event mobilised them against the "politics of religion" of the Bhartiya Janata Party, which was backed by the Forward Castes. Important figures such as Lalu Prasad Yadav and Nitish Kumar took a leading role in this mobilisation, and by 1990, the upper backwards– Koeri, Kurmi, Yadav became the new political elites of the state.[91]

Historically, a caste troika consisting the three communities, Kushwaha, Kurmi and Yadav also led an anti-upper caste agitation in the state of Bihar, pushing them to the prominence in the state's politics.[92]

However, the tipping point of this Backward Caste unity came in 1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election, when the dominant OBC castes, who were at the forefront in the collective struggle against the Forward Castes, were divided into two rival political camps. While one of these camps was led by Yadavs under Janata Dal, the other camp was led by Koeri and Kurmis, who assembled under the Samata Party. According to Sanjay Kumar, this was the election in which the caste divide in the state was most evident not between the Forward and Backward Castes, but rather between two groups of Backward Castes itself. It was this election from which the Forward Castes felt completely marginalised in Bihar's electoral politics and from then onwards, no longer held any significant role in the state's politics.[93]

By 2004, The Economist magazine said that "Bihar [had] become a byword for the worst of India, of widespread and inescapable poverty, of corrupt politicians indistinguishable from mafia-dons they patronise, caste-ridden social order that has retained the worst feudal cruelties".[94] In 2005, the World Bank believed that issues faced by the state were "enormous" because of "persistent poverty, complex social stratification, unsatisfactory infrastructure and weak governance".[95] 截至2023年 (2023-Missing required parameter 1=month!) there are two main political formations: the National Democratic Alliance (NDA) which comprises Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), Rashtriya Lok Janshakti Party (RLJP); and the United Progressive Alliance (UPA) between Rashtriya Janata Dal (RJD), Hindustani Awam Morcha, Rashtriya Lok Samta Party, Janata Dal (United) (JDU) and Indian National Congress (INC). There are many other political formations. The Communist Party of India had a strong presence in Bihar at one time, which has since weakened.[96] The Communist Party of India (Marxist) CPI(M) and CPM and All India Forward Bloc (AIFB) have a minor presence, along with the other extreme leftist parties.[97]

Nitish Kumar has been chief minister of Bihar for 13 years between 2005 and 2020. In contrast to prior governments, which emphasised divisions of caste and religion, his political platform was based on economic development, reduction of crime and corruption, and greater social equality. Since 2010, the government confiscated the properties of corrupt officials and redeveloped them into school buildings.[98] They also introduced the Bihar Special Court Act to curb crime.[99] It also legislated a two-hour lunch break on Fridays, to enable Muslim employees to pray and thereby reduce absenteeism.[100] The government has prohibited the sale and consumption of alcohol in the state since March 2016,[101] which has been linked to a drop in tourism[102] and a rise in substance abuse.[103]

Public health

[編輯]
Nitish Kumar, Samrat Chaudhary, J.P Nadda and other leaders of National Democratic Alliance inaugurating health projects worth ₹ 850 crore in September 2024.
₹ 188 crore eye care facility and hospital established during ninth tenure of Nitish Kumar.

Bihar generally ranks among the weakest in health outcomes in comparison to other Indian states because it lacks adequate health care facilities.[104][105] While the National Health Mission, the Clinical Establishments Act of 2010, and the formation of the Empowered Action Group (EAG)[106] provide federal funds to expand and improve healthcare services, Bihar's ability to fully utilise this funding is lacking.[104][105]

Research indicates that Bihar relies on privatised hospitals to provide healthcare to the masses, with the second-highest ratio among Indian states for private to public spending and high levels of corruption.[104] These factors are associated with slower healthcare delivery and steep healthcare costs.[107][108][109][110] Corruption is enabled as Bihar lacks continuity and transparency of health reporting as required by the Clinical Establishments Act of 2010. In turn, this prevents the government from making evidence-based conclusions about policy changes and hospital effectiveness, resulting in patterns of ill-informed spending and inconsistent hiring.

When comparing Bihar to Kerala, the number of healthcare professionals (including registered nurses, auxiliary nurses, physicians and health supervisors) at each hospital are significantly lower, and remain constant over time while they steadily increase in number in Kerala.[111] According to Ministry of Health statistics, the greatest shortfalls are for physicians and specialists at 75%.[104] Bihar has only 50% of the sub-health centres, 60% of the primary health centres, and 9% of the community health centres required by the national supply-to-population standards. The number of public hospital beds in Bihar decreased between 2008 and 2015.[111] Given the high population density of the state, Bihar is significantly behind in the number of healthcare professionals that should be employed.[112][111] Despite these shortcomings, Bihar has shown gradual signs of improvement for female health workers,[104] the overall death rate, and infant, neo-natal, child and maternal mortality rates.[104]

Economy

[編輯]
主條目：Economy of Bihar
Gross State Domestic Product
Year Millions of rupees[113]
1980
73,530
1985
142,950
1990
264,290
1995
244,830
2000
469,430
2005
710,060[114]
2010
2,042,890 [來源請求]
2015
3,694,690 [來源請求]
Langra mango from a farm in Shivnarayanpur, Bhagalpur, Bihar
Bihar accounts for 71% of India's annual litchi production.[115]
Bihar produces 90% of the world's makhana (Euryale ferox) seeds, also known as fox nuts. It is the largest producer of these seeds in the world.

