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用戶:IvesC/切薩皮克和俄亥俄運河國家歷史公園

座標：38°53′59″N 77°03′28″W / 38.89972°N 77.05778°W / 38.89972; -77.05778
維基百科，自由的百科全書
切薩皮克和俄亥俄運河國家歷史公園
Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National Historical Park
IUCN分類V（陸地和海洋景觀保護區）
切薩皮克和俄亥俄運河國家歷史公園位置圖
切薩皮克和俄亥俄運河國家歷史公園位置圖
位於華盛頓哥倫比亞特區的訪客中心位置
切薩皮克和俄亥俄運河國家歷史公園位置圖
切薩皮克和俄亥俄運河國家歷史公園位置圖
切薩皮克和俄亥俄運河國家歷史公園 (美國)
位置從美國馬里蘭州的坎伯蘭延伸至華盛頓哥倫比亞特區
最近城市華盛頓哥倫比亞特區、坎伯蘭 (馬里蘭州)、不倫瑞克 (馬里蘭州)、威廉斯波特 (馬里蘭州)、漢考克 (馬里蘭州)
座標38°53′59″N 77°03′28″W / 38.89972°N 77.05778°W / 38.89972; -77.05778
面積19,586英畝（79.26平方公里）
建立September 23, 1938
訪客量3,937,504   （2011）[1]
管理機構美國國家公園管理局
網站Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National Historical Park

切薩皮克和俄亥俄運河國家歷史公園位於華盛頓特區和馬里蘭州。艾森豪（英語：Dwight Eisenhower）總統爲了保留被忽視的切薩皮克和俄亥俄運河殘存遺蹟，於1961年建立了一個國家紀念區。運河和縴路（英語：Towpath）沿着波托馬克河從華盛頓特區喬治敦延伸至馬里蘭州坎伯蘭郡，總長184.5英里（296.9公里） 。 2013年，這條路被指定為美國第50號自行車道（英語：U.S. Bicycle Route 50）的第一部分。[2] [3]

切薩皮克和俄亥俄運河

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運河的終點總站，坎伯蘭盆地，攝於2013年。與運河運營期間相比，該地區已經發生了巨大變化，幾乎無法看出當年的樣子。
主條目：切薩皮克和俄亥俄運河

切薩皮克和俄亥俄運河（也稱為「大舊渠」（英語：the Grand Old Ditch）或「 C&O運河」（英語：C&O Canal））的建設始於1828年，直到1850年運河建到坎伯蘭時才結束。[4] :1 工程停止時，其實仍距離原本設想的目的地匹茲堡很遙遠。在停工之後，人們有時候仍會討論繼續延長這個目前長達184.5英里的運河。例如，1874年提出的一條建議，打算挖一條8.4英里（13.5公里）的隧道穿越亞利加尼山脈，[5] 再藉由另一條隧道接上賓夕法尼亞運河（英語：Pennsylvania Canal）。[6]即使巴爾的摩和俄亥俄鐵路公司（B&O）比運河還要早8年就通車道坎伯蘭，但運河並沒有完全作廢。一直到1870年代中期，較大的火車頭以及空氣煞車被採用後，鐵路運送費用比運河還低，運河的命運才被堵死。[7]

C&O運河於1831年至1924年運營，主要用於將煤炭從亞利加尼山脈運至華盛頓特區。[8] :6 運河於1924年關閉，部分原因是幾次嚴重的洪災摧毀了運河的財務狀況。 [9]

聯邦政府購買運河

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1939年施工修復運河的第16號船閘

1938年，B&O鐵路公司將運河交與美國政府，以換取一筆聯邦復興金融公司的貸款。[10] 政府計劃將其修復作爲休閒遊憩區，以及當作大蕭條時期失業者的就業計劃。到1940年，平民保育團的非裔參與者修復了最初的22英里（35公里），約從喬治城到維奧萊特斯船閘（第23號船閘），並且重新引水進入此段運河使其回到可以運作的狀態。[11] 1941年，第一艘運河快船開始營運，其動力爲驢子在岸上拉動牽引。[12] 1960年代，約翰·昆西·亞當斯號（英語：John Quincy Adams）取代了運河快船。

