雞公艾爾

雞公艾爾（英語：cock ale）是一種在17至18世紀流行於英國的艾爾啤酒，要製作這種啤酒，需要將裝滿了去皮去肚的半熟公雞及各種水果香料的袋子，浸泡入普通艾爾啤酒的釀酒桶中。

配方

《牛津英語詞典》將「Cock ale」描述為「除其餘成分外，還與煮熟的公雞肉凍或肉糜混合的艾爾啤酒」，^[1]並將該飲品追溯至17世紀中期。在凱內爾姆·迪格比（英語：Kenelm Digby）的《櫥櫃揭秘》（Closet Opened，1669年）一書中，將其製作過程介紹為：

取八加侖艾爾酒；取一隻公雞煮熟；然後取四磅去核自然風乾的葡萄乾、兩三個肉豆蔻、三四片肉豆蔻皮、半磅海棗；用臼舂碎，再取兩夸脫最好的白葡萄酒；放入釀造好的艾爾酒中，將其封存六七天後裝瓶，一月後即可飲用。^[2]

1739年的《完美家庭主婦（英語：The Compleat Housewife）》介紹了相似的配方：

取十加侖艾爾酒和一隻大公雞，越老越好；把公雞煮熟，去皮，在石臼搗至骨碎（去皮時應一併去除內臟）；然後將公雞放進兩夸脫的麻袋裏，放入三磅曬乾的葡萄乾、一些肉豆蔻皮和少許丁香。將之裝入帆布袋中。在艾爾酒即將釀造完成時，把艾爾酒和袋子一併裝入容器中；等上一周至九天後灌裝入瓶；讓酒剛好沒過瓶頸，並按其他艾爾酒的時長等待熟成。^[3]

托馬斯·富勒（英語：Thomas Fuller (writer)）的《即興藥典》（Pharmacopœia extemporanea，1710年）里提供了肺癆艾爾（Pectoral Ale，咳嗽藥）的配方，如果加上煮熟的雞，顯然可以變成雞公艾爾。富勒解釋說，這種飲料「能使血液和體液中的酸性物質變甜，激活粘稠的痰液，促進排痰，煥發肺部活力，提供溫和的營養，對於治療惡化前的肺癆也非常有益。」^[4]約翰·諾特（John Nott）的《廚師和糖果師詞典》（Cooks and Confectioner's Dictionary，1723年）中也宣傳了這種飲料的所謂藥用價值，該詞典聲稱雞公艾爾「對肺癆有好處，並有化腐為奇之效」。^[5]

描述

一位當代傳記作者聲稱，威廉三世國王更喜歡雞公艾爾而不是葡萄酒。^[6]在羅伯特·納雷斯（英語：Robert Nares）的《詞彙表》（Glossary）中，這種飲料被描述為「一種在17世紀因其卓越品質而非常有名的艾爾酒」^[7]。該詞條還引用了奈德·沃德（英語：Ned Ward）在《倫敦間諜（英語：The London Spy）》中的一段話，其中稱雞公艾爾是「小啤酒和糖漿的混合物」，不過作者還補充說，「我說，如果這是雞公艾爾，那就讓雞頭喝吧。」^[8]內森·貝利（Nathan Bailey）的《大英詞典》（Dictionarium britannicum，1736年）將其描述為一種「令人愉快的飲料，據說具有挑逗性」，^[9]弗朗西斯·格羅斯（英語：Francis Grose）的《俗語經典詞典》（Classical Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue，1785年）也反映了這種觀點，稱其具有挑逗性。^[10]威廉·亨利·紐金特（William Henry Nugent）在1929年時聲稱，雞公艾爾是麵包和艾爾酒的混合物，是鬥雞的食物。^[11]

有幾位作者推斷，「Cock ale」可能已經訛變為了「cocktail」（雞尾酒），這是一個在1806年首次使用的美國詞，其來源現已失傳。^[12]^[13]^[14]