Bihar's gross state domestic product (GSDP) for the fiscal year (FY) 2013–14 was around ₹3,683.37 billion. By sectors, its composition is 22% agriculture, 5% industry and 73% services.[來源請求] Bihar has the fastest-growing state economy in terms of GSDP, with a growth rate of 17.06% in FY 2014–15.[116] The economy of Bihar was projected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 13.4% during 2012–2017 (the 12th Five-Year Plan). Bihar has experienced strong growth in per capita net state domestic product (NSDP). At current prices, per capita NSDP of the state grew at a CAGR of 12.91% from 2004 to 2005 to 2014–15.[117] Bihar's per capita income went up by 40.6% in FY 2014–15.[118] The state's debt was estimated at 77% of GDP by 2007.[119]

Agriculture

[編輯]
主條目：Agriculture in Bihar

Among the states of India, Bihar is the fourth-largest producer of vegetables and the eighth-largest producer of fruits. About 80% of the state's population is employed in agriculture, which is above the national average.[117] The main agricultural products are litchi, guava, mango, pineapple, brinjal, lady's finger, cauliflower, cabbage, rice, wheat, sugarcane, and sunflower. Though good soil and favourable climatic conditions favour agriculture, this can be hampered by floods and soil erosion.[120] The southern parts of the state endure annual droughts, which affect crops such as paddy.[121]

Industry

[編輯]
Bihar Chief Minister, Nitish Kumar on a visit to a leather factory in Bela, Muzaffarpur, established during his tenure.
CM Nitish Kumar inaugurated the cement grinding unit of Ambuja Cement Private limited in Warsaliganj on 3 August 2024.

Begusarai is the industrial and financial capital of Bihar. It has major industries like Barauni Refinery, NTPC, Barauni (BTPS), Barauni Fertiliser Plant (HURL, Barauni), Sudha Dairy Plant, Pepsi Bottling Plant.

Hajipur, Dalmianagar, Munger, Jamalpur and Barauni are the major industrial cities in Bihar[122][123] The capital city, Patna, is one of the better-off cities in India when measured by per capita income.[有關嗎?][124] Hajipur is also known for presence of private industries like Competence Exports, which gained international recognition in 2024, when it was reported to be catering to the demand of many European countries. In 2024, Hajipur was reported to become the exporter of designer shoes for European companies. It also exported shoes for Russian Army amidst their Ukrainian campaign.[125]

The Finance Ministry has sought to create investment opportunities for big industrial houses like Reliance Industries. Further developments have taken place in the growth of small industries, improvements in IT infrastructure, a software park in Patna, Darbhanga, Bhagalpur,[126] and the completion of the expressway from the Purvanchal border through Bihar to Jharkhand. In August 2008, a Patna-registered company called the Security and Intelligence Services[127] took over the Australian guard and mobile patrol services business of American conglomerate, United Technologies Corporation (UTC). SIS is registered and taxed in Bihar.[128][有關嗎?]

Prior to prohibition, Bihar emerged as a brewery hub with numerous production units.[129] In August 2018, United Breweries Limited announced it would begin production of non-alcoholic beer at its previously defunct brewery in Bihar.[130][131]

Income distribution

[編輯]

In terms of income, the districts of Patna, Munger, and Begusarai placed highest among the 38 districts in the state, recording the highest per capita gross district domestic product of INR1,15,239, INR42,793 and INR45,497, respectively, in FY 2020-21.[124]

Bihar also ranks very low in per capital income in comparison to other cities in India. Patna has per capital income of 1.15L, which is much lower than other cities like Gurugram (INR7.41L), Noida (INR6.13), Bengaluru (INR6.21L), Hyderabad (INR6.58L) and Mumbai (INR6.43).

