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絛蟲綱

維基百科，自由的百科全書

絛蟲綱
化石時期：270 –0 Ma[1]
Taenia saginata
科學分類 編輯
界： 動物界 Animalia
門： 扁形動物門 Platyhelminthes
綱： 絛蟲綱 Cestoda
亞綱

絛蟲綱（學名：Cestoda）是一個寄生性扁形動物門的一個綱[2][3]。人們常說的絛蟲其實是多個物種的泛稱。所有絛蟲綱的物種都是寄生蟲，其生活史可能各有不同，但這些物種的成蟲寄生於各類脊椎動物的消化道內，而其幼年期則寄生於其他動物的物種，例如：軟體動物。這些物種自身無消化道，體分節或不分節的扁形動物。

絛蟲的寄生歷程已有很長久歷史：科學家在一塊2.7億年前（二疊紀中期到後期）的鯊魚糞便化石（coprolites）裏發現了多叢絛蟲卵及一條發育中的蚴[1]。

分類

[編輯]

目前全球約有4000餘種，中國約有400種[4]。共分以下兩個亞綱：

寄生於人體的絛蟲有30餘種，多屬圓葉目（Cyclophyllidea）和假葉目（Pseudophyllidea），最著名的種是引起人類絛蟲病的豬肉絛蟲[4]。

多節絛蟲亞綱物種的分類已澄清[5]。以下為現時的分類：

四葉目、假葉目（因為裂頭絛蟲科，Diphyllobothriidae）及圓葉目（因為Mesocestoididae科）均為並系群。

帶科（Taeniidae）可能是圓葉目之下12個目的最基底[5]。

The Tetraphyllidea, Lecanicephalidea, Proteocephalidea, Nippotaeniidea, Tetrabothriidea, and Cyclophyllidea are considered to be the 'higher' tapeworms.

海洋中的Trypanorhyncha目有277個已知物種，分為五個總科：Tentacularioidea, Gymnorhynchoidea, Otobothrioidea, Eutetrarhynchidae 和 Lacistorhynchidae.