當美國參戰二戰時，修復計劃被暫停，以將資源挪作他用。1941年，哈里·阿西（英語：Harry Athey）向總統富蘭克林·羅斯福（英語：Franklin Roosevelt）建議，該運河可以改建為地下高速公路或防空洞，其屋頂可用於飛機起降。由於洪水經常發生，整個想法被認為是不切實際的。[13] 1942年，春汛摧毀了重新注水的運河區段。美國國家公園管理局（NPS）官員亞瑟·德瑪瑞（英語：Arthur E. Demaray）（英語：Arthur E. Demaray）敦促恢復從1號水壩開始的運河，以便在正常水渠被敵後破壞火轟炸摧毀時，為達勒卡里亞水庫（英語：Dalecarlia Reservoir）供水。由於這項使運河變成了國家安全問題，1942年，戰時生產委員會批准了這項計劃。[14] 到1943年，國會已為這項工作提供了資金，維修已完成，而公園服務處則於1943年10月恢復了乘船遊覽。[15]

國會對將運河和縴路發展為公園大道的想法表達了興趣。由於從1920年代到1940年代的洪水，陸軍工兵團提議修建14座水壩，這些水壩將永久淹沒74英里的縴路，以及莫諾克西（英語：Monocacy Aqueduct）和安提坦（英語：Aqueducts on the C&O Canal#Antietam Creek Aqueduct）引水道。[16] 1945年左右，工兵團團想要拆除8號水壩，並在坎伯蘭地區設置堤防。拆除8號水壩將使得對5號水壩以上運河段重新補水的希望破滅。國家公園管理局配合了工兵團團來完成前述的計劃，因為讓通往坎伯蘭的運河整段都保持營運狀態過於昂貴，且希望保留運河的西部地區。[17]

建立國家公園

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公園地圖

道格拉斯的徒步旅行

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一些人反對將運河翻到汽車上的想法，包括美國最高法院大法官威廉·道格拉斯（英語：William O. Douglas） 。 1954年3月，道格拉斯帶隊，從坎伯蘭走縴路徒步旅行至華盛頓，為期八天。[10] 儘管總參加人數有58人，但只有9人（包括道格拉斯和奧勞斯·穆里（英語：Olaus Murie））走完全程共184.5英里（297公里） 。這次旅行之後，道格拉斯大法官成立了一個委員會起草保留和保護運河的計劃。該委員會後來在1957年成為C&O運河協會。[18] 作為該小組的主席，他對公園的承諾被認爲是成功的。

縴路

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1958年，整條道路被清理以供徒步旅行之用，並從華盛頓特區喬治城區域第34街的驢子橋（英語：Mule Bridge）[註釋 1] 到馬里蘭州沃德沃特（英語：Widewater）[註釋 2] 12英里的縴路建立自行車道。[19] 自行車道於1958年11月22日開放，道路爲是泥濘的縴路上鋪上碎藍石而成。[20] 到1960年，運河縴路已全程通行自行車。[21]

國家紀念區以及國家公園

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1961年，艾森豪（英語：Dwight Eisenhower）總統根據《古蹟保存法（英語：Antiquities Act）》將運河定為國家紀念區，但這更加強了反對派要將運河立為國家公園的想法。另有一些人支持將波托馬克河立為國家河流（英語：national river）。[22] 在十年左右的時間，政治氣氛發生了變化，國家河流這個想法的支持度不足，於是將運河變成歷史公園的想法幾乎沒有受到反對。切薩皮克和俄亥俄運河國家歷史公園法案[23]確立了運河的國家歷史公園定位，總統理查德·尼克遜於1971年1月8日將其簽署為法律。 [24]