Income disparity among social groups

[編輯]

Rumela Sen, a lecturer at Columbia University,[132] outlines the inequalities and backwardness prevalent in Bihar in the post-independence period as a consequence of the "delaying tactics" against the implementation of land reform and utilisation of kinship ties by the upper-caste landlords, who had an obstructionist attitude towards land reform policies.[133] The upper-caste not only dominated the administration, but also the politics in the post-independence period; they utilised their caste ties in order to prevent the distribution of about 9000 acres of land intended for the poor. Since the landlords primarily belonged to upper-castes, just like the politicians and administrators in the early decades after independence, they were successful in grabbing large holdings of land amidst the passage of the Zamindari abolition act of 1952.[134]

Culture

[編輯]
主條目：Culture of Bihar

Paintings

[編輯]
Painting in Bihar
Left  : Mithila Painting, Right : Patna Qualam
Tikuli Painting and Manjusha Painting are two other form of Painting in Bihar
主條目：Painting in Bihar
參見：Mithila painting、Patna Qualam和Manjusha Painting
Kathak classical dance form, from Bhojpur region

There are several traditional styles of painting practised in Bihar. One is Mithila painting, a style used in the Mithila region of Bihar. Traditionally, this form was practised mainly by women, passed down generation to generation. Painting was usually done on walls during festivals, religious events, births, marriages, and other cultural milestones.[135] It was traditionally done on the plastered walls of mud huts, and is also done on cloth, handmade paper and canvas. Famous Mithila painters include Smt Bharti Dayal, Mahasundari Devi, the late Ganga Devi, and Sita Devi.

Mithila painting is also called Madhubani art. It mostly depicts human beings and their association with nature. Common scenes illustrate deities and Saraswati from ancient epics, celestial objects, and religious plants like Tulsi, and scenes from the royal court and social events. Generally, no space is left empty.[135]

Bhojpuri painting is a folk painting style that has flourished in the Bhojpuri region of Bihar thousands of years ago. This painting style is a type of wall painting primarily done on temple walls or on walls of the rooms of newly married couples and the main motifs are that of Lord Shiva and Goddess Parvati. Although in recent times motifs of natural objects and life and struggles of village people are also depicted to make the painting more acceptable among the common people and bring the style close to reality.[136]

The Patna School of Painting (Patna Kalam), sometimes called "Company Painting", flourished in Bihar during the early 18th to mid-20th centuries. It was an offshoot of the Mughal Miniature School of Painting. Those who practised this art form were descendants of Hindu artisans of Mughal painting. Facing persecution from the Mughal Emperor, Aurangzeb, these artisans found refuge, via Murshidabad, in Patna during the late 18th century. Their art shared the characteristics of the Mughal painters, expanded subject matter from court scenes to bazaar scenes, daily life and ceremonies. They used watercolours on paper and on mica. This school of painting formed the basis for the formation of the Patna Art School under the leadership of Shri Radha Mohan. The school is an important centre of the fine arts in Bihar.

Performing arts

[編輯]
參見：Music of Bihar

Bihar has produced musicians like Bharat Ratna and Ustad Bismillah Khan, and dhrupad singers like the Malliks (Darbhanga Gharana) and the Mishras (Bettiah Gharana), along with poets like Vidyapati Thakur who contributed to the genre of Maithili music. The classical music in Bihar is a form of Hindustani classical music.[來源請求]

Gaya is another centre of classical music, particularly of the Tappa and Thumri varieties. Pandit Govardhan Mishra–son of the Ram Prasad Mishra, himself an accomplished singer– is perhaps the finest living exponent of Tappa singing in India, according to Padma Shri Gajendra Narayan Singh, founding secretary of the Sangeet Natak Academi of Bihar[來源請求].

Gajendra Narayan Singh also writes, in his memoir, that Champanagar, Banaili, was another major centre of classical music. Rajkumar Shyamanand Sinha of Champanagar, Banaili princely state, was a great patron of music and was himself a renowned figure in the world of classical vocal music in Bihar in his time.[137] Singh, on the subject of Indian classical music in a separate book of his, wrote that "Kumar Shyamanand Singh of Banaili estate had such expertise in singing that many great singers including Kesarbai Kerkar acknowledged his ability. After listening to bandishes from Kumar Sahib, Pandit Jasraj was moved to tears and lamented that, alas, he did not have such ability himself."[138][139]

During the 19th century, many Biharis emigrated as indentured labourers to the West Indies, Fiji, and Mauritius. During this time many sorrowful plays and songs called birha became popular in the Bhojpur region, as Bhojpuri Birha. Dramas incorporating this theme continue to be popular in the theatres of Patna.[140][需要較佳來源]

Cinema

[編輯]
主條目：Cinema of Bihar
參見：Bhojpuri Film Industry和List of Bhojpuri films

Bihar has a robust Bhojpuri-language film industry. There is also a smaller production of Magadhi-, Maithili language films. The first film with Bhojpuri dialogue was Ganga Jamuna, released in 1961.[141] Bhaiyaa, the first Magadhi film, was released in 1961.[142] The first Maithili movie was Kanyadan released in 1965.[143] Maithili film Mithila Makhaan won the National Film Award for Best Maithili Film in 2016.[144] The history of films entirely in Bhojpuri begins in 1962 with the well-received film Ganga Maiyya Tohe Piyari Chadhaibo ("Mother Ganges, I will offer you a yellow sari"), which was directed by Kundan Kumar.[145] 1963's Lagi nahin chute ram was the all-time hit Bhojpuri film, and had higher attendance than Mughal-e-Azam in the eastern and northern regions of India. Bollywood's Nadiya Ke Paar is another well-known Bhojpuri-language movie. Films such as Bidesiya ("Foreigner", 1963, directed by S. N. Tripathi) and Ganga ("Ganges", 1965, directed by Kundan Kumar) were profitable and popular, but in general Bhojpuri films were not commonly produced in the 1960s and 1970s.

