使用者:Wheeler LIM/Text

  此用戶頁的主題是一個位於西亞的阿拉伯島嶼國家。關於與「User:Wheeler LIM/Text」標題相近或相同的用戶頁，請見「巴林 (消歧義)」。

巴林王國 阿拉伯語：مملكة البحرين‎ Mamlakat al-Baḥrayn
國旗 國徽
國歌：我們的巴林 Bahrainona
巴林王國（綠色部分）在中東的位置
首都 暨最大城市	麥納麥
官方語言	阿拉伯語（官方語言） 通用英語，少數用波斯語、烏爾都語
族群 （2010年數據）	46.0% 巴林人 45.5% 亞洲人 4.7% 其他阿拉伯人 1.6% 非洲人 1.0% 歐洲人 1.2% 其他族群
宗教	伊斯蘭教
政府	單一制 議會制 君主立憲制
• 國王	哈邁德·本·伊薩·本·薩勒曼·阿勒哈利法
• 王儲	薩勒曼·本·哈邁德·本·伊薩·阿勒哈利法
• 首相	哈利法·本·薩勒曼·阿勒哈利法
立法機構	國民議會
• 上議院	協商會議
• 下議院	眾議院
獨立
• 宣布獨立(從英國)	1971年8月14日
• 正式建國	1971年8月15日
面積
• 總計	770平方公里（第187位）
• 水域率	忽略不計 海岸線：161公里（第147位）%
人口
• 2014年估計	1,343,000人（第155位）
• 2010年普查	1,234,571人
• 密度	1,603.3/平方公里（第7位）
GDP（PPP）	2015年估計
• 總計	363.93億國際元（第98位）
• 人均	29,789國際元（第12位）
GDP（國際匯率）	2015年估計
• 總計	295.98億美元（第93位）
• 人均	24,227美元（第28位）
人類發展指數	━   ━ 0.815 極高（2013年）  · 第44位
貨幣	巴林第納爾（BHD）
時區	UTC+3（東三區）
行駛方位	靠右行駛
電話區號	+973
ISO 3166碼	BH
互聯網頂級域	.bh

巴林王國（阿拉伯語：مملكة البحرين‎，Mamlakat al-Baḥrayn^ⓘ），通稱巴林（阿拉伯語：‏البحرين‎，al-Baḥrayn^ⓘ；ⁱ/bɑːˈreɪn/；波斯語：‏بحرین‎，Bahreyn），是一個位於西亞波斯灣內的島嶼國家，由巴林群島和侯瓦爾群島組成，國土總面積為770.34平方公里。巴林島是全國最大的島嶼，面積有615.56平方公里，占了全國土地面積近8成。巴林四面環海，西部與沙特阿拉伯隔海相鄰，並通過法赫德國王大橋相連；北面則與伊朗隔海相距約200公里；東南側與卡塔爾半島間隔着巴林灣。2010年，巴林國內總人口為1,234,571人，其中超過一半有666,172人為外籍人口。

巴林古代是迪爾穆恩文明發跡之處，巴林堡就曾為該文明首都之所在。公元628年巴林成為最早皈依伊斯蘭教的地區之一，在經過一段時期的阿拉伯帝國統治後，葡萄牙人於1521年征服了巴林，而不久後薩非王朝的阿拔斯一世大帝於1602年擊潰占領當地的葡萄牙人，將巴林納入版圖。1783年一支阿拉伯部落聯盟巴尼·歐特拜趁波斯帝國的卡扎爾王朝動亂時期奪取了巴林，其中的阿勒哈利法家族在此建立起了統治，艾哈邁德·本·穆罕默德·本·哈利法成為巴林第一位哈基姆。1820年巴林與英國簽訂條約成為其保護國，1931年後巴林發現地下蘊藏大量石油，隨即成為海灣阿拉伯國家中第一口油井所在國，此後伊朗開始與英國爭奪巴林歸屬但一直未果。直到1971年巴林結束與英國的特殊協定，宣布獨立建立起酋長國，後於2002年頒布新憲法改稱王國。2011年受阿拉伯之春影響，巴林國內爆發了什葉派民眾主導的反政府示威活動。受此餘波影響，巴林被自由之家評為威權政體及不自由國家，截至2014年10月評價仍未改變。

巴林系在海灣阿拉伯國家中首個步入後石油經濟的國家，自20世紀後期開始巴林向國內的銀行業與旅遊業投入巨資以求擺脫經濟對石油的單一依賴，2008年巴林被評價為中東最自由和最多元化的經濟體，金融業和製造業成為國內最大的產業之一，而石油和天然氣產業貢獻GDP增長低於20％。也因此巴林擁有較高的人類發展指數，位居世界第44位，亦被世界銀行認定為高收入經濟體。2001年美國將巴林定位為主要非北約盟國，美國海軍第五艦隊司令部駐紮其首都麥納麥。

國名

一幅雅克-尼古拉斯·貝林於公元1763年繪製的巴林與波斯灣歷史區域地圖，圖中在波斯灣內靠近西南岸的兩個小島中，位處左側的即是巴林（圖中以法語標示）。

在阿拉伯語中，「巴林」（‏البحرين；Baḥrayn）是「海」（البحر；Baḥr）的雙數形式，「巴林」即為「兩個海」之意。不過「巴林」這個詞彙的由來及出處至今仍然存疑。因為「巴林」一詞在古蘭經中出現過五次，都不是指代現在的巴林島及其人民，而是表示阿拉伯東部區域，確切地說是現今沙特阿拉伯境內的哈薩綠洲與蓋提夫一帶。而且巴林古時期至少在公元8世紀以前在阿拉伯世界中實際上是被稱作阿瓦勒（أوال‏；Awal）。

現今巴林的「兩個海」的意義已經被其西北及東南的兩個島嶼所切割而成的東西兩個海灣所代替。

Today, Bahrain's "two seas" are instead generally taken to be the bay east and west of the island, the seas north and south of the island, or the salt and fresh water present above and below the ground. In addition to wells, there are areas of the sea north of Bahrain where fresh water bubbles up in the middle of the salt water as noted by visitors since antiquity. An alternate theory with regard to Bahrain's toponymy is offered by the al-Ahsa region, which suggests that the two seas were the Great Green Ocean and a peaceful lake on the Arabian mainland. Another supposition by al-Jawahari suggests that the more formal name Bahri (lit. "belonging to the sea") would have been misunderstood and so was opted against.

Until the late Middle Ages, "Bahrain" referred to the region of Eastern Arabia that included Southern Iraq, Kuwait, Al-Hasa, Qatif and Bahrain. The region stretched from Basra in Iraq to the Strait of Hormuz in Oman. This was Iqlīm al-Bahrayn's "Bahrayn Province". The exact date at which the term "Bahrain" began to refer solely to the Awal archipelago is unknown. The entire coastal strip of Eastern Arabia was known as "Bahrain" for ten centuries.

歷史

主條目：巴林歷史

巴林歷史上幾經易主，

前伊斯蘭時代

波斯帝國薩珊王朝在霍斯勞二世時期（590年-628年）的統治疆域

巴林的遠古時代，也稱前伊斯蘭時代或蒙昧時代

Bahrain was home to the Dilmun civilization, an important Bronze Age trade centre linking Mesopotamia and the Indus Valley. Bahrain was later ruled by the Assyrians and Babylonians.

Bahrain's pre-Islamic population consisted of Christian Arabs (mostly Abd al-Qays), Persians (Zoroastrians), Jews and Aramaic-speaking agriculturalists. According to Robert Bertram Serjeant, the Baharna may be the Arabized "descendants of converts from the original population of Christians (Aramaeans), Jews and Persians inhabiting the island and cultivated coastal provinces of Eastern Arabia at the time of the Muslim conquest". The sedentary people of pre-Islamic Bahrain were Aramaic speakers and to some degree Persian speakers, while Syriac functioned as a liturgical language.

From the 6th to 3rd century BC, Bahrain was added to the Persian Empire by the Achaemenian dynasty. By about 250 BC, the Parthians brought the Persian Gulf under its control and extended its influence as far as Oman. In order to control trade routes, the Parthians established garrisons along the southern coast of the Persian Gulf.

