阿拉伯語音系
外觀
阿拉伯語音系(Arabic phonology)是阿拉伯語的語音系統的描述。雖然許多語言有許多不同的方言,但當代阿拉伯語口語被更恰當地描述為變體的連續體。[1]本文主要討論現代標準阿拉伯語(MSA),這是整個阿拉伯語地區受過教育的人共同使用的標準阿拉伯語變體。現代標準阿拉伯語用於正式印刷媒體的書面形式,以及多種類型的新聞廣播、演講,以及正式聲明中的口頭形式。[2]
現代標準阿拉伯語語音在大多數的現代方言變體中有28個輔音音位、以及6個元音音位,或者8個或者10個元音。所有音素都在強調(咽化)輔音、與非強調輔音之間形成對比。其中一些音素已在各種現代方言中合併,而新的音位則是通過借用,或音位的拆分來引入。"音素的長度質量"適用於輔音、以及元音。[3]
不同阿拉伯方言的音韻
[編輯]阿拉伯語輔音的主要方言變體圍繞着六個輔音而展開;⟨ج⟩, ⟨ق⟩, ⟨ث⟩, ⟨ذ⟩, ⟨ض⟩ 與 ⟨ظ⟩:
字母 | 古典語音 | 現代標準語音 | 方言主要變體 | 不常見的變化 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ث | /θ/ | /θ/ | [θ] | [t] | [s] | [f] | |||||
ج | /gʲ/ or /ɟ/ | /d͡ʒ/ | [d͡ʒ] | [ʒ] | [ɡ] | [ɟ] | [j] | [d͡z] | [d] | ||
ذ | /ð/ | /ð/ | [ð] | [d] | [z] | [v] | |||||
ض | /ɮˤ/ | /dˤ/ | [dˤ] | [ðˤ] | [zˤ] | [d] | |||||
ظ | /ðˤ/ | /ðˤ/ | [ðˤ] | [dˤ] | [zˤ] | ||||||
ق | /q/ or /ɡ/ | /q/ | [q] | [ɡ] | [ʔ] | [ɢ] | [k] | [d͡ʒ] | [d͡z] | [ɣ ~ ʁ] |
註釋
[編輯]- ^ Kirchhoff & Vergyri (2005:38頁)
- ^ Kirchhoff & Vergyri (2005:38–39頁)
- ^ Holes (2004:57頁)
參考文獻
[編輯]- Abd-El-Jawad, Hassan, Cross-Dialectal Variation in Arabic: Competing Prestigious Forms, Language in Society, 1987, 16 (3): 359–367, doi:10.1017/S0047404500012446
- Al Ani, S.H., Arabic Phonology: An Acoustical and Physiological Investigation, The Hague: Mouton, 1970
- Davis, Stuart, Emphasis Spread in Arabic and Grounded Phonology, Linguistic Inquiry (The MIT Press), 1995, 26 (3): 465–498, JSTOR 4178907
- Ferguson, Charles, The Emphatic L in Arabic, Language, 1956, 32 (3): 446–452, JSTOR 410565, doi:10.2307/410565
- Gairdner, W.H.T., The Phonetics of Arabic, London: Oxford University Press, 1925
- Hans Wehr, (1952) Arabisches Wörterbuch für die Schriftsprache der Gegenwart* Holes, Clive, Modern Arabic: Structures, Functions, and Varieties, Georgetown University Press, 2004, ISBN 978-1-58901-022-2
- Kästner, H., Phonetik und Phonologie des modernen Hocharabisch, Leipzig: Verlag Enzyklopädie, 1981
- Kirchhoff, Katrin; Vergyri, Dimitra, Cross-dialectal data sharing for acoustic modeling in Arabic speech recognition, Speech Communication, 2005, 46 (1): 37–51, doi:10.1016/j.specom.2005.01.004
- Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian, The Sounds of the World's Languages, Oxford: Blackwell, 1996, ISBN 978-0-631-19815-4
- Lipinski, E., Semitic Languages, Leuven: Peters, 1997
- McCarthy, John J., The phonetics and phonology of Semitic pharyngeals, Keating, Patricia (編), Papers in laboratory phonology III: phonological structure and phonetic form, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 191–233, 1994 [2021-09-22], (原始內容存檔於2018-07-20)
- Mion, Giuliano, Sociofonologia dell'arabo. Dalla ricerca empirica al riconoscimento del parlante, Rome: Sapienza Orientale, 2010
- Neme, Alexis, Pattern-and-root inflectional morphology: the Arabic broken plural, Language Sciences, 2013, 40 (2): 221–250 [2021-09-22], CiteSeerX 10.1.1.697.1138 , doi:10.1016/j.langsci.2013.06.002, (原始內容存檔於2021-02-25)
- Thelwall, Robin, Illustrations of the IPA: Arabic, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 1990, 20 (2): 37–41, JSTOR 44526807, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004266
- Watson, Janet, The Directionality of Emphasis Spread in Arabic, Linguistic Inquiry, 1999, 30 (2): 289–300, doi:10.1162/002438999554066
- Watson, Janet C. E., The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic, New York: Oxford University Press, 2002