1996年洪水

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1996年夏季洪水前與後

1996年的冬季和夏季，各發生了一次洪水。一月份的暴風雪過後，接着大雨及積雪融化，造成了洪水和徑流。這場重大的冬季洪水覆蓋了80％至90％的運河和縴路，運河與相鄰的波托馬克河出現成了高水位。洪水造成的侵蝕導致縴路以及運河和公園的大部分基礎設施受到嚴重破壞。冬季洪水過後，迫切地需要志願者來處理洪水造成的破壞。不幸的是，在9月，弗蘭颶風（英語：Hurricane Fran）對運河許多部分造成了更大的破壞，需要工作人員和志願者復原甚至重建縴路及給運河重新澆水。這些重大項目需要大量時間和金錢才能完成。[25]

恢復工作

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如今，一些組織致力於保護和恢復公園的美麗和歷史。 C&O運河信託[26]成立於2007年，是國家公園管理局的官方非營利合作夥伴。 C&O運河協會[27]是一個全志願者組織，成立於1954年，其忠旨在保護C&O運河和波托馬克河盆地的自然及歷史環境。他們共同在運河基礎設施的修復工作中取得了進展。他們修復縴路，並重新對運河注水，使其能漂亮地面對遊客和野生動植物，並在遊客中心通過互動方式向大衆介紹了運河的豐富歷史。沿着運河共有六個由國家公園管理局管理的遊客中心：喬治城、大瀑布 (波托馬克河)（英語：Great Falls (Potomac River)）、不倫瑞克 (馬里蘭)（英語：Brunswick, Maryland）、威廉斯波特、漢考克、以及坎伯蘭。[28]

當前的修復和建設工作包括對卡諾卡其克（英語：Conococheague Creek）引水道進行修復和補水[29]、復原3號和4號船閘[30]、修復大瀑布（20號）和斯溫（21號）船閘。[31] 2019年5月30日開始第二階段工程，針對波波隧道。[32]

圖片集

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從華盛頓特區喬治城，往上遊走至馬里蘭坎伯蘭，共184.5英里（296.9公里）。