During the classical era, Bahrain was referred to by the ancient Greeks as Tylos, the centre of pearl trading, when Nearchus came to discover Bahrain serving under Alexander the Great. The Greek admiral Nearchus is believed to have been the first of Alexander's commanders to visit Bahrain, and he found a verdant land that was part of a wide trading network; he recorded: 「That in the island of Tylos, situated in the Persian Gulf, are large plantations of cotton tree, from which are manufactured clothes called sindones, a very different degrees of value, some being costly, others less expensive. The use of these is not confined to India, but extends to Arabia.」 The Greek historian, Theophrastus, states that much of Bahrain were covered in these cotton trees and that Bahrain was famous for exporting walking canes engraved with emblems that were customarily carried in Babylon.

Alexander had planned to settle in Bahrain with Greek colonists, and although it is not clear that this happened on the scale he envisaged, Bahrain was very much part of the Hellenised world: the language of the upper classes was Greek (although Aramaic was in everyday use), while Zeus was worshipped in the form of the Arabian sun-god Shams. Bahrain even became the site of Greek athletic contests.

The Greek historian Strabo believed the Phoenicians originate from Bahrain. Herodotus also believed that the homeland of the Phoenicians was Bahrain. This theory was accepted by the 19th-century German classicist Arnold Heeren who said that: "In the Greek geographers, for instance, we read of two islands, named Tyrus or Tylos, and Arad, Bahrain, which boasted that they were the mother country of the Phoenicians, and exhibited relics of Phoenician temples." The people of Tyre in particular have long maintained Persian Gulf origins, and the similarity in the words "Tylos" and "Tyre" has been commented upon. However, there is little evidence of occupation at all in Bahrain during the time when such migration had supposedly taken place.

The name Tylos is thought to be a Hellenisation of the Semitic, Tilmun (from Dilmun). The term Tylos was commonly used for the islands until Ptolemy’s Geographia when the inhabitants are referred to as 'Thilouanoi'. Some place names in Bahrain go back to the Tylos era, for instance, the residential suburb of Arad in Muharraq, is believed to originate from "Arados", the ancient Greek name for Muharraq.

In the 3rd century AD, Ardashir I, the first ruler of the Sassanid dynasty, marched on Oman and Bahrain, where he defeated Sanatruq the ruler of Bahrain. At this time, Bahrain was known as Mishmahig (which in Middle-Persian/Pahlavi means "ewe-fish").

Bahrain was also the site of worship of a shark deity called Awal. Worshipers built a large statue to Awal in Muharraq, although it has now been lost. For many centuries after Tylos, Bahrian was known as Awal. By the 5th century, Bahrain became the centre for Nestorian Christianity, with the village Samahij as the seat of bishops. In 410, according to the Oriental Syriac Church synodal records, a bishop named Batai was excommunicated from the church in Bahrain. As a sect, the Nestorians were often persecuted as heretics by the Byzantine Empire, but Bahrain was outside the Empire's control offering some safety. The names of several Muharraq villages today reflect Bahrain's Christian legacy, with Al Dair meaning 「the monastery」.

穆罕默德時代

主條目：穆罕默德遠征列表

Facsimile of a letter sent by Muhammad to Munzir ibn-Sawa al-Tamimi, governor of Bahrain in 628 AD

Muhammad's first interaction with the people of Bahrain was the Al Kudr Invasion. Muhammad ordered a surprise attack on the Banu Salim tribe for allegedly plotting to attack Medina. He had gotten news that some tribes were amassing an army on march from Bahrain. But the tribesmen retreated when they learnt Muhammad was leading an army to face them.

Traditional Islamic accounts state that Al-ʿAlāʾ Al-Haḍrami was sent as an envoy during the Expedition of Zaid ibn Haritha (Hisma) to the Bahrain region by the prophet Muhammad in 628 AD and that Munzir ibn-Sawa al-Tamimi, the local ruler, responded to his mission and converted the entire area.

伊斯蘭時代

In 899 AD, the Qarmatians, a millenarian Ismaili Muslim sect seized Bahrain, seeking to create a utopian society based on reason and redistribution of property among initiates. Thereafter, the Qarmatians demanded tribute from the caliph in Baghdad, and in 930 AD sacked Mecca and Medina, bringing the sacred Black Stone back to their base in Ahsa, in medieval Bahrain, for ransom. According to historian Al-Juwayni, the stone was returned 22 years later in 951 under mysterious circumstances. Wrapped in a sack, it was thrown into the Great Mosque of Kufa in Iraq, accompanied by a note saying "By command we took it, and by command we have brought it back." The theft and removal of the Black Stone caused it to break into seven pieces.

Following a 976 AD defeat by the Abbasids, the Qarmations were overthrown by the Arab Uyunid dynasty of al-Hasa, who took over the entire Bahrain region in 1076. The Uyunids controlled Bahrain until 1235, when the archipelago was briefly occupied by the Persian ruler of Fars. In 1253, the Bedouin Usfurids brought down the Uyunid dynasty, thereby gaining control over eastern Arabia, including the islands of Bahrain. In 1330, the archipelago became a tributary state of the rulers of Hormuz, though locally the islands were controlled by the Shi'ite Jarwanid dynasty of Qatif. In the mid-15th century, the archipelago came under the rule of the Jabrids, a Bedouin dynasty also based in Al-Ahsa that ruled most of eastern Arabia.

葡萄牙統治時期

15世紀巴林人用以抵禦外敵入侵在穆哈拉格島上建造的阿拉德古堡

In 1521, the Portuguese allied with Hormuz and seized Bahrain from the Jabrid ruler Migrin ibn Zamil, who was killed during the takeover. Portuguese rule lasted for around 80 years, during which time they depended mainly on Sunni Persian governors. The Portuguese were expelled from the islands in 1602 by Abbas I of the Safavid dynasty of Persia, which gave impetus to Shia Islam. For the next two centuries, Persian rulers retained control of the archipelago, interrupted by the 1717 and 1738 invasions of the Ibadhis of Oman. During most of this period, they resorted to governing Bahrain indirectly, either through the city of Bushehr or through immigrant Sunni Arab clans. The latter were tribes returning to the Arabian side of the Persian Gulf from Persian territories in the north who were known as Huwala (literally: those that have changed or moved). In 1753, the Huwala clan of Nasr Al-Madhkur invaded Bahrain on behalf of the Iranian Zand leader Karim Khan Zand and restored direct Iranian rule.

1783年動亂時期

主條目：1782-1783 unrest in Bahrain和Qatari–Bahraini War

In 1783, Nasr Al-Madhkur, ruler of Bahrain and Bushire, lost the islands of Bahrain following his defeat by the Bani Utbah tribe at the 1782 Battle of Zubarah. Bahrain was not new territory to the Bani Utbah; they had been a presence there since the 17th century. During that time, they started purchasing date palm gardens in Bahrain; a document shows that 81 years before arrival of the Al-Khalifa, one of the shaikhs of the Al Bin Ali tribe (an offshoot of the Bani Utbah) had bought a palm garden from Mariam bint Ahmed Al Sindi in Sitra island.

The Al Bin Ali were the dominant group controlling the town of Zubarah on the Qatar peninsula, originally the center of power of the Bani Utbah. After the Bani Utbah gained control of Bahrain, the Al Bin Ali had a practically independent status there as a self-governing tribe. They used a flag with four red and three white stripes, called the Al-Sulami flag in Bahrain, Qatar, Kuwait, and the Eastern province of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Later, different Arab family clans and tribes from Qatar moved to Bahrain to settle after the fall of Nasr Al-Madhkur of Bushehr. These families included the Al Khalifa, Al-Ma'awdah, Al-Fadhil, Al-Mannai, Al-Noaimi, Al-Sulaiti, Al-Sadah, Al-Thawadi and other families and tribes.