在GBIF，本綱包括以下目：
  • Amphilinidea
  • Bothriocephalidea
  • Caryophyllidea
  • Cathetocephalidea
    • Cathetocephalidae
    • Disculicepitidae
  • 圓葉目 Cyclophyllidea
  • Diphyllidea
    • Echinobothriidae
  • 裂頭絛蟲目 Diphyllobothriidea
    • Cephalochlamydidae
    • 裂頭絛蟲科 Diphyllobothriidae
      • Adenocephalus Nybelin, 1931
      • Baylisia Markowski, 1952
      • Baylisiella Markowski, 1952
      • Dibothriocephalus Lühe, 1899
      • Diphyllobothrium Cobbold, 1858
      • Diplogonophorus Lönnberg, 1892
      • Dubium Rudolphi, 1819
      • Flexobothrium Yurakhno, 1989
      • Glandicephalus Fuhrmann, 1921
      • Hexagonoporus Gubanov, 1955
      • Ligula Bloch, 1782
        • Ligula alternans Rudolphi, 1810
        • Ligula avium Bloch, 1782
        • Ligula colymbi Zeder, 1803
        • Ligula digramma Creplin, 1839
        • Ligula interrupta Rudolphi, 1810
        • Ligula intestinalis (Linnaeus, 1758) Gmelin, 1790[6]
        • Ligula monogramma Creplin, 1839
        • Ligula nemachili (Dubinina, 1957) Kuchta & Scholz, 2017
        • Ligula pancerii Polonio, 1860
        • Ligula pavlovskii Dubinina, 1959
      • Multiductus Clarke, 1962
      • Plicobothrium Rausch & Margolis, 1969
      • Pyramicocephalus Monticelli, 1890
      • Schistocephalus Creplin, 1829
      • Sparganum Diesing, 1854
      • Spirometra Faust, Campbell & Kellogg, 1929
      • Tetragonoporus Skryabin, 1961
    • Solenophoridae
  • Gyrocotylidea
  • Haplobothriidea
  • Lecanicephalidea
    • Aberrapecidae
    • Cephalobothiidae
    • Cephalobothriidae
    • Eniochobothriidae
    • Lecanicephalidae
    • Paraberrapecidae
    • Polycephalidae
    • Polypocephalidae
      • Anteropora Subhapradha, 1955
      • Anthemobothrium Shipley & Hornell, 1906
      • Corollapex Herzog & Jensen, 2017
      • Hornellobothrium Shipley & Hornell, 1906
      • Polypocephalus Braun, 1878[7]
        • Polypocephalus affinis Subhapradha, 1951
        • Polypocephalus alii Shinde & Jadhav, 1981
        • Polypocephalus barsami Roudsari & Haseli, 2020
        • Polypocephalus bombayensis Shinde, Dhule & Jadhav, 1991
        • Polypocephalus budhadebae Jadhav, 2007
        • Polypocephalus caribbensis (Gardner & Schmidt, 1984) Jensen, 2005
        • Polypocephalus coronatus Subhapradha, 1951
        • Polypocephalus digholensis Deshmukh, Jadhav & Shinde, 1982
        • Polypocephalus djeddensis Jadhav & Shinde, 1989
        • Polypocephalus elongatus (Southwell, 1912) Jensen, 2005
        • Polypocephalus harnesis Lanka, Pathan & Jadhav, 2006
        • Polypocephalus helmuti Jensen, 2005
        • Polypocephalus himanshui Pramanik & Manna, 2006
        • Polypocephalus indicus Deshmukh, Jadhav & Shinde, 1982
        • Polypocephalus karbharii Deshmukh, Jadhav & Shinde, 1982
        • Polypocephalus katpurensis Shinde & Jadhav, 1981
        • Polypocephalus kuhlii Vankara, Vijayalakshmi & Vijayalakshmi, 2006
        • Polypocephalus lintoni Subhapradha, 1951
        • Polypocephalus maharashtra Deshmukh, Jadhav & Shinde, 1982
        • Polypocephalus medusia (Linton, 1890) Southwell, 1925
        • Polypocephalus mirkarwarensis Dandawate & Jadhav, 2009
        • Polypocephalus moretonensis Butler, 1987
        • Polypocephalus prathibhai Deshmukh, Jadhav & Shinde, 1982
        • Polypocephalus radiatus Braun, 1878
        • Polypocephalus ratnagiriensis Jadhav, Shinde & Sarwade, 1986
        • Polypocephalus rhinobatidis Subhapradha, 1951
        • Polypocephalus rhynchobatidis Subhapradha, 1951
        • Polypocephalus saoudi Hassan, 1982
        • Polypocephalus singhii Shinde & Jadhav, 1981
        • Polypocephalus thapari Shinde & Jadhav, 1981
        • Polypocephalus vesicularis Yamaguti, 1960
        • Polypocephalus visakhapatnamensis Vankara, Lakshmi & Lakshmi, 2007
        • Polypocephalus vitellaris Subhapradha, 1951
        • Polypocephalus waltairensis Mote, 2012
      • Seussapex Jensen & Russell, 2014
      • Thysanobothrium Shipley & Hornell, 1906
    • Tetragonocephalidae
    • Zanobatocestidae
  • Litobothriidea
  • Nippotaeniidea
  • Onchoproteocephalidea
  • Phyllobothriidea
    • Chimaerocestidae
    • Phyllobothriidae
      • Alexandercestus Ruhnke & Workman, 2013
      • Anindobothrium
      • Anthobothrium
      • Aocobothrium
      • Bibursibothridium McKenzie & Caira, 1998
      • Bibursibothrium McKenzie & Caira, 1998
      • Biporophyllaeus Subramaniam, 1939
      • Calyptrobothrium Monticelli, 1893
      • Cardiobothrium McKenzie & Caira, 1998
      • Caulobothrium
      • Caulopatera Cutmore, Bennett & Cribb, 2010
      • Clistobothrium Dailey & Vogelbein, 1990
        • Clistobothrium amyae Caira, Hayes & Jensen, 2020
        • Clistobothrium carcharodoni Dailey & Vogelbein, 1990[8]
        • Clistobothrium gabywalterorum Caira, Hayes & Jensen, 2020
        • Clistobothrium montaukense Ruhnke, 1993
        • Clistobothrium tumidum (Linton, 1922) Ruhnke, 1993
      • Crossobothrium Linton, 1889
      • Cyatocotyle Mola, 1908
      • Dinobothrium
      • Flexibothrium McKenzie & Caira, 1998
      • Gastrolecithus
      • Guidus Ivanov, 2006
      • Hemipristicola Cutmore, Theiss, Bennett & Cribb, 2011
      • Hoaleshwaria
      • Kowsalyabothrium Muralidhar, Shinde & Jadhav, 1987
      • Marsupiobothrium Yamaguti, 1952
      • Monorygma Diesing, 1863
      • Orygmatobothrium Diesing, 1863
      • Pelichnibothrium Monticelli, 1889
      • Pentaloculum Alexander, 1963
      • Phanobothrium
      • Phormobothrium Alexander, 1963
      • Phyllobothrium Van Beneden, 1850
      • Pillersium Southwell, 1927
      • Pithophorus Southwell, 1925
      • Polipobothrium
      • Rockacestus Caira, Bueno & Jensen, 2021
      • Ruhnkebothrium Caira, Bueno & Jensen, 2021
      • Scyphophyllidium Woodland, 1927
      • Shindeiobothrium
      • Thysanocephalum Linton, 1890
      • Tiarabothrium Shipley & Hornell, 1906
      • Yamaguticestus Caira, Bueno & Jensen, 2021
      • Zyxibothrium Hayden & Campbell, 1981
  • Rhinebothriidea
  • Spathebothriidea
    • Acrobothriidae
    • Diplocotylidae
    • Spathebothriidae
  • Tetrabothriidea
    • Tetrabothriidae
      • Anophryocephalus Baylis, 1922
      • Bothridiotaenia Lönnberg, 1896
      • Chaetophallus Nybelin, 1916
      • Dendrometra Jordano & Diaz-Ungria, 1956
      • Priapocephalus Nybelin, 1922
      • Strobilocephalus Baer, 1932
      • Tetrabothrium Blainville, 1828
      • Tetrabothrius Rudolphi, 1819
      • Trigonocotyle Baer, 1932
  • 四葉目 Tetraphyllidea
  • 錐吻目 Trypanorhyncha
目的地位未定的科：
目和科的地位未定的屬：