In the 1980s, enough Bhojpuri films were produced to support a dedicated industry. Films such as Mai ("Mom", 1989, directed by Rajkumar Sharma) and Hamar Bhauji ("My Brother's Wife", 1983, directed by Kalpataru) had success at the box office. However, this trend faded during the 1990s.[146]

In 2001, Bhojpuri films regained popularity with Saiyyan Hamar ("My Sweetheart", directed by Mohan Prasad), which raised actor Ravi Kishan to prominence.[147] Several other commercially successful films followed, including Panditji Batai Na Biyah Kab Hoi ("Priest, tell me when I will marry", 2005, directed by Mohan Prasad) and Sasura Bada Paisa Wala ("My father-in-law, the rich guy", 2005). These films did much better business in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar than mainstream Bollywood hits at the time, and were both made on extremely tight budgets.[148] Sasura Bada Paisa Wala also introduced Manoj Tiwari, formerly a well-loved folk singer, to the wider audiences of Bhojpuri cinema. The success of Ravi Kishan and Manoj Tiwari's films led to a revival in Bhojpuri cinema, and the industry began to support an awards show[149] and trade magazine Bhojpuri City.[150] The industry produces over one hundred films per year.[來源請求]

In 2019, the Maithili film Mithila Makhaan won Best Maithili Film in the 63rd National Film Awards.[151]

Mass media

[編輯]
主條目：Media in Bihar

Biharbandhu was the first Hindi newspaper published in Bihar. It was started in 1872 by Madan Mohan Bhatta, a Marathi Brahman who settled in Bihar Sharif.[152] Hindi journalism often failed[153] until it became an official language in the state. Hindi was introduced in the law courts in Bihar in 1880.[152][154]

Urdu journalism and poetry have a long history in Bihar, with many poets such as Shaad Azimabadi, Kaif Azimabadi, Kalim Ajiz and Bismil Azimabadi. Bihar publishes many Urdu dailies, such as Qomi Tanzim and Sahara, and the monthly Voice of Bihar.[155]

The beginning of the 20th century was marked by a number of notable new publications. A monthly magazine named Bharat Ratna was started in Patna, in 1901. It was followed by Ksahtriya Hitaishi, Aryavarta from Dinapure, Udyoga, and Chaitanya Chandrika.[156] Udyog was edited by Vijyaanand Tripathy, a famous poet of the time, and Chaitanya Chandrika by Krishna Chaitanya Goswami, a literary figure of that time. The literary activity was not confined to Patna alone but to other districts of Bihar.[152][157]

Festivals

[編輯]
主條目：Festivals

Chhath Puja is the biggest and most popular festival in Bihar.[158] The four-day-long holy Hindu festival includes intense celebration across the state. Chhath Puja are done in various cities, towns, and villages throughout Bihar. All of Bihar involves itself in devotion to Chhath Puja. The city is decked up in lighting decorations and thousands of colourful ghats are set up, where effigies of the goddess Chhath Maiya and her brother God Surya are displayed and worshipped at both sunset and sunrise. People of all religious backgrounds go to the bank of any river or near by a pond or lake in order to give arghya to the Sun. They carry fruits and thekuaa along with them in soop and daura (a bowl-like structure made of bamboo) for their worship activities. Nowadays, these traditions have spread to multiple countries worldwide wherever Bihari community is present.

Durga Puja is also the biggest, most popular and widely celebrated festival in Bihar.[159] The ten-day-long colourful Hindu festival includes intense celebration across the state. Pandals are erected in various cities, towns, and villages throughout Bihar. The cities of Bihar are transformed during Durga Puja. Urban areas are decked up in lighting decorations and thousands of colourful pandals are set up where effigies of the goddess Durga and her four children are displayed and worshipped. The idols of the goddess are brought in from Kumortuli, where idol-makers work throughout the year fashioning clay models of the goddess. Since independence in 1947, Durga Puja has slowly changed into more of a glamorous carnival than that of a religious festival. Today people of diverse religious and ethnic backgrounds partake in the festivities. On Vijayadashami, the last day of the festival, the effigies are paraded through the streets with riotous pageantry before being immersed into the rivers.