The Al Khalifa family moved to Bahrain in 1797. Originally, they lived in Umm Qasr where they preyed on the caravans of Basra and pirated ships in the Shatt al-Arab waterway until Turks expelled them to Kuwait where they remained until 1766. In the early 19th century, Bahrain was invaded by both the Omanis and the Al Sauds. In 1802 it was governed by a twelve-year-old child, when the Omani ruler Sayyid Sultan installed his son, Salim, as Governor in the Arad Fort. In 1820, the Al Khalifa tribe were recognised by Great Britain as the rulers ("Al-Hakim" in Arabic) of Bahrain after signing a treaty relationship. However, ten years later they were forced to pay yearly tributes to Egypt despite seeking Persian and British protection.

1870年巴林麥納麥的一處港口

In 1860, the Al Khalifas used the same tactic when the British tried to overpower Bahrain. Writing letters to the Persians and Ottomans, Al Khalifas agreed to place Bahrain under the latter's protection in March due to offering better conditions. Eventually the Government of British India overpowered Bahrain when the Persians refused to protect it. Colonel Pelly signed a new treaty with Al Khalifas placing Bahrain under British rule and protection.

Following the Qatari–Bahraini War in 1868, British representatives signed another agreement with the Al Khalifas. It specified that the ruler could not dispose of any of his territory except to the United Kingdom and could not enter into relationships with any foreign government without British consent. In return the British promised to protect Bahrain from all aggression by sea and to lend support in case of land attack. More importantly the British promised to support the rule of the Al Khalifa in Bahrain, securing its unstable position as rulers of the country. Other agreements in 1880 and 1892 sealed the protectorate status of Bahrain to the British.

Unrest amongst the people of Bahrain began when Britain officially established complete dominance over the territory in 1892. The first revolt and widespread uprising took place in March 1895 against Sheikh Issa bin Ali, then ruler of Bahrain. Sheikh Issa was the first of the Al Khalifa to rule without Persian relations. Sir Arnold Wilson, Britain's representative in the Persian Gulf and author of The Persian Gulf, arrived in Bahrain from Muscat at this time. The uprising developed further with some protesters killed by British forces.

19世紀繁榮時期

Peace and trade brought a new prosperity. Bahrain was no longer dependent upon pearling, and by the mid-19th century, it became the pre-eminent trading centre in the Persian Gulf, overtaking rivals Basra, Kuwait and finally in the 1870s, Muscat. At the same time, Bahrain's socio-economic development began to diverge from the rest of the Persian Gulf: it transformed itself from a trading centre into a modern state. This process was spurred by the attraction of large numbers of Persian, Huwala, and Indian merchant families who set up businesses on the island, making it the nexus of a vast web of trade routes across the Persian Gulf, Persia and the Indian sub-continent. A contemporary account of Manama in 1862 found:

“ Mixed with the indigenous population [of Manamah] are numerous strangers and settlers, some of whom have been established here for many generations back, attracted from other lands by the profits of either commerce or the pearl fishery, and still retaining more or less the physiognomy and garb of their native countries. Thus the gay-coloured dress of the southern Persian, the saffron-stained vest of Oman, the white robe of Nejed, and the striped gown of Bagdad, are often to be seen mingling with the light garments of Bahreyn, its blue and red turban, its white silk-fringed cloth worn Banian fashion round the waist, and its frock-like overall; while a small but unmistakable colony of Indians, merchants by profession, and mainly from Gujarat, Cutch, and their vicinity, keep up here all their peculiarities of costume and manner, and live among the motley crowd, 'among them, but not of them'.

WG Palgrave, Narrative of a Year's Journey through Central and Eastern Arabia (1862–3)

”

Palgrave's description of Manama's coffee houses in the mid-19th century portrays them as cosmopolitan venues in contrast to what he describes as the 'closely knit and bigoted universe of central Arabia'. Palgrave describes a people with an open – even urbane – outlook: "Of religious controversy I have never heard one word. In short, instead of Zelators and fanatics, camel-drivers and Bedouins, we have at Bahrain [Manama] something like 'men of the world, who know the world like men' a great relief to the mind; certainly it was so to mine."

The great trading families that emerged during this period have been compared to the Borgias and Medicis and their great wealth gave them extensive power, and among the most prominent were the Persian Al Safar family, who held the position of Native Agents of Britain in 19th Century. The Al Safar enjoyed an 'exceptionally close' relationship with the Al Khalifa clan from 1869, although the al-Khalifa never intermarried with them – it has been speculated that this could be related to political reasons (to limit the Safars' influence with the ruling family) and possibly for religious reasons (because the Safars were Shia).

As a result of Bahrain's trade with India, the cultural influence of the subcontinent grew dramatically, with styles of dress, cuisine, and education showing a marked Indian influence. According to Exeter University's James Onley "In these and countless other ways, Eastern Arabia's ports and people were as much a part of the Indian Ocean world as they were a part of the Arab world."

20世紀早期

主條目：History of Bahrain (1783–1971)

In 1911, a group of Bahraini merchants demanded restrictions on the British influence in the country. The group's leaders were subsequently arrested and exiled to India. In 1923, the British introduced administrative reforms and replaced Sheikh Issa bin Ali with his son. Some clerical opponents and families such as al Dossari left or were exiled to Saudi Arabia and Iran. Three years later the British placed the country under the de facto rule of Charles Belgrave who operated as an adviser to the ruler until 1957. Belgrave brought a number of reforms such as establishment of the country's first modern school in 1919, the Persian Gulf's first girls school in 1928 and the abolition of slavery in 1937. At the same time, the pearl diving industry developed at a rapid pace.

In 1927, Rezā Shāh, then Shah of Iran, demanded sovereignty over Bahrain in a letter to the League of Nations. A move that prompted Belgrave to undertake harsh measures including encouraging conflicts between Shia and Sunni Muslims in order to bring down the uprisings and limit the Iranian influence. Belgrave even went further by suggesting to rename the Persian Gulf to the "Arabian Gulf"; however, the proposal was refused by the British government. Britain's interest in Bahrain's development was motivated by concerns over Saudi and Iranian ambitions in the region.

The Bahrain Petroleum Company (Bapco), a subsidiary of the Standard Oil Company of California (Socal), discovered oil in 1931 and production began the following year. This was to bring rapid modernisation to Bahrain. Relations with the United Kingdom became closer, as evidenced by the British Royal Navy moving its entire Middle Eastern command from Bushehr in Iran to Bahrain in 1935.

In the early 1930s Bahrain Airport was developed. Imperial Airways flew there, including with the Handley Page HP42 aircraft. Later in the same decade the Bahrain Maritime Airport was established, for flying-boats and seaplanes.

Bahrain participated in the Second World War on the Allied side, joining on 10 September 1939. On 19 October 1940, four Italian SM.82s bombers bombed Bahrain alongside Dhahran oilfields in Saudi Arabia, targeting Allied-operated oil refineries. Although minimal damage was caused in both locations, the attack forced the Allies to upgrade Bahrain's defences, an action which further stretched Allied military resources.

After World War II, increasing anti-British sentiment spread throughout the Arab World and led to riots in Bahrain. The riots focused on the Jewish community. In 1948, following rising hostilities and looting, most members of Bahrain's Jewish community abandoned their properties and evacuated to Bombay, later settling in Israel (Pardes Hanna-Karkur) and the United Kingdom. As of 2008, 37 Jews remained in the country. In the 1950s, the National Union Committee, formed by reformists following sectarian clashes, demanded an elected popular assembly, removal of Belgrave and carried out a number of protests and general strikes. In 1965 a month-long uprising broke out after hundreds of workers at the Bahrain Petroleum Company were laid off.

獨立建國

On 15 August 1971, Bahrain declared independence and signed a new treaty of friendship with the United Kingdom. Bahrain joined the United Nations and the Arab League later in the year. The oil boom of the 1970s benefited Bahrain greatly, although the subsequent downturn hurt the economy. The country had already begun diversification of its economy and benefited further from Lebanese Civil War in the 1970s and 1980s, when Bahrain replaced Beirut as the Middle East's financial hub after Lebanon's large banking sector was driven out of the country by the war.

Following the 1979 Islamic revolution in Iran, in 1981 Bahraini Shī'a fundamentalists orchestrated a failed coup attempt under the auspices of a front organisation, the Islamic Front for the Liberation of Bahrain. The coup would have installed a Shī'a cleric exiled in Iran, Hujjatu l-Islām Hādī al-Mudarrisī, as supreme leader heading a theocratic government. In December 1994, a group of youths threw stones at female runners during an international marathon for running bare-legged. The resulting clash with police soon grew into civil unrest.

