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用戶:奔流沙/商學院

維基百科，自由的百科全書
歐洲管理學院,現為世上最古老的商學院。

A business school is a university-level institution that confers degrees in Business Administration. It teaches topics such as accounting, finance, information systems, marketing, organizational behavior, public relations, strategy, human resource management, and quantitative methods.


Types of business school

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They include schools of business, business administration, and management. There are four principal forms of business school.

商學院的類型

  1. Most of the university business schools are faculties, colleges or departments within the university, and teach predominantly business courses.
  1. In North America a business school is often understood to be a university graduate school which offers a Master of Business Administration or equivalent degree.
  1. Also in North America the term "business school" can refer to a different type of institution: a two-year school that grants the Associate's degree in various business subjects. Most of these schools began as secretarial schools, then expanded into accounting or bookkeeping and similar subjects. They are typically operated as businesses, rather than as institutions of higher learning.
  • 同樣是在北美，掛有商學院名稱的學校可以提供各種不同類型的教學內容：兩年制的商科類副學士學位（類似中國的大專）。大多數學校一般先成立文秘學校，然後擴展開設會計，財務以及其他類似課程。它們更多的被當作企業來經營，而不是高校。
  1. In Europe and Asia, some universities teach only business.
  • 在歐洲與亞洲，有些商學院是專門教學商科的獨立院校。

Notable business school firsts

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  • 1759 - The Aula do Comércio in Lisbon was the world's first institution to specialise in the teaching of commerce. It provided a model for development of similar government-sponsored schools across Europe, and closed in 1844. [1]
  • 1819年，巴黎高等商學院（或巴黎商業學院，即現在的歐洲管理學院）成立。該校現為世上最古老的商學院。
  • 1898 - The University of Chicago Graduate School of Business was the first business school to offer a PhD program and an Executive MBA program. It is the first business school to have a Nobel laureate on its faculty: George Stigler won the prize after retiring from the school in 1981. It is also the first business school to have six Nobel laureates on its faculty.
  • 1900 - The Tuck School of Business at Dartmouth College was founded as the first graduate school of business, offering the first master's degree in business administration, titled the "Master of Commercial Science"
  • 1907 - The École des Hautes Études Commerciales de Montréal (HEC Montréal) was founded as the first business school in Canada [4]
  • 1957 - INSEAD, near Paris, France, became the first European institution to offer an MBA program.
  • 1964 - INCAE Business School or Instituto Centroamericano de Administración de Empresas was founded by Harvard Business School [9]
  • 1973 - The École des Affaires de Paris (EAP) (now ESCP-EAP) was the first business school with campuses in three countries
  • 1973年，歐洲管理學院(法文名稱"ESCP -EAP"是原"巴黎高等商學院"和"巴黎商業學院"的縮寫)成為首個在三個不同國家分設校區的商學院。

Business school degrees

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商學院學位名稱

  • Post Graduate Diploma in Business Management (PGDBM), Post Graduate Program (PGP) in Business Management, Post Graduate Program (PGP) in Management

Business school use of case studies

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Some business schools center their teaching around the use of case studies (i.e. the case method). Case studies have been used in graduate and undergraduate business education for nearly one hundred years. Business cases are historical descriptions of actual business situations. Typically, information is presented about a business firm's products, markets, competition, financial structure, sales volumes, management, employees and other factors affecting the firm's success. The length of a business case study may range from two or three pages to 30 pages, or more.

Business schools often obtain case studies published by Harvard Business School, INSEAD, other academic institutions, or case clearing houses (such as ECCH). Harvard's most popular case studies include Lincoln Electric Co.[10] and Google, Inc.[11].