Tourism

[編輯]
Tourist attraction in Bihar
UNESCO World Heritage Site of Mahabodhi Temple and Nalanda, Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary, Bihar Museum, Tomb of Sher Shah Suri, Ghora Katora
主條目：Tourism in Bihar

Bihar is visited by many tourists from around the world,[160] In 2019, 33 million tourists visited Bihar, including more than 1 million foreign tourists.[161]

Bihar is home to two UNESCO World Heritage Sites, as well as many other ancient monuments. The Mahabodhi Temple (literally: "Great Awakening Temple"), a UNESCO World Heritage site, is an ancient Buddhist temple in Bodh Gaya, marking the location where the Buddha is said to have attained enlightenment. Bodh Gaya (in Gaya district) is about 96 km (60 mi) from Patna. The Khuda Bakhsh Library, which has one of the world's largest collection of books, rare manuscripts and paintings is located in Patna.

Nalanda Mahavihara, a UNESCO World Heritage site, is among the oldest universities in the world, situated in Nalanda, Bihar. It comprises the archaeological remains of a monastic and scholastic institution dating from the third century BCE to the 13th century CE. It includes stupas, shrines, viharas (residential and educational buildings) and important art works in stucco, stone and metal. Nalanda stands out as the most ancient university of the Indian subcontinent. Archaeological Survey of India has recognised 72 monuments in Bihar as Monuments of National Importance. Furthermore, Archaeological Survey of India has recognised 30 additional monument as protected monuments in Bihar.

Bihar has many places for ecotourism, which includes Valmiki National Park, famous for its national park and tiger reserve. Vikramshila Dolphin Sanctuary is home to the endangered Gangetic Dolphin. Bihar has many wildlife sanctuaries such as Bhimbandh Wildlife Sanctuary, Gautam Buddha Wildlife Sanctuary, Kaimur Sanctuary, Udaypur Wildlife Sanctuary, and the Pant Wildlife Sanctuary. Bihar is host to many species of migratory birds at bird sanctuaries like Kanwar Lake Bird Sanctuary and the Nagi Dam Bird Sanctuary.

Many tourists visit Bihar because of the religious significance of the area. The Hindu Goddess Sita, the consort of Lord Rama, is believed to have been born in Sitamarhi in the Mithila region of modern-day Bihar.[162][163] Gautama Buddha is believed to have attained Enlightenment at Bodh Gaya, a town located in the modern day district of Gaya in Bihar. Vasupujya, the 12th Jain Tirthankara was born in Champapuri, Bhagalpur. Mahavira, the 24th and last Tirthankara of Jainism, was born in Vaishali around the sixth century BCE.[164] The Śrāddha ritual performed in the Pitru Paksha period is considered to be most powerful in the holy city of Gaya, which is seen as a special place to perform the rite, and hosts a fair during the Pitri Paksha period.[165]

Transport

[編輯]
主條目：Transport in Bihar
Patliputra ISBT, Patna
Ganges river port on national inland waterways-1 at Gaighat, Patna

Airports

[編輯]
主條目：List of airports in Bihar

Bihar has a total of three operational airports as of 2020: Lok Nayak Jayaprakash Airport in Patna, Gaya Airport in Gaya, and Darbhanga Airport in Darbhanga. All three airports have scheduled flights to major cities around India. Gaya Airport is the only international airport in Bihar, having seasonal flights to countries like Thailand, Bhutan, and Myanmar.

Railways

[編輯]

Bihar has a rail network length of 3,794 km（2,357 mi） in 2020.[166] All major cities, districts and towns are well connected. Munger, Jamalpur and Bhagalpur are well connected with all major Stations of country. Eastern Dedicated Freight Corridor, after completion, will pass through Kaimur, Rohtas, Aurangabad, and Gaya with a total length of 239 km（149 mi） in Bihar.[167]

State Expressways and highways

[編輯]
主條目：List of state highways in Bihar

Gaya-Darbhanga Expressway (access controlled highway) will be Bihar's first expressway, with a length of 189 km. It is expected to be completed by 2024.[168] Bihar also has state highways with a total length of 4,006 km (2,489 mi)  and national highways with a total length of 5,358 km (3,329 mi).

Metro transit

[編輯]
Bihar Chief Minister, Nitish Kumar and Deputy Chief Minister Tejaswi Yadav examining the construction of Patna Metro project, inaugurated during Kumar's tenure.