A popular uprising occurred between 1994 and 2000 in which leftists, liberals and Islamists joined forces. The event resulted in approximately forty deaths and ended after Hamad ibn Isa Al Khalifa became the Emir of Bahrain in 1999. A referendum on 14–15 February 2001 massively supported the National Action Charter. He instituted elections for parliament, gave women the right to vote, and released all political prisoners. As part of the adoption of the National Action Charter on 14 February 2002, Bahrain changed its formal name from the State (dawla) of Bahrain to the Kingdom of Bahrain.

The country participated in military action against the Taliban in October 2001 by deploying a frigate in the Arabian Sea for rescue and humanitarian operations. As a result, in November of that year, US president George W. Bush's administration designated Bahrain as a "major non-NATO ally". Bahrain opposed the invasion of Iraq and had offered Saddam Hussein asylum in the days prior to the invasion. Relations improved with neighbouring Qatar after the border dispute over the Hawar Islands was resolved by the International Court of Justice in The Hague in 2001. Following the political liberalisation of the country, Bahrain negotiated a free trade agreement with the United States in 2004.

2011年反政府示威

主條目：Bahraini uprising (2011–present)

2011年巴林反政府示威爆發後示威者首次聚集在珍珠廣場

Inspired by the regional Arab Spring, Bahrain's Shia majority started large protests against its Sunni rulers in early 2011. The government initially allowed protests following a pre-dawn raid on protesters camped in Pearl Roundabout. A month later it requested security assistance from Saudi Arabia and other GCC countries and declared a three-month state of emergency. The government then launched a crackdown on the opposition that included conducting thousands of arrests and systematic torture. Almost daily clashes between protesters and security forces led to dozens of deaths. Protests, sometimes staged by opposition parties, are ongoing. More than 80 civilians and 13 policemen were killed as of March 2014. The lack of coverage by Arab media in the Persian Gulf as compared to other Arab Spring uprisings has sparked several controversies.

地理

主條目：巴林地理

參見：巴林島嶼列表

2014年的巴林地圖

Bahrain is a generally flat and arid archipelago in the Persian Gulf, east of Saudi Arabia. It consists of a low desert plain rising gently to a low central escarpment with the highest point the 134米（440英尺） Mountain of Smoke (Jabal ad Dukhan). Bahrain had a total area of 665 km²（257 sq mi） but due to land reclamation, the area increased to 780 km²（300 sq mi）, which is slightly larger than the Isle of Man.

Often described as an archipelago of 33 islands, extensive land reclamation projects have changed this; by August 2008 the number of islands and island groups had increased to 84. Bahrain does not share a land boundary with another country but does have a 161 km（100 mi） coastline. The country also claims a further 22 km（12 nmi） of territorial sea and a 44 km（24 nmi） contiguous zone. Bahrain's largest islands are Bahrain Island, Hawar, Muharraq Island, Umm an Nasan, and Sitrah. Bahrain has mild winters and very hot, humid summers. The country's natural resources include large quantities of oil and natural gas as well as fish in the offshore waters. Arable land constitutes only 2.82% of the total area.

穆哈拉格島上的一處海灘

92% of Bahrain is desert with periodic droughts and dust storms the main natural hazards for Bahrainis. Environmental issues facing Bahrain include desertification resulting from the degradation of limited arable land, coastal degradation (damage to coastlines, coral reefs, and sea vegetation) resulting from oil spills and other discharges from large tankers, oil refineries, distribution stations, and illegal land reclamation at places such as Tubli Bay. The agricultural and domestic sectors' over-utilisation of the Dammam Aquifer, the principal aquifer in Bahrain, has led to its salinisation by adjacent brackish and saline water bodies. A hydrochemical study identified the locations of the sources of aquifer salinisation and delineated their areas of influence. The investigation indicates that the aquifer water quality is significantly modified as groundwater flows from the northwestern parts of Bahrain, where the aquifer receives its water by lateral underflow from eastern Saudi Arabia, to the southern and southeastern parts. Four types of salinisation of the aquifer are identified: brackish-water up-flow from the underlying brackish-water zones in north-central, western, and eastern regions; seawater intrusion in the eastern region; intrusion of sabkha water in the southwestern region; and irrigation return flow in a local area in the western region. Four alternatives for the management of groundwater quality that are available to the water authorities in Bahrain are discussed and their priority areas are proposed, based on the type and extent of each salinisation source, in addition to groundwater use in that area.

氣候

主條目：巴林氣候

The Zagros Mountains across the Persian Gulf in Iran cause low level winds to be directed toward Bahrain. Dust storms from Iraq and Saudi Arabia transported by northwesterly winds, locally called Shamal wind, cause reduced visibility in the months of June and July.

Summers are very hot. The seas around Bahrain are very shallow, heating up quickly in the summer to produce high humidity, especially at night. Summer temperatures may reach up to 50 °C（122 °F） under the right conditions. Rainfall in Bahrain is minimal and irregular. Rainfalls mostly occur in winter, with a recorded maximum of 71.8 mm（2.83英寸）.

麥納麥
月份	1月	2月	3月	4月	5月	6月	7月	8月	9月	10月	11月	12月	全年
平均高溫 °C（°F）	20.0 (68.0)	21.2 (70.2)	24.7 (76.5)	29.2 (84.6)	34.1 (93.4)	36.4 (97.5)	37.9 (100.2)	38.0 (100.4)	36.5 (97.7)	33.1 (91.6)	27.8 (82.0)	22.3 (72.1)	30.1 (86.2)
平均低溫 °C（°F）	14.1 (57.4)	14.9 (58.8)	17.8 (64.0)	21.5 (70.7)	26.0 (78.8)	28.8 (83.8)	30.4 (86.7)	30.5 (86.9)	28.6 (83.5)	25.5 (77.9)	21.2 (70.2)	16.2 (61.2)	23.0 (73.4)
平均降水量 mm（英寸）	14.6 (0.57)	16.0 (0.63)	13.9 (0.55)	10.0 (0.39)	1.1 (0.04)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0.5 (0.02)	3.8 (0.15)	10.9 (0.43)	70.8 (2.79)
平均降水天數	2.0	1.9	1.9	1.4	0.2	0	0	0	0	0.1	0.7	1.7	9.9
數據來源：世界氣象組織（聯合國）

生物多樣性

主條目：巴林哺乳動物列表和巴林鳥類列表

巴林的原生鳥類大紅鸛是體型最大的火烈鳥

More than 330 species of birds were recorded in the Bahrain archipelago, 26 species of which breed in the country. Millions of migratory birds pass through the Persian Gulf region in the winter and autumn months. One globally endangered species, Chlamydotis undulata, is a regular migrant in the autumn. The many islands and shallow seas of Bahrain are globally important for the breeding of the Phalacrocorax nigrogularis species of bird, up to 100,000 pairs of these birds were recorded over the Hawar islands. Only 18 species of mammals are found in Bahrain, animals such as Gazelles, desert rabbits and hedgehogs are common in the wild but the Arabian Oryx was hunted to extinction on the island. 25 species of amphibians and reptiles were recorded as well as 21 species of butterflies and 307 species of flora. The marine biotopes are diverse and include extensive sea grass beds and mudflats, patchy coral reefs as well as offshore islands. Sea grass beds are important foraging grounds for some threatened species such as dugongs and the green turtle. In 2003, Bahrain banned the capture of sea cows, marine turtles and dolphins within its territorial waters.

The Hawar Islands Protected Area provides valuable feeding and breeding grounds for a variety of migratory seabirds, it is an internationally recognised site for bird migration. The breeding colony of Socotra Cormorant on Hawar Islands is the largest in the world, and the dugongs foraging around the archipelago form the second largest dugong aggregation after Australia.

Bahrain has five designated protected areas, four of which are marine environments. They are:

• Hawar Islands
• Mashtan Island, off the coast of Bahrain.
• Arad bay, in Muharraq.
• Tubli Bay
• Al Areen Wildlife Park, which is a zoo and a breeding centre for endangered animals, is the only protected area on land and also the only protected area which is managed on a day-to-day basis.