Students are expected to scrutinize the case study and prepare to discuss strategies and tactics that the firm should employ in the future. Three different methods have been used in business case teaching:

  • 學生需要對提供的數據和信息進行分析並討論，然後找出解決問題的戰略與戰術提供給企業。在這個過程中訓練學生的戰略思想、思維模式和實際處理問題的能力。在實際教學實踐當中，案例教學法一般有以下三種方法：
  1. Prepared case-specific questions to be answered by the student. This is used with short cases intended for undergraduate students. The underlying concept is that such students need specific guidance to be able to analyze case studies.
  1. 個別問題提問法。這是一種小案例學習法，一般用於本科生教學，這種教學方法是基於本科生需要明確的指導方向才能分析案例這樣的理念。
  1. Problem-solving analysis. This second method, initiated by the Harvard Business School is by far the most widely used method in MBA and executive development programs. The underlying concept is that with enough practice (hundreds of case analyses) students develop intuitive skills for analyzing and resolving complex business situations. Click here for more information on the HBS case method. Successful implementation of this method depends heavily on the skills of the discussion leader.
  1. 解題分析法。這種方法最先被哈佛商學院使用，也是目前MBA與高級經理人發展課程(Executive Development Programs)最為常用的一種教學方法。這種理念是基學生已有足夠的實踐(經過成百的案例分析訓練)，應該訓練學生分析和解決企業經營中較為複雜的問題的技巧。點擊 這裏 可了解更多哈佛商學院的案例教學法。
  1. A generally applicable strategic planning approach. This third method does not require students to analyze hundreds of cases. A strategic planning model is provided and students are instructed to apply the steps of the model to six to a dozen cases during a semester. This is sufficient to develop their ability to analyze a complex situation, generate a variety of possible strategies and to select the best ones. In effect, students learn a generally applicable approach to analyzing cases studies and real situations. This approach does not make any extraordinary demands on the artistic and dramatic talents of the teacher. Consequently most professors are capable of supervising application of this method.
  1. 戰略規劃法。這種方法不要求學生分析上百個案例。使用戰略規劃模型，學生需要在單個學期內，在老師的指導下完成6到12個案例模型的步驟模擬分析。這種方法足夠達到培養學生的分析和解決複雜問題的能力，並能在一系列可行的解決方案找出最佳方案。


History of business cases

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When Harvard Business School was founded, the faculty quickly realized that there were no textbooks suitable to a graduate program in business. Their first solution to this problem was to interview leading practitioners of business and to write detailed accounts of what these managers were doing. Of course the professors could not present these cases as practices to be emulated because there were no criteria available for determining what would succeed and what would not succeed. So the professors instructed their students to read the cases and to come to class prepared to discuss the cases and to offer recommendations for appropriate courses of action. Basically that is the model still being used. See a critique of this approach.

  • 早期的案例是非常簡單的，一些新聞報道、法律文件、業務報告等都曾被教師拿來當作案例，用於課堂討論。因為有效解決現實問題是企業管理者的必備技能，因此把現實中出現的問題，拿來給未來的管理者們在課堂上分析與討論，是一種比較合適的做法。
  • 在哈佛商學院成立之初，學院發現並沒有合適的案例作為本科商科的教材，他們解決這個問題的方法就是：採訪一些企業家，並請他們寫下本企業在經營管理中的遇到的問題與事情經過，學校組織學生閱讀這些資料，然後邀請企業家來主持相應的案例討論課，找出解決企業問題的辦法。目前，這種方法一直被沿用。這裏是一個例子:critique。

Other approaches to business school

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In contrast to the case method some schools use a skills-based approach in teaching business. This approach emphasizes quantitative methods, in particular operations research, management information systems, statistics, organizational behavior, modeling and simulation, and decision science. The goal is to provide students a set of tools that will prepare them to tackle and solve problems.

Another important approach used in business school is the use of Business simulation games that are used in different disciplines such as business, economics, management, etc.

There are also several business school that still rely on the lecture method to give students a basic business education. Lectures are generally given from the professor's point of view, and rarely require interaction from the students unless notetaking is required.

  • 也有部分商學院採用講座這種教學方法，這種方法只是一種基礎式的教學方法，教授一般只需點出重點，一般很少與學生有互動環節，除非是有筆記要求。

Global Master of Business Administration ranking

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Each year, well-known business publications such as Business Week, US News & World Report, Fortune, Financial Times, and the Wall Street Journal publish rankings of selected MBA programs that, while controversial in their methodology, nevertheless can directly influence the prestige of schools that achieve high scores.

著名商學院

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美國

歐洲

亞洲

中國

中國老四大商學院

Lists of business schools

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See also

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