Patna will be the first city in Bihar to have mass rapid transit system. Patna Metro with network of 31 km（19 mi） length is under construction as of 2022.[169] However, it is currently delayed due to land acquisition process.[170]

Bus transit

[編輯]

Bihar State Road Transport Corporation (BSRTC) runs interstate, intrastate, and international route buses.[171] BSRTC has a daily ridership of around 100,000. Its fleet includes non-electric and electric buses, and AC and non-AC buses. Delhi, Ranchi, and Kathmandu in Nepal are some of the destinations served outside Bihar. Patliputra Inter-State Bus Terminal is a major bus transit hub in Bihar.[172]

Inland Waterways

[編輯]

National Waterways-1 runs along the Ganges river. Gaighat in Patna has a permanent terminal of inland waterways for handling cargo vessels.[173] The Ganges is navigable throughout the year, and was the principal river highway across the vast Indo-Gangetic Plain. Vessels capable of accommodating five hundred merchants were known to ply this river in the ancient period, when it served as a conduit for overseas trade. The role of the Ganges as a channel for trade was enhanced by its natural links to major rivers and streams in north and south Bihar.[174]

Education

[編輯]
主條目：Education in Bihar和Literacy in Bihar
參見：List of educational institutions in Bihar
Front view of administrative building of IIT Patna
NIT Patna main building

Historically, Bihar has been a major centre of learning, home to the ancient universities of Nalanda (est. 450 CE), Odantapurā (est. 550 CE), and Vikramashila (est. 783 CE). Nalanda and Vikramshila universities were destroyed by the invading forces of Bakhtiyar Khilji in 1200 CE.[175] Bihar saw a revival of its education system during the later part of the British rule, when Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Library was established in 1891 by Sir Khan Bahadur Khuda Bakhsh which is currently one of the world's largest functioning library and boasts more than five million items. It is known for its paintings and rare manuscripts.[176]

Patna University, the seventh oldest university on the Indian subcontinent, was established in 1917.[177] Some other centres of high learning established under British rule are Patna College (est. 1839), Bihar School of Engineering (est. 1900; now known as National Institute of Technology, Patna), Prince of Wales Medical College (est. 1925; now Patna Medical College and Hospital), Science College, Patna (est. 1928), Patna Women's College, Bihar Veterinary College (est. 1927), and Imperial Agriculture Research Institute (est. 1905; now Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agriculture University, Pusa). The Patna University, one of the oldest universities in Bihar, was established in 1917, and is the seventh oldest university of the Indian subcontinent. NIT Patna, the second oldest engineering college of India, was established as a survey training school in 1886 and later renamed as the Bihar College of Engineering in 1932.

Today, Bihar is home to eight Institutes of National Importance: IIT Patna, IIM Bodh Gaya, AIIMS, Patna, NIT Patna, IIIT Bhagalpur, NIPER Hajipur, Khuda bakhsh Oriental Library, and the Nalanda International University. In 2008, Indian Institutes of Technology Patna was inaugurated with students from all over India[178] and in the same year the National Institute of Fashion Technology Patna was established as the ninth such institute in India.[179] The Indian Institute of Management Bodh Gaya was established in 2015. In March 2019, the government of Bihar sent a proposal to the centre government to upgrade Darbhanga Medical College and Hospital into an AIIMS-like institution.[180] Bihar is home of four Central universities which includes Central University of South Bihar, Mahatma Gandhi Central University, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agriculture University and Nalanda University. In 2015, the central government proposed the re-establishment of Vikramshila in Bhagalpur and had designated INR500 crores (INR5 billion) for it.[181] Bihar also has the National Institute of Fashion Technology Patna, National Law University, Patna Institute of Hotel Management (IHM), Footwear Design and Development Institute, Bihta and Central Institute of Plastic Engineering & Technology (CIPET) Center. CIPET and IHM was established in Hajipur in 1994 and 1998 respectively. Bihar Engineering University was established under Bihar Engineering University Act, 2021 of Bihar Government[182] with the purpose of the development and management of educational infrastructure related to technical, medical, management, and related professional education in Bihar.[183] Based on 2020–21 data, Bihar Engineering University has 56 http://www.beu-bih.ac.in/BEUP/Affiliated_Colleges.aspx and Bihar medical science University under the Bihar medical science University act, 2021. There are Pharmacy colleges, 15 Medical colleges, and 36 Nursing colleges after establishing this university. Aryabhatta Knowledge University has 33 educational colleges, 8 community colleges, and one vocational college.[184] Chanakya National Law University and Chandragupt Institute of Management were established in the later half of 2008 and now attracts students from not just within Bihar but also students from far flung states. Nalanda International University was established in 2014 with active investment from countries such as Japan, Korea, and China. The A.N. Sinha Institute of Social Studies is a premier research institute in the state.[185] Bihar has eight medical colleges which are funded by the government, namely Patna Medical College and Hospital, Nalanda Medical College and Hospital, Vardhman Institute of Medical Sciences, Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Darbhanga Medical College and Hospital, Anugrah Narayan Magadh Medical College and Hospital Gaya, Sri Krishna Medical College and Hospital, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Bhagalpur, Government Medical College, Bettiah and five private medical colleges[186] Bihar has the seven oldest Government Engineering colleges; Muzaffarpur institute of technology, Bhagalpur college of Engineering, Gaya college of Engineering, Nalanda College of Engineering, Darbhanga college of Engineering, Motihari college of Engineering, and the Loknayak Jai Prakash Institute of Technology.