政治

主條目：巴林政治

巴林王國現任國王哈邁德·本·伊薩·本·薩勒曼·阿勒哈利法（左），其父伊薩·本·薩勒曼·阿勒哈利法（右）是巴林國首任埃米爾

經國民議會的所有立法必須由國王才能成為法律批准

Bahrain under the Al-Khalifa regime claims to be a constitutional monarchy headed by the King, Shaikh Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa; however, given its dictatorial oppression, lack of parliamentary power and lack of an independent judiciary, most observers assert that Bahrain is an absolute monarchy. King Hamad enjoys wide executive authorities which include appointing the Prime Minister and his ministers, commanding the army, chairing the Higher Judicial Council, appointing the parliament's upper half and dissolving its elected lower half. The head of government is the unelected Prime Minister, Shaikh Khalīfa bin Salman Al Khalifa, the uncle of the current king who has served in this position since 1971, making him the longest serving prime minister in the world. In 2010, about half of the government was composed of Al Khalifa family.

Bahrain has a bicameral National Assembly (al-Jam'iyyah al-Watani) consisting of the Shura Council (Majlis Al-Shura) with 40 seats and the Council of Representatives (Majlis Al-Nuwab) with 40 seats. The 40 members of the Shura are appointed by the king. In the Council of Representatives, 40 members are elected by absolute majority vote in single-member constituencies to serve 4-year terms. The appointed council "exercises a de facto veto" over the elected, because draft acts must be approved by it in order they pass into law. After that the king may ratify and issue the act or return it within six months to the National Assembly where it may only pass into law if approved by two thirds of both councils.

In 1973, the country held its first parliamentary elections; however, two years later, the late emir dissolved the parliament and suspended the constitution after it rejected the State Security Law. The period between 2002 and 2010 saw three parliamentary elections. The first, held in 2002 was boycotted by the opposition, Al Wefaq, which won a majority in the second in 2006 and third in 2010. The 2011 by-election was held to replace 18 members of Al Wefaq who resigned in protest against government crackdown.

The opening up of politics saw big gains for both Shīa and Sunnī Islamists in elections, which gave them a parliamentary platform to pursue their policies. It gave a new prominence to clerics within the political system, with the most senior Shia religious leader, Sheikh Isa Qassim, playing a vital role. This was especially evident when in 2005 the government called off the Shia branch of the "Family law" after over 100,000 Shia took to the streets. Islamists opposed the law because "neither elected MPs nor the government has the authority to change the law because these institutions could misinterpret the word of God". The law was supported by women activists who said they were "suffering in silence". They managed to organise a rally attended by 500 participants. Ghada Jamsheer, a leading woman activist said the government was using the law as a "bargaining tool with opposition Islamic groups".

Analysts of democratisation in the Middle East cite the Islamists' references to respect for human rights in their justification for these programmes as evidence that these groups can serve as a progressive force in the region. Some Islamist parties have been particularly critical of the government's readiness to sign international treaties such as the United Nations' International Convention on Civil and Political Rights. At a parliamentary session in June 2006 to discuss ratification of the Convention, Sheikh Adel Mouwda, the former leader of salafist party, Asalah, explained the party's objections: "The convention has been tailored by our enemies, God kill them all, to serve their needs and protect their interests rather than ours. This why we have eyes from the American Embassy watching us during our sessions, to ensure things are swinging their way".

人權

主條目：巴林人權

2011年2月巴林反政府示威活動中被武裝安全部隊擊斃的示威者

The period between 1975 and 1999 known as the "State Security Law Era", saw wide range of human rights violations including arbitrary arrests, detention without trial, torture and forced exile. After the Emir Hamad Al Khalifa (now king) succeeded his father Isa Al Khalifa in 1999, he introduced wide reforms and human rights improved significantly. These moves were described by Amnesty International as representing a "historic period of human rights".

Human rights conditions started to decline by 2007 when torture began to be employed again. In 2011, Human Rights Watch described the country's human rights situation as "dismal". Due to this, Bahrain lost some of the high International rankings it had gained before.

In 2011, Bahrain was criticised for its crackdown on the Arab spring uprising. In September, a government appointed commission confirmed reports of grave human rights violations including systematic torture. The government promised to introduce reforms and avoid repeating the "painful events". However, reports by human rights organisations Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch issued in April 2012 said the same violations were still happening.

The documentary TV film "Bahrain: Shouting in the Dark" which was produced by the Qatari channel "Al Jazeera", talks about the Bahraini protests during 2011. This TV film showed all the violations that have been taken against the rights of Bahraini citizens during the uprising. It also caused some problems between the Bahraini and the Qatari governments. Relations between Bahrain and Qatar improved following a meeting of the Gulf Cooperation Council in November 2014 in which it was announced Bahrain diplomats would return to Qatar.

婦女

主條目：巴林婦女和巴林婦女權利

四位身着傳統黑袍的巴林婦女

巴林婦女權利與其周邊的海灣阿拉伯國家相比

巴林憲法保障女性公民享有與男性公民同樣參與公共事務及投票選舉的權利。

Women's political rights in Bahrain saw an important step forward when women were granted the right to vote and stand in national elections for the first time in the 2002 election. However, no women were elected to office in that year's polls. Instead, Shī'a and Sunnī Islamists dominated the election, collectively winning a majority of seats. In response to the failure of women candidates, six were appointed to the Shura Council, which also includes representatives of the Kingdom's indigenous Jewish and Christian communities. Dr. Nada Haffadh became the country's first female cabinet minister on her appointment as Minister of Health in 2004. The quasi-governmental women's group, the Supreme Council for Women, trained female candidates to take part in the 2006 general election. When Bahrain was elected to head the United Nations General Assembly in 2006 it appointed lawyer and women's rights activist Haya bint Rashid Al Khalifa President of the United Nations General Assembly, only the third woman in history to head the world body. Female activist Ghada Jamsheer said "The government used women's rights as a decorative tool on the international level." She referred to the reforms as "artificial and marginal" and accused the government of "hinder[ing] non-governmental women societies".

In 2006, Lateefa Al Gaood became the first female MP after winning by default. The number rose to four after the 2011 by-elections. In 2008, Houda Nonoo was appointed ambassador to the United States making her the first Jewish ambassador of any Arab country. In 2011, Alice Samaan, a Christian woman was appointed ambassador to the UK.

媒體

Bahraini journalists risk prosecution for offences which include "undermining" the government and religion. Self-censorship is widespread. Journalists were targeted by officials during anti-government protests in 2011. Three editors from opposition daily Al-Wasat (Bahraini newspaper) were sacked and later fined for publishing "false" news. Several foreign correspondents were expelled.

Most domestic broadcasters are state-run. An independent commission, set up to look into the unrest, found that state media coverage was at times inflammatory. It said opposition groups suffered from lack of access to mainstream media, and recommended that the government "consider relaxing censorship". Bahrain will host the Saudi-financed Alarab News Channel, expected to launch in December 2012. It will be based at a planned "Media City". An opposition satellite station, Lualua TV, operates from London but has found its signals blocked.

By June 2012, Bahrain had 961,000 internet users. The platform "provides a welcome free space for journalists, although one that is increasingly monitored", according to Reporters Without Borders. Rigorous filtering targets political, human rights, religious material and content deemed obscene. Bloggers and other netizens were among those detained during protests in 2011.

軍事

主條目：巴林國防軍、巴林海軍、巴林空軍、巴林陸軍和巴林皇家醫療團

參見：半島之盾部隊及巴林海軍支援設施

巴林海軍一艘由美國贈送的佩里級護衛艦薩巴號（RBNS Sabha (FFG-90)）正參與海上多邊演習，該艦原為美國海軍的傑克·威廉斯號（USS Jack Williams (FFG-24)）

巴林國防軍是一支規模很小但裝備精良的武裝部隊，2001年服役人數約11,000人，到了2012年時已有約13,000人。

巴林國防軍的最高統帥（Supreme Commander）由現任國王[[哈邁德·本·伊薩·阿勒哈利法兼任。其長子薩勒曼·本·哈邁德·阿勒哈利法於1999年起就任王儲後一直兼任國防軍總司令職務，直到2008年他被國王任命為國防軍最高副統帥後。國防軍總司令職務交由哈利法·本·艾哈邁德·阿勒哈利法接替。

The kingdom has a small but well equipped military called the Bahrain Defence Force (BDF), numbering around 13,000 personnel.