  • 運河起點的里程碑（0英里）。背景爲堰的殘骸。
    運河起點的里程碑（0英里）。背景爲堰的殘骸。
  • The Rock Creek Basin, just before the Tidewater Lock
    The Rock Creek Basin, just before the Tidewater Lock
  • Remains for a Mill Water Intake on the 4 mile level (Georgetown) just below Key Bridge. The canal sold water to several mills.
    Remains for a Mill Water Intake on the 4 mile level (Georgetown) just below Key Bridge. The canal sold water to several mills.
  • Remains of stop gate at 2.18 miles on 4 mile level. Only visible when canal is drained
    Remains of stop gate at 2.18 miles on 4 mile level. Only visible when canal is drained
  • The NPS built this spillway (also on the 4 mile level) in 1936.[33] Note the Chain Bridge in background
    The NPS built this spillway (also on the 4 mile level) in 1936.[33] Note the Chain Bridge in background
  • Historic mile marker 4, just after second spillway
    Historic mile marker 4, just after second spillway
  • Hydroelectric plant on 4 mile level of Georgetown
    Hydroelectric plant on 4 mile level of Georgetown
  • George Washington's Patowmack Canal, used as a feeder, goes to the left, the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal goes to the right.
    George Washington's Patowmack Canal, used as a feeder, goes to the left, the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal goes to the right.
  • Lock 6. Groundbreaking was near this spot
    Lock 6. Groundbreaking was near this spot
  • Historic mile marker 9, by Lock 11 (Seven Locks area).
    Historic mile marker 9, by Lock 11 (Seven Locks area).
  • This spot here was called the "Log Wall": builders put a log wall here, filled with rubble, to make the canal. Hurricane Agnes washed it out completely in 1972, and the NPS erected this retaining wall without logs.
    This spot here was called the "Log Wall": builders put a log wall here, filled with rubble, to make the canal. Hurricane Agnes washed it out completely in 1972, and the NPS erected this retaining wall without logs.
  • Kayak lessons at Widewater (near Anglers Inn, below Lock 15).
    Kayak lessons at Widewater (near Anglers Inn, below Lock 15).
  • Widewater in winter
    Widewater in winter
  • Lock 15 at the end of Widewater
    Lock 15 at the end of Widewater
  • Cliff face at the Billy Goat Trail in Maryland
    Cliff face at the Billy Goat Trail in Maryland
  • Great Falls Tavern on the C&O canal in Potomac, Maryland
    Great Falls Tavern on the C&O canal in Potomac, Maryland
  • Canal Clipper boat (since retired) at Lock 20
    Canal Clipper boat (since retired) at Lock 20
  • Snubbing Charles F. Mercer at Lock 20.
    Snubbing Charles F. Mercer at Lock 20.
  • Canal at Swain's Lock (Lock 21)
    Canal at Swain's Lock (Lock 21)
  • Mile marker 17, with stump of broken historic mile marker on left
    Mile marker 17, with stump of broken historic mile marker on left
  • Mile marker 22, just before Violette's Lock and the Seneca Feeder
    Mile marker 22, just before Violette's Lock and the Seneca Feeder
  • Horsepen Branch Hiker/Biker campsite.
    Horsepen Branch Hiker/Biker campsite.
  • Chisel Branch Hiker/Biker campsite sign.
    Chisel Branch Hiker/Biker campsite sign.
  • Turtle Run Hiker/Biker campsite, below White's Ferry
    Turtle Run Hiker/Biker campsite, below White's Ferry
  • Canal prism by White's Ferry. Note ruins of abandoned grainery on left.
    Canal prism by White's Ferry. Note ruins of abandoned grainery on left.
  • A typical hiker/biker campsite along the Canal. This one is the Marble Quarry Campsite, near mile 38, below Lock 26.
    A typical hiker/biker campsite along the Canal. This one is the Marble Quarry Campsite, near mile 38, below Lock 26.
  • Ruins of an abandoned granary, below the Monocacy Aqueduct
    Ruins of an abandoned granary, below the Monocacy Aqueduct
  • Indian Flats Hiker/Biker campsite, just above the Monocacy Aqueduct
    Indian Flats Hiker/Biker campsite, just above the Monocacy Aqueduct
  • Lock 28 near Point of Rocks, Maryland
    Lock 28 near Point of Rocks, Maryland
  • Lock 33 near Harpers Ferry, West Virginia
    Lock 33 near Harpers Ferry, West Virginia
  • The Patowmack Canal's House Falls canal here was reused for the C&O.
    The Patowmack Canal's House Falls canal here was reused for the C&O.
  • Mowing the grass along the canal, near Guard Lock 3
    Mowing the grass along the canal, near Guard Lock 3
  • Big Slackwater. Here the boats navigated in the slackwater behind Dam 4, hence there is only a towpath. It was repaired and reopened in 2012.
    Big Slackwater. Here the boats navigated in the slackwater behind Dam 4, hence there is only a towpath. It was repaired and reopened in 2012.
  • McMahon's mill, along Big Slackwater
    McMahon's mill, along Big Slackwater