Bihta, a suburb of the state capital Patna, is home of institutes like IIT Patna, AIIMS Patna, BIT Patna and is now emerging as an educational hub.[187][188] With institutes like Super 30, Patna has emerged as a major center for engineering and civil services coaching. The major private IIT-JEE coaching institutes have opened up their branches in Bihar and this has reduced the number of students who go to, for example, Kota and Delhi for engineering/medical coaching.

Bihar e-Governance Services & Technologies (BeST) and the government of Bihar have initiated a unique program to establish a centre of excellence called Bihar Knowledge Center, a school to equip students with the latest skills and customised short-term training programs at an affordable cost. The centre aims to attract the youth of the state to improve their technical, professional, and soft skills, to meet the current requirements of the industrial job market.[189] The National Employability Report of Engineering Graduates, 2014,[190] puts graduates from Bihar in the top 25 per cent of the country, and rates Bihar as one of the three top states at producing engineering graduates in terms of quality and employability.[191]

Notable people

[編輯]
主條目：List of people from Bihar

See also

[編輯]

Notes

[編輯]
  1. ^ Languages that were recorded as 'Other' Hindi by the census were mostly either Angika and Bajjika

References

[編輯]
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Further reading

[編輯]
  • Swami Sahajanand Saraswati Rachnawali (Selected works of Swami Sahajanand Saraswati), Prakashan Sansthan, Delhi, 2003.
  • Christopher Alan Bayly, Rulers, Townsmen, and Bazaars: North Indian Society in the Age of British Expansion, 1770–1870, Cambridge University Press, 1983.
  • Anand A. Yang, Bazaar India: Markets, Society, and the Colonial State in Bihar, University of California Press, 1999.
  • Acharya Hazari Prasad Dwivedi Rachnawali, Rajkamal Prakashan, Delhi.
  • Swami Sahajanand and the Peasants of Jharkhand: A View from 1941 translated and edited by Walter Hauser along with the unedited Hindi original (Manohar Publishers, paperback, 2005).
  • Sahajanand on Agricultural Labour and the Rural Poor translated and edited by Walter Hauser (Manohar Publishers, paperback, 2005).
  • Religion, Politics, and the Peasants: A Memoir of India's Freedom Movement translated and edited by Walter Hauser (Manohar Publishers, hardbound, 2003).
  • Pandit Yadunandan (Jadunandan) Sharma, 1947, Bakasht Mahamari Aur Uska Achook Ilaaz (Bakasht Epidemic and its Infalliable Remedy) in Hindi, Allahabad.
  • Jagannath Sarkar, "Many Streams" Selected Essays by Jagannath Sarkar and Reminiscing Sketches" Compiled by Gautam Sarkar Edited by Mitali Sarkar, First Published May 2010, Navakarnataka Publications Private Limited, Bangalore.
  • Indradeep Sinha, 1969, Sathi ke Kisanon ka Aitihasic Sangharsha (Historic Struggle of Sathi Peasants), in Hindi, Patna.
  • Indradeep Sinha, Real face of JP's total revolution, Communist Party of India (1974).
  • Indradeep Sinha, Some features of current agrarian situation in India, All India Kisan Sabha, (1987).
  • Indradeep Sinha, The changing agrarian scene: Problems and tasks, Peoples Publishing House (1980).
  • Indradeep Sinha, Some questions concerning Marxism and the peasantry, Communist Party of India (1982).
  • Sinha, Udai Prakash; Kumar, Swargesh. Bihar Tourism: Retrospect and Prospect. New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company. 2012 [18 April 2015]. ISBN 9788180697999. 
  • Nand Kishore Shukla, The Trial of Baikunth Sukul: A Revolutionary Patriot, Har-Anand, 1999, 403 pages, ISBN 81-241-0143-4.
  • Shramikon Ke Hitaishi Neta, Itihas Purush: Basawon Singh published by the Bihar Hindi Granth Academy (1st Edition, April 2000).
  • Ramchandra Prasad, Ashok Kumar Sinha, Sri Krishna Singh in Adhunik Bharat ke Nirmata Series, Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India.
  • Walter Hauser, 1961, Peasant Organisation in India: A Case Study of the Bihar Kisan Sabha, 1929–1942, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Chicago, (Forthcoming publication).
  • Rai, Algu, 1946, A Move for the Formation of an All-Indian Organisation for the Kisans, Azamgrah.