The BDF is primarily equipped with United States equipment, such as the F16 Fighting Falcon, F5 Freedom Fighter, UH60 Blackhawk, M60A3 tanks, and the ex-「Jack Williams」號FFG-24 (6), an Oliver Hazard Perry class frigate renamed the 「RBNS」號Sabha.

The Government of Bahrain has close relations with the United States, having signed a cooperative agreement with the United States Military and has provided the United States a base in Juffair since the early 1990s, although a US naval presence existed since 1948. This is the home of the headquarters for Commander, United States Naval Forces Central Command (COMUSNAVCENT) / United States Fifth Fleet (COMFIFTHFLT), and around 6,000 United States military personnel.

外交

主條目：巴林外交

2013年6月6日，巴林王儲薩勒曼（左）與美國國務卿克里（右）於華府進行會晤

Bahrain established bilateral relations with 190 countries worldwide. As of 2012, Bahrain maintains a network of 25 embassies, 3 consulates and 4 permanent missions to the Arab League, United Nations and European Union respectively. Bahrain also hosts 36 embassies. Bahrain plays a modest, moderating role in regional politics and adheres to the views of the Arab League on Middle East peace and Palestinian rights by supporting the two state solution. Bahrain is also one of the founding members of the Gulf Cooperation Council. Relations with Iran tend to be tense as a result of a failed coup in 1981 which Bahrain blames Iran for and occasional claims of Iranian sovereignty over Bahrain by ultra-conservative elements in the Iranian public.

行政區劃

主條目：巴林行政區劃

參見：ISO 3166-2:BH

The first municipality in Bahrain was the 8-member Manama municipality which was established in July 1919. Members of the municipality were elected annually; the municipality was said to have been the first municipality to be established in the Arab world. The municipality was in charge of cleaning roads and renting buildings to tenants and shops. By 1929, it undertook road expansions as well as opening markets and slaughterhouses. In 1958, the municipality started water purification projects. In 1960, Bahrain comprised four municipalities including Manama, Hidd, Al Muharraq, and Riffa. Over the next 30 years, the 4 municipalities were divided into 12 municipalities as settlements such as Hamad Town and Isa Town grew. These municipalities were administered from Manama under a central municipal council whose members are appointed by the king.

The first municipal elections to be held in Bahrain after independence in 1971, was in 2002. The most recent was in 2010. The municipalities are listed below:

巴林國基層行政區圖（2002年以前）
地圖	序號	基層行政區	面積(km2) 2001年	人口(人) 2001年
	1.	哈德 الحد	10.87	11,637
	2.	麥納麥 المنامة	27.48	153,395
	3.	西部區 المنطقة الغربية	157.20	26,149
	4.	中部區 المنطقة الوسطى	35.42	49,969
	5.	北部區 المنطقة الشمالية	37.40	43,691
	6.	穆哈拉格 المحرق	23.11	91,939
	7.	里法和南部區 الرفاع والمنطقة الجنوبية	292.39	79,985
	8.	吉德哈夫斯 جد حفص	24.30	52,450
	9.	哈馬德 مدينة حمد	13.12	52,718
	10.	伊薩 مدينة عيسى	12.43	36,833
	11.	侯瓦爾 جزر حوار	52.09	3,875
	12.	錫特拉 سترة	30.04	43,910
	合計	巴林國	715.85	650,604
資料來源：面積數據（2001年）；人口數據（2001年）；

2002年7月3日，巴林國王哈邁德頒令將全國劃分為五個省。並向每個省都派駐了由國王任命並向內政部長負責的省長進行行政管理。2002年劃分後的行政區劃如下：

巴林王國行政區劃圖（2002年-2014年）
地圖	序號	省名	面積(km2) 2013年	人口(人) 2010年
	1.	首都省 محافظة العاصمة	38.60	329,510
	2.	中央省 محافظة الوسطى	85.15	326,305
	3.	穆哈拉格省 محافظة المحرق	64.23	189,114
	4.	北方省 المحافظة الشمالية	143.25	276,949
	5.	南方省 المحافظة الجنوبية	38.60	101,456
	合計	巴林王國	770.34	1,234,571
資料來源：面積數據（2013年）；人口數據（2010年）；

2014年9月22日，巴林國王哈邁德突然頒布皇家法令撤銷了中央省之建制，並將其轄土及選區拆分後分別歸入北方省、南方省及首都省。

巴林王國行政區劃圖（2014年-現在）
地圖	序號	省名	選區數 2014年	街區數 2014年
北方省 穆哈拉格省 首都省 南方省
	1.	首都省 محافظة العاصمة	10	121
	2.	穆哈拉格省 محافظة المحرق	8	74
	3.	北方省 المحافظة الشمالية	12
	4.	南方省 المحافظة الجنوبية	10
	合計	巴林王國	40
	資料來源：選區及街區數據（2014年）

經濟

主條目：巴林經濟

According to a January 2006 report by the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia, Bahrain has the fastest growing economy in the Arab world. Bahrain also has the freest economy in the Middle East and is twelfth freest overall in the world based on the 2011 Index of Economic Freedom published by the Heritage Foundation/Wall Street Journal.

In 2008, Bahrain was named the world's fastest growing financial center by the City of London's Global Financial Centres Index. Bahrain's banking and financial services sector, particularly Islamic banking, have benefited from the regional boom driven by demand for oil. Petroleum production and processing is Bahrain's most exported product, accounting for 60% of export receipts, 70% of government revenues, and 11% of GDP. Aluminium production is the second most exported product, followed by finance and construction materials.

Economic conditions have fluctuated with the changing price of oil since 1985, for example during and following the Persian Gulf crisis of 1990–91. With its highly developed communication and transport facilities, Bahrain is home to a number of multinational firms and construction proceeds on several major industrial projects. A large share of exports consist of petroleum products made from imported crude oil, which accounted for 51% of the country's imports in 2007. Bahrain depends heavily on food imports to feed its growing population; it relies heavily on meat imports from Australia and also imports 75% of its total fruit consumption needs. Since only 2.9% of the country's land is arable, agriculture contributes to 0.5% of Bahrain's GDP. In 2004, Bahrain signed the US-Bahrain Free Trade Agreement, which will reduce certain trade barriers between the two nations. Due to the combination of the global financial crisis and the recent unrest, the growth rate decreased to 2.2% which is the lowest growth rate since 1994.

Unemployment, especially among the young, and the depletion of both oil and underground water resources are major long-term economic problems. In 2008, the jobless figure was at 4%, with women over represented at 85% of the total. In 2007 Bahrain became the first Arab country to institute unemployment benefits as part of a series of labour reforms instigated under Minister of Labour, Dr. Majeed Al Alawi.

2007年時的麥納麥

Tourism

主條目：Tourism in Bahrain

2005年時，巴林故都穆哈拉格（前景）與現首都麥納麥（背景）的城市群俯瞰景象

As a tourist destination, Bahrain received over eight million visitors in 2008 though the exact number varies yearly. Most of these are from the surrounding Arab states although an increasing number hail from outside the region due to growing awareness of the kingdom's heritage and its higher profile as a result of the Bahrain International F1 Circuit.

The kingdom combines modern Arab culture and the archaeological legacy of five thousand years of civilisation. The island is home to forts including Qalat Al Bahrain which has been listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site. The Bahrain National Museum has artefacts from the country's history dating back to the island's first human inhabitants some 9000 years ago and the Beit Al Quran (Arabic: بيت القرآن, meaning: the House of Qur'an) is a museum that holds Islamic artefacts of the Qur'an. Some of the popular historical tourist attractions in the kingdom are the Al Khamis Mosque, which is the one of the oldest mosques in the region, the Arad fort in Muharraq, Barbar temple, which is an ancient temple from the Dilmunite period of Bahrain, as well as the A'ali Burial Mounds and the Saar temple. The Tree of Life, a 400 year-old tree that grows in the Sakhir desert with no nearby water, is also a popular tourist attraction.