  • More Big Slackwater, above McMahon's Mill.
    More Big Slackwater, above McMahon's Mill.
  • Lift bridge (abandoned) for Railroad crossing canal.
    Lift bridge (abandoned) for Railroad crossing canal.
  • Cushwa Basin and Visitor Center at Williamsport, Maryland
    Cushwa Basin and Visitor Center at Williamsport, Maryland
  • Conococheague Creek Aqueduct in Williamsport, Maryland
    Conococheague Creek Aqueduct in Williamsport, Maryland
  • Dam 5, which makes Little Slackwater.
    Dam 5, which makes Little Slackwater.
  • Little Slackwater, above Dam 5. This is one of the most dangerous areas for cyclists, with only a narrow towpath, no guardrail, and a long drop to the river below.
    Little Slackwater, above Dam 5. This is one of the most dangerous areas for cyclists, with only a narrow towpath, no guardrail, and a long drop to the river below.
  • Lock 49 at Four Locks.
    Lock 49 at Four Locks.
  • Lockkeeper's shanty, to look out for boats. Lock 50, with Locks 49 and 48 in the background. This is at the Four Locks area.
    Lockkeeper's shanty, to look out for boats. Lock 50, with Locks 49 and 48 in the background. This is at the Four Locks area.
  • Big Pool on the 14 mile level.
    Big Pool on the 14 mile level.
  • Park Service maintenance area for the Allegheny Division/Four Locks Subdivision of the Canal
    Park Service maintenance area for the Allegheny Division/Four Locks Subdivision of the Canal
  • Tonoloway Creek Aqueduct
    Tonoloway Creek Aqueduct
  • The canal at Hancock, Maryland
    The canal at Hancock, Maryland
  • Paw Paw Tunnel near Paw Paw, West Virginia
    Paw Paw Tunnel near Paw Paw, West Virginia
  • Division superintendent's house, about half a mile (0.8 km) above Paw Paw Tunnel
    Division superintendent's house, about half a mile (0.8 km) above Paw Paw Tunnel
  • Maryland Route 51 crosses the canal about 0.6英里（0.97公里） above the tunnel, on the 8 mile level.
    Maryland Route 51 crosses the canal about 0.6英里（0.97公里） above the tunnel, on the 8 mile level.
  • Town Creek Aqueduct in Allegany County, Maryland
    Town Creek Aqueduct in Allegany County, Maryland
  • Lock 69 pool at Oldtown, Maryland
    Lock 69 pool at Oldtown, Maryland
  • Lock 70 at Oldtown, Maryland
    Lock 70 at Oldtown, Maryland
  • Looking downstream at Spring Gap; canal towpath and prism to the left, and Spring Gap campground to the right.
    Looking downstream at Spring Gap; canal towpath and prism to the left, and Spring Gap campground to the right.
  • Dilapidated canal prism at Spring Gap (to the left of the previous photo)
    Dilapidated canal prism at Spring Gap (to the left of the previous photo)
  • Lock 74, with Lock 73 in background.
    Lock 74, with Lock 73 in background.
  • Lock 75, the last lock on the Canal before Cumberland.
    Lock 75, the last lock on the Canal before Cumberland.
  • Looking upstream from Lock 75. From here the boaters would hitch all the mules and "make a break for Cumberland".
    Looking upstream from Lock 75. From here the boaters would hitch all the mules and "make a break for Cumberland".
  • Canal just above Lock 75 on 9 mile level at mile marker 176.
    Canal just above Lock 75 on 9 mile level at mile marker 176.
  • One of the various culverts (No. 239) on the 9 mile level.
    One of the various culverts (No. 239) on the 9 mile level.
  • Canal around mile marker 184, looking downstream. Potomac River is on the right side.
    Canal around mile marker 184, looking downstream. Potomac River is on the right side.
  • Evitts Creek Aqueduct, the final aqueduct on the C&O Canal.
    Evitts Creek Aqueduct, the final aqueduct on the C&O Canal.
  • The basin at Cumberland, looking downstream towards Georgetown, 184.5英里（296.9公里） away.
    The basin at Cumberland, looking downstream towards Georgetown, 184.5英里（296.9公里） away.
  • Looking at the end of the canal. Guard Lock 8 is on the left side at the end. Highway bridge in background is I-68.
    Looking at the end of the canal. Guard Lock 8 is on the left side at the end. Highway bridge in background is I-68.
  • Looking at Guard Lock 8 today. Red brick building behind highway is the Canal Place museum and the Western Maryland Railroad Station.
    Looking at Guard Lock 8 today. Red brick building behind highway is the Canal Place museum and the Western Maryland Railroad Station.
  • Guard Lock 8, which was actually two locks. Downstream lock is filled in. Upstream lock has a water pump to supply water to the basin.
    Guard Lock 8, which was actually two locks. Downstream lock is filled in. Upstream lock has a water pump to supply water to the basin.
  • Mile marker 184.5 at end of canal, with Guard Lock 8 in the background.
    Mile marker 184.5 at end of canal, with Guard Lock 8 in the background.