參考文獻

腳註

^ cock-ale, n. Second, oed.com, June 2011 [1891]
^ Digby 2007，第99頁原文：Take eight Gallons of Ale; take a Cock and boil him well; then take four pounds of Raisins of the Sun well stoned, two or three Nutmegs, three or four flakes of Mace, half a pound of Dates; beat these all in a Mortar, and put to them two quarts of the best Sack; and when the Ale hath done working, put these in, and stop it close six or seven days, and then bottle it, and a month after you may drink it.
^ Smith 1739，第222–223頁原文：Take ten gallons of ale, and a large cock, the older the better; parboil the cock, flay him, and stamp him in a stone mortar till his bones are broken (you must craw and gut him when you flay him); then put the cock into two quarts of sack, and put it to three pounds of raisins of the sun stoned, some blades of mace, and a few cloves; put all these into a canvas bag, and a little before you find the ale has done working, put the ale and bag together into a vessel; in a week or nine days time bottle it up; fill the bottle but just above the neck, and give the same time to ripen as other ale.
^ Pectoral Ale, pascalbonenfant.com, [2011-06-18], （原始內容存檔於2011-10-07）, sweetens the Acrimony of the blood and humours, incites clammy phlegm, facilitates expectoration, invigorates the lungs, supplies soft nourishment, and is very profitable even in a consumption itself, if not too far gone.
^ Nott 1723 原文：good against a Consumption, and to restore a decay'd Nature.
^ Anon 1703
^ 原文：a sort of ale which was very celebrated in the seventeenth century for its superior quality.
^ Nares 1859 原文：if this be cock-ale, said I, e'en let cocks-combs drink it.
^ Bailey 1736
^ Grose 1785
^ Nugent 1929
^ cocktail, n. and adj. Third, oed.com, June 2011 [2005] [2021-09-01], （原始內容存檔於2022-03-19）
^ Chrysti 2004
^ Powers 1998

傳記

Anon, The Life of William III, Fleet Street, London: S and J Sprint, J Nicholson, 1703 [2021-09-01], （原始內容存檔於2021-09-01）
Bailey, Nathan, Dictionarium Britannicum, Royal Exchange, London: T Cox, 1736 [2021-09-01], （原始內容存檔於2021-09-15）
Chrysti, Verbivore's feast: a banquet of word & phrase origins, Helena, MT: Farcountry Press, 2004 [2021-09-01], ISBN 1-56037-265-6, （原始內容存檔於2020-08-05）
Digby, Kenelm, The Closet of Sir Kenelm Digby Knight Opened, Middlesex: Echo Library, 2007, ISBN 978-1-4068-6120-4
Grose, Francis, A Classical Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue, High Holborn, London: S Hooper, 1785 [2021-09-01], （原始內容存檔於2013-06-04）
Nares, Robert, A glossary, London: J R Smith, 1859 [2021-09-01], （原始內容存檔於2021-11-25）
Nott, John, The Cooks and Confectioner's Dictionary, St Pauls, London: C Rivington, 1723 [2021-09-01], （原始內容存檔於2021-09-01）
Nugent, William Henry, Cock Fighting Today, The American mercury 17 (American Mercury), 1929, 17
Powers, Madelon, Faces along the bar: lore and order in the workingman's saloon, 1870-1920, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998 [2021-09-01], ISBN 0-226-67768-0, （原始內容存檔於2019-12-23）
Smith, Eliza, The compleat housewife, Fleet Street, London: J and J Pemberton, 1739 [2021-09-01], （原始內容存檔於2022-06-28）

外部連結

Making a seventeenth century cock ale following Digby's recipe （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）; tasting it （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）

[1] -ale, n. Second, oed.com, June 2011 [1891]

[2] Digby 2007，第99頁原文：Take eight Gallons of Ale; take a Cock and boil him well; then take four pounds of Raisins of the Sun well stoned, two or three Nutmegs, three or four flakes of Mace, half a pound of Dates; beat these all in a Mortar, and put to them two quarts of the best Sack; and when the Ale hath done working, put these in, and stop it close six or seven days, and then bottle it, and a month after you may drink it.

[3] Smith 1739，第222–223頁原文：Take ten gallons of ale, and a large cock, the older the better; parboil the cock, flay him, and stamp him in a stone mortar till his bones are broken (you must craw and gut him when you flay him); then put the cock into two quarts of sack, and put it to three pounds of raisins of the sun stoned, some blades of mace, and a few cloves; put all these into a canvas bag, and a little before you find the ale has done working, put the ale and bag together into a vessel; in a week or nine days time bottle it up; fill the bottle but just above the neck, and give the same time to ripen as other ale.

[4] Pectoral Ale, pascalbonenfant.com, [2011-06-18], （原始內容存檔於2011-10-07）, sweetens the Acrimony of the blood and humours, incites clammy phlegm, facilitates expectoration, invigorates the lungs, supplies soft nourishment, and is very profitable even in a consumption itself, if not too far gone.

[5] Nott 1723 原文：good against a Consumption, and to restore a decay'd Nature.

[6] Anon 1703

[7] 原文：a sort of ale which was very celebrated in the seventeenth century for its superior quality.

[8] Nares 1859 原文：if this be cock-ale, said I, e'en let cocks-combs drink it.

[9] Bailey 1736

[10] Grose 1785

[11] Nugent 1929

[12] tail, n. and adj. Third, oed.com, June 2011 [2005] [2021-09-01], （原始內容存檔於2022-03-19）

[13] Chrysti 2004

[14] Powers 1998

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