Bird watching (primarily in the Hawar Islands), scuba diving and horse riding are popular tourist activities in Bahrain. Many tourists from nearby Saudi Arabia and across the region visit Manama primarily for the shopping malls in the capital Manama, such as the Bahrain City Centre and Seef Mall in the Seef district of Manama. The Manama Souq and Gold Souq in the old district of Manama are also popular with tourists.

Since 2005, Bahrain annually hosts a festival in March, titled Spring of Culture, which features internationally renowned musicians and artists performing in concerts. Manama was named the Arab Capital of Culture for 2012 and Capital of Arab Tourism for 2013 by the Arab League. The 2012 festival featured concerts starring Andrea Bocelli, Julio Iglesias and other musicians.

基礎設施

主條目：Transport in Bahrain

Bahrain has one main international airport, the Bahrain International Airport (BIA) which is located on the island of Muharraq, in the north-east. The airport handled more than 100,000 flights and more than 8 million passengers in 2010. Bahrain's national carrier, Gulf Air operates and bases itself in the BIA.

The King Fahd Causeway as seen from space

Bahrain has a well-developed road network, particularly in Manama. The discovery of oil in the early 1930s accelerated the creation of multiple roads and highways in Bahrain, connecting several isolated villages, such as Budaiya, to Manama.

To the east, a bridge connected Manama to Muharraq since 1929, a new causeway was built in 1941 which replaced the old wooden bridge. Currently there are three modern bridges connecting the two locations. Transits between the two islands peaked after the construction of the Bahrain International Airport in 1932. Ring roads and highways were later built to connect Manama to the villages of the Northern Governorate and towards towns in central and southern Bahrain.

The four main islands and all the towns and villages are linked by well-constructed roads. There were 3,164 km（1,966 mi） of roadways in 2002, of which 2,433 km（1,512 mi） were paved. A causeway stretching over 2.8 km（2 mi）, connect Manama with Muharraq Island, and another bridge joins Sitra to the main island. The King Fahd Causeway, measuring 24 km（15 mi）, links Bahrain with the Saudi Arabian mainland via the island of Umm an-Nasan. It was completed in December 1986, and financed by Saudi Arabia. In 2008, there were 17,743,495 passengers transiting through the causeway.

Bahrain's port of Mina Salman is the main seaport of the country and consists of 15 berths. In 2001, Bahrain had a merchant fleet of eight ships of 1,000 GRT or over, totaling 270,784 GRT. Private vehicles and taxis are the primary means of transportation in the city.

Telecommunications

主條目：Telecommunications in Bahrain和Internet in Bahrain

巴林國內人口有88%為互聯網用戶，

The telecommunications sector in Bahrain officially started in 1981 with the establishment of Bahrain's first telecommunications company, Batelco and until 2004, it monopolised the sector. In 1981, there were more than 45,000 telephones in use in the country. By 1999, Batelco had more than 100,000 mobile contracts. In 2002, under pressure from international bodies, Bahrain implemented its telecommunications law which included the establishment of an independent Telecommunications Regulatory Authority (TRA). In 2004, Zain (a rebranded version of MTC Vodafone) started operations in Bahrain and in 2010 VIVA (owned by STC Group) became the third company to provide mobile services.

Bahrain has been connected to the internet since 1995 with the country's domain suffix is '.bh'. The country's connectivity score (a statistic which measures both Internet access and fixed and mobile telephone lines) is 210.4 percent per person, while the regional average in Arab States of the Persian Gulf is 135.37 percent. The number of Bahraini internet users has risen from 40,000 in 2000 to 250,000 in 2008, or from 5.95 to 33 percent of the population. As of August 2013, the TRA has licensed 22 Internet Service Providers.

人口

主條目：巴林人口

巴林人口在2010年人口普查時為1,234,571人，其中本籍人口僅568,399人不及一半，而外籍人口則大大超過本籍人口達666,172人。相比2007年時巴林人口剛超過一百萬人時，三年內巴林人口增長了二十多萬人，其人口增長速度極高，這也有賴於其國內相對中東諸國而言較為穩定的政治環境，足以吸引大量中東移民。

It had risen from 1.05 million (517,368 non-nationals) in 2007, the year when Bahrain's population crossed the one million mark.

Though a majority of the population is Middle Eastern, a sizeable number of people from South Asia live in the country. In 2008, approximately 290,000 Indian nationals lived in Bahrain, making them the single largest expatriate community in the country. Bahrain is the fourth most densely populated sovereign state in the world with a population density of 1,646 people per km² in 2010. The only sovereign states with larger population densities are city states. Much of this population is concentrated in the north of the country with the Southern Governorate being the least densely populated part. The north of the country is so urbanised that it is considered by some to be one large metropolitan area.

族群

主條目：Bahrani people和Ethnic, cultural and religious groups of Bahrain

巴林國內居民各族群人口比重表（2010年數據）
族群			比重
巴林人			46.0%
亞洲人			45.5%
其他阿拉伯人			4.7%
非洲人			1.6%
歐洲人			1.0%
其他族群			1.2%
資料來源（2010年）

Bahraini people are ethnically diverse. There are at least 8–9 different ethnic groups of Bahraini citizens. Shia Bahraini citizens are divided into two main ethnic groups: Bahrani and Ajam. Most Shia Bahrainis are ethnic Baharna. The Baharna are descendants of the original pre-Islamic inhabitants of Bahrain. The pre-Islamic population of Bahrain consisted of Christianized Arabs (mostly Abd al-Qays), Aramean Christians, Persian-speaking Zoroastrians and Jewish agriculturalists. According to Robert Bertram Serjeant, the Baharna may be the Arabized "descendants of converts from the original population of Christians (Aramaeans), Jews and ancient Persians inhabiting the island and cultivated coastal provinces of Eastern Arabia at the time of the Arab conquest". The sedentary people of pre-Islamic Bahrain were mainly Aramaic speakers and to some degree Persian speakers while Syriac functioned as a liturgical language.

The Ajam are ethnic Persian Shias. Unlike the Baharna, Ajam are not ethnic Arabs. Shia Persians form large communities in Manama and Muharraq. Bahraini Persians maintain a distinct culture and language, but have long since assimilated into Bahraini culture; they tend to identify themselves as Persian Bahrainis than Iranians. 22% of Bahraini citizens are ethnic Persian Shias. A tiny minority of Shia Bahraini citizens are ethnic Hasawis from Al-Hasa.

Among Sunni Bahraini citizens, there are also many different ethnic groups. Sunni Bahrainis are mainly divided into two main ethnic groups: urban Arabs (al Arab) and Huwala. The urban Arabs are mostly descendants of Sunni Arabs from central Arabia who were traditionally pearl-divers, merchants, sailors, traders and fishermen in the pre-oil era. The urban Arabs are the most influential ethnic group in Bahrain, they hold most government positions and the Bahraini monarchy are ethnic urban Arabs. Urban Arabs have traditionally lived in areas such as Zallaq, Muharraq, Riffa and Hawar islands. The Huwala are descendants of Sunni Iranians; some of them are ethnic Persians, and a tiny minority of them are ethnic Sunni Arabs who intermingled with the Persians. Many Huwala originally lived in Awadhiya and Hoora. The Huwala form a significant part of Bahrain's elite and merchant class.

In addition to these ethnic groups, there are also Balochs, Afro-Arabs, Indians and ethnic tribal people. The Bahraini Baloch are descendants of the Iranian Baloch. Most Bahrainis of African origin come from east Africa and have traditionally lived on Muharraq Island and in Riffa. A portion of Indian Bahrainis are descendants of wealthy Indian merchants from the pre-oil era, known as the Bania. A smaller group of Sunni Bahraini citizens are descendants of naturalized Palestinian refugees and other Levant Arab immigrants.