特徵

[編輯]

成蟲扁長如腰帶，分節，白色或乳白色，體長因蟲種不同可從數毫米至數米不等。由頭節（scolex）、頸部（neck）、節片（proglottid）組成，前端細。 頭節上有槽、吸盤或鈎，藉此附着在宿主腸壁上；節片由頸分裂而來，節片由一至數千不等，越往後越寬大；每一節片相當一個體，稱鏈體（stroblius），鏈體是蟲體最顯著的部分，其中至少有一套雌雄生殖器官，其他器官退化，營養靠體表吸收宿主的養料；隨着生殖器官的發育，節片愈後愈成熟，有卵的節片稱為孕節，最後逐節或整段脫落，隨糞便排出宿主體外。

生活史

[編輯]

卵內具有鈎的胚，胚逸出後侵入中間宿主，發育為實心或囊狀的蚴，蚴被最終宿主吞食後，即在小腸內成長為成蟲；例如寄生人體內的豬肉絛蟲、牛肉絛蟲。

參考文獻

[編輯]
  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 Tapeworm eggs discovered in 270-million-year-old fossil shark feces [2.7億年前鯊魚糞便化石發現絛蟲卵]. ScienceDaily. [2022-11-13]. （原始內容存檔於2022-11-13） （英語）. 
  2. ^ McManus, D. P. The physiology and biochemistry of cestodes. Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press. 1989. ISBN 0-521-35557-5. OCLC 18350421. 
  3. ^ Craig, Philip; Pawłowski, Zbigniew. Cestode zoonoses: echinococcosis and cysticercosis: an emergent and global problem. Amsterdam: IOS Press. 2002. ISBN 1-58603-220-8. OCLC 49775224. 
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 人体寄生虫学 第6版. 人民衛生出版社. 2004. ISBN 7-117-06164-2. R·6165 （中文（簡體））. 
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 Mariaux, J. A molecular phylogeny of the Eucestoda. The Journal of Parasitology. 1998-02, 84 (1) [2022-11-13]. ISSN 0022-3395. JSTOR 3284540. PMID 9488348. S2CID 24300383. doi:10.2307/3284540. （原始內容存檔於2022-11-13）. 
  6. ^ Ligula intestinalis. Parasite of the Day. [2024-03-28]. 
  7. ^ Polypocephalus sp.. Parasite of the Day. [2024-03-29]. （原始內容存檔於2024-03-29）. 
  8. ^ Clistobothrium carcharodoni. Parasite of the Day. [2024-04-06]. （原始內容存檔於2024-06-29）. 
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