參見

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參考資料

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[[Category:1938年華盛頓哥倫比亞特區建立]] [[Category:美國長途步道]] [[Category:美國國家歷史公園]] [[Category:维基数据存在坐标数据的页面]] [[Category:IUCN分类V]]

  1. ^ National Park Service Visitor Use Statistics. National Park Service. [October 5, 2012]. 
  2. ^ Vitale, Marty. Meeting Minutes for October 17, 2013, and Report to SCOH October 18, 2013 (Addendum October 28, 2013) (PDF). Special Committee on U.S. Route Numbering, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. October 28, 2013 [June 9, 2014]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2014-05-05）. 
  3. ^ New U.S. Bicycle Routes Approved in Maryland and Tennessee. adventurecycling.org. Adventure Cycling Association. 2013-11-05 [2013-11-05]. 
  4. ^ Mackintosh, Barry. C&O Canal: The Making of A Park. Washington, DC: National Park Service, Department of the Interior. 1991. 
  5. ^ Hahn, Pathway. 257
  6. ^ Davies, William E. The Geology and Engineering Structures of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal: An Engineering Geologist's Descriptions and Drawings (PDF). Glen Echo, Md.: C&O Canal Association. 1999 [2014-07-21]. 
  7. ^ Davies, p. ix
  8. ^ Hahn, Thomas. The Chesapeake & Ohio Canal: Pathway to the Nation's Capital. Metuchen, New Jersey: Scarecrow Press. 1984. ISBN 0-8108-1732-2. 
  9. ^ National Park Service. Canal Operations. Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National Historic Park. Nps.gov. [2010-05-11]. 
  10. ^ 10.0 10.1 Lynch, John A. Justice Douglas, the Chesapeake & Ohio Canal, and Maryland Legal History. University of Baltimore Law Forum: 104–125. 
  11. ^ Shaffer p. 71
  12. ^ CHAPTER TEN: USING THE PARK. （原始內容存檔於2013-06-21）. 
  13. ^ Shaffer, p. 70
  14. ^ Shaffer p. 73
  15. ^ Shaffer p. 76
  16. ^ Shaffer p. 78
  17. ^ Shaffer p. 79
  18. ^ Associate Justice William O.Douglas. National Park Service. [29 March 2014]. 
  19. ^ Canal's Path Cleared for Full Length. The Washington Post. 6 September 1958. 
  20. ^ Carper, Elsie. Group of 40 Cyclists Pioneers New 12-Mi. C&O Canal Path. The Washington Post. 23 November 1958. 
  21. ^ Jordan, Jane. Bike Club to Take 180-Mile Spin. The Washington Post. 20 March 1960. 
  22. ^ The Battle to Save the Canal, Part V (from December 2011 Along The Towpath) (PDF). Candocanal.org. [27 November 2014]. 
  23. ^ Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National Historical Park Act, 美國聯邦公法第91–664號
  24. ^ 16 USC Chapter 1, Subchapter LVI: Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National Historical Park. Office of Law Revision Council. [29 March 2014]. 
  25. ^ Teams Assess C&O Canal Damage On the Potomac: Last Weekend's Floods Washed out Sections of the Historic Park's Towpath and Walkways. Many Areas Will Be Closed Indefinitely. The Baltimore Sun. [17 March 2014]. 
  26. ^ The C&O Canal Trust: About Us. C&O Canal Trust. [29 March 2014]. 
  27. ^ About the C&O Canal Association. C&O Canal Association. [5 July 2014]. 
  28. ^ Plan Your Visit. NPS. [28 March 2014]. 
  29. ^ https://www.nps.gov/choh/planyourvisit/conococheague-groundbreaking.htm
  30. ^ Construction Updates - Georgetown - Chesapeake & Ohio Canal National Historical Park (U.S. National Park Service). www.nps.gov. 
  31. ^ Repair Watered Structures Project - Chesapeake & Ohio Canal National Historical Park (U.S. National Park Service). 
  32. ^ Paw Paw Tunnel Scaling Project - Chesapeake & Ohio Canal National Historical Park (U.S. National Park Service). 
  33. ^ Hahn, Thomas F. Swiftwater. Towpath Guide to the C&O Canal: Georgetown Tidelock to Cumberland, Revised Combined Edition. Shepherdstown, WV: American Canal and Transportation Center. 1993. ISBN 0-933788-66-5. 


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