  • N. G. Ranga, 1949, Revolutionary Peasants, New Delhi.
  • N. G. Ranga, 1968, Fight For Freedom, New Delhi.
  • Mahapandit Rahul Sankrityayan, 1943, Naye Bharet ke Naye Neta (New Leaders of New India), in Hindi, Allahabad.
  • Mahapandit Rahul Sankrityayan, 1957, Dimagi Gulami (Mental Slavery), in Hindi, Allahabad.
  • Manmath Nath Gupta, Apane samaya ka surya Dinkar, Alekha Prakasana (1981).
  • Khagendra Thakur, Ramdhari Singh 'Dinkar': Vyaktitva aur Krititva, Publications Division, 2008 Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India.
  • Vijendra Narayan Singh, Bharatiya Sahitya ke Nirmata: Ramdhari Singh 'Dinkar, Sahitya Akademi, New Delhi, 2005, ISBN 81-260-2142-X.
  • Kumar Vimal, Ramdhari Singh Dinkar Rachna – Sanchayan, Sahitya Akademi, New Delhi, 2008, ISBN 978-81-260-2627-2.
  • Mishra Shree Govind, History Of Bihar 1740–1772 互聯網檔案館的存檔，存檔日期6 April 2023., Munshiram Manoharlal, 1970
  • Verma B S, Socio-religious Economic And Literary Condition Of Bihar (From ca. 319 A.D. to 1000 A.D.) 互聯網檔案館的存檔，存檔日期6 April 2023., Munshiram Manoharlal, 1962
  • Maitra A,Magahi Culture 互聯網檔案館的存檔，存檔日期6 April 2023., Cosmo Publications, New Delhi, 1983
  • Naipaul V S, India: A Wounded Civilization, Picador, 1977
  • Trevithick Alan, The Revival Of Buddhist Pilgrimage At Bodh Gaya (1811–1949): Anagarika Dharmapala And The Mahabodhi Temple
  • Jannuzi F. Tomasson, Agrarian Crisis In India: The Case Of Bihar, University of Texas Press, 1974, ISBN 0-292-76414-6, ISBN 978-0-292-76414-9
  • Omalley L S S, History of Magadh, Veena Publication, 2005, ISBN 81-89224-01-8
  • Shukla Prabhat Kumar, Indigo And The Raj: Peasant Protests In Bihar 1780–1917[永久失效連結], Pragati Publications, 1993, ISBN 81-7307-004-0
  • Ahmad Qeyamuddin, Patna Through The Ages: Glimpses of History, Society & Economy 互聯網檔案館的存檔，存檔日期6 April 2023., Commonwealth Publishers, 1988
  • Jain B D, Ardha Magadhi Reader, Sri Satguru Publications, Lahore, 1923
  • Patra C, Life in Ancient India: As Depicted In The Digha Nikaya, Punthi Pustak, 1996, ISBN 81-85094-93-4
  • Hazra Kanai Lal, Buddhism in India As Described by the Chinese Pilgrims AD 399–689, Munshiram Manoharlal, 1983, ISBN 81-215-0132-6
  • McCrindle John W., Ancient India As Described By Megasthenes And Arrian, Munshiram Manoharlal
  • McCrindle John W., Ancient India As Described By Ptolemy 互聯網檔案館的存檔，存檔日期6 April 2023., Munshiram Manoharlal, 1927, ISBN 81-215-0945-9
  • Sastry Harprasad, Magadhan Literature, Sri Satguru Publications, Calcutta, 1923
  • Rai Alok, Hindi Nationalism, Orient Longman, 2000, ISBN 81-250-1979-0
  • Waddell Austine L., Report on the Excavations at Pataliputra (Patna) – The Palibothra of the Greeks, Asian Publicational Services, Calcutta, 1903
  • Das Arvind N., The State of Bihar: an economic history without footnotes, Amsterdam: VU University Press, 1992
  • Brass Paul R., The politics of India since Independence, Cambridge University Press, 1990
  • Askari S. H., Mediaeval Bihar: Sultante and Mughal Period, Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Public Library, Patna, 1990
  • Tayler William, Three Months at Patna during the Insurrection of 1857, Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Public Library, Patna, 2007
  • Taylor P.J.O., "What really happened during the Mutiny: A day by day account of the major events of 1857–1859 in India", Oxford University Press, 1997, ISBN 0-19-564182-5
  • Pathak Prabhu Nath, Society and Culture in Early Bihar (C.A.D. 200 – 600) 互聯網檔案館的存檔，存檔日期14 April 2023., Commonwealth Publishers, 1988
  • Basham A. L., The Wonder that was India, Picador, 1954, ISBN 0-330-43909-X
  • Nambisan Vijay, Bihar in the eye of the beholder, Penguin Books, 2000, ISBN 978-0-14-029449-1
  • Pathak Mohan, Flood plains and Agricultural occupance, Deep & Deep Publication, 1991, ISBN 81-7100-289-7
  • D'Souza Rohan, Drowned and Dammed:Colonial Capitalism and Flood Control in Eastern India, Oxford University Press, 2006,
  • Radhakanta Barik – Land & Caste Politics in Bihar (Shipra Publications, Delhi, 2006)
[編輯]
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General information
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