宗教

主條目：巴林宗教和巴林的宗教信仰自由

參見：巴林伊斯蘭教、巴林印度教、巴林天主教、巴林基督教及巴林佛教

巴林國內居民各宗教人口比重表（2010年數據）
宗教			人口比重
伊斯蘭教（國教）			70.3%
印度教			9.8%
天主教			9.0%
基督教			5.5%
佛教			2.5%
無宗教			1.9%
猶太教			0.6%
傳統宗教			0.2%
其它			0.2%
資料來源（2010年）

巴林首都麥納麥的古代比亞清真寺

巴林的國教為伊斯蘭教，但巴林憲法也規定保障公民享有宗教信仰自由的權利。

伊斯蘭教在巴林傳播的歷史十分悠久，其國內居住人口中約七成為穆斯林，而本籍巴林人中有99.8%為穆斯林。雖然王室屬於遜尼派，但其本籍國民的穆斯林人口中接近六到七成的多數卻是什葉派，這也是國內什葉派活動家常年不斷的示威活動爆發的根本原因。而巴林政府則曾從巴基斯坦和敘利亞引進遜尼穆斯林以增加遜尼派在該國的人口比重。

本籍的巴林人中亦有少數的基督教徒，他們組建了本地的基督徒社團，人數約有一千。其中中多數人屬於東正教徒，他們擁有的最大的教堂屬於希臘正教會所有。而實際上國內居住人口中基督教徒大部分是外籍人口，但他們在巴林的社會生活是自由的，事實上即使在巴林政府內部也有一些基督教的工作人員，比如曾在協商會議任職的現任巴林駐英國大使亞里斯·薩曼，她就是一個出生於麥納麥，且擁有巴林國籍的基督教徒，而她的父母則是來自敘利亞的基督教徒。

猶太教在巴林也有極少數信仰者，其多為移民而來已擁有國籍的居民，全國人數只有約四十人，猶太教徒在巴林的生存有賴於巴林政府對其極高的寬容程度，相對其他海灣阿拉伯國家而言其顯得相當獨特之高。甚至國王亦曾任命過猶太婦女進入議會任職。

There is a native Christian community in Bahrain. Christian Bahraini citizens number 1,000 people. Various sources cite Bahrain's native Jewish community as being from 36 to 50 people, Bahraini Jews are active in politics. A Jewish businessman, Ebrahim Daoud Nonoo, was appointed to the upper house of parliament (Shura Council). In 2008, the Jewish Bahraini politician Houda Nonoo was named Bahrain's ambassador to the United States. Bahrain also has a native Bahá'í community. Baha'is constitute approximately 1% of Bahrain's total population.

Due to an influx of immigrants and guest workers from Southern Asian countries, such as India, Philippines and Sri Lanka, the overall percentage of Muslims in the country has declined in recent years. According to the 2001 census, 81.2% of Bahrain's population was Muslim, 10% were Christian, and 9.8% practised Hinduism or other religions. The 2010 census records that the Muslim proportion had fallen to 70.2% (the 2010 census did not differentiate between the non-Muslim religions). Bahrain government officials rejected reports from Bahraini opposition that the administration was trying to alter the country's demographics by naturalizing Sunni Syrians.

語言

主條目：阿拉伯語和巴林阿拉伯語

巴林官方語言為阿拉伯語。本籍人口使用的巴林阿拉伯語是阿拉伯東部使用十分廣泛的阿拉伯語方言，屬於半島阿拉伯語的分支，與標準阿拉伯語有些許差異 。阿拉伯語在巴林的政治生活中占據重要地位，巴林憲法第五十七款第三條規定，通過選舉產生的眾議院議員的阿拉伯語必須要達到閱讀熟練，書寫流利的水平。

。而民間眾多外籍人口之間的交流則通用英語，許多路牌都是阿英雙語標識Many commercial institutions and road signs are bilingual, displaying both English and Arabic.。

另外巴林人與國內的外籍人士之間也有少數使用波斯語與烏爾都語。

。Among the Bahraini and non-Bahraini population, many people speak Persian, the official language of Iran, or Urdu, the official language of Pakistan.

Malayalam and Nepali are also widely spoken in the Nepalese workers and Gurkha Soldiers community. Hindi is spoken among significant Indian communities. 

教育

主條目：巴林教育

參見：巴林大學列表

一些巴林大學的女學生穿着傳統的黑色長袍

巴林擁有數座教學質量較高的大學，1986年設立的巴林大學是巴林最大的公立大學。

巴林的教育體制是阿拉伯半島歷史最悠久的公立教育體制，其實行免費教育和普及九年一貫制的中等教育制度。

巴林教育部為學生提供免費的教科書

在海灣阿拉伯國家中是屬於名列前茅的，其國民成人識字率為94.6%，青少年識字率為98.2%；國民平均受教育年限為9.4年。

巴林教育開支占GDP比重為2.9%。

6到14歲的兒童必須接受義務教育。

Education is compulsory for children between the ages of 6 and 14. Education is free for Bahraini citizens in public schools, with the Bahraini Ministry of Education providing free textbooks. Coeducation is not used in public schools, with boys and girls segregated into separate schools.

At the beginning of the 20th century, Qur'anic schools (Kuttab) were the only form of education in Bahrain. They were traditional schools aimed at teaching children and youth the reading of the Qur'an. After World War I, Bahrain became open to western influences, and a demand for modern educational institutions appeared. 1919 marked the beginning of modern public school system in Bahrain when the Al-Hidaya Al-Khalifia School for boys opened in Muharraq. In 1926, the Education Committee opened the second public school for boys in Manama, and in 1928 the first public school for girls was opened in Muharraq. As of 2011, there are a total of 126,981 students studying in public schools.

In 2004, King Hamad ibn Isa Al Khalifa introduced the "King Hamad Schools of Future" project that uses Information Communication Technology to support K–12 education in Bahrain. The project's objective is to connect all schools within the kingdom with the Internet. In addition to British intermediate schools, the island is served by the Bahrain School (BS). The BS is a United States Department of Defense school that provides a K-12 curriculum including International Baccalaureate offerings. There are also private schools that offer either the IB Diploma Programme or United Kingdom's A-Levels.

Bahrain also encourages institutions of higher learning, drawing on expatriate talent and the increasing pool of Bahrain nationals returning from abroad with advanced degrees. The University of Bahrain was established for standard undergraduate and graduate study, and the King Abdulaziz University College of Health Sciences, operating under the direction of the Ministry of Health, trains physicians, nurses, pharmacists, and paramedics. The 2001 National Action Charter paved the way for the formation of private universities such as the Ahlia University in Manama and University College of Bahrain in Saar. The Royal University for Women (RUW), established in 2005, was the first private, purpose-built, international University in Bahrain dedicated solely to educating women. The University of London External has appointed MCG (Management Consultancy Group) as the regional representative office in Bahrain for distance learning programmes. MCG is one of the oldest private institutes in the country. Institutes have also opened which educate South Asian students, such as the Pakistan Urdu School, Bahrain and the Indian School, Bahrain. A few prominent institutions are DePaul University, Bentley University, the Ernst & Young Training Institute, NYIT and the Birla Institute of Technology International Centre. In 2004, the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI) set up a constituent medical university in the country. In addition to the Arabian Gulf University, AMA International University and the College of Health Sciences, these are the only medical schools in Bahrain.

公共衛生

Bahrain has a universal health care system, dating back to 1960. Government-provided health care is free to Bahraini citizens and heavily subsidised for non-Bahrainis. Healthcare expenditure accounted for 4.5% of Bahrain's GDP, according to the World Health Organisation. Bahraini physicians and nurses form a majority of the country's workforce in the health sector, unlike neighbouring Gulf states. The first hospital in Bahrain was the American Mission Hospital, which opened in 1893 as a dispensary. The first public hospital, and also tertiary hospital, to open in Bahrain was the Salmaniya Medical Complex, in the Salmaniya district of Manama, in 1957. Private hospitals are also present throughout the country, such as the International Hospital of Bahrain.

The life expectancy in Bahrain is 73 for males and 76 for females. Compared to many countries in the region, the prevalence of AIDS and HIV is relatively low. Malaria and tuberculosis (TB) do not constitute major problems in Bahrain as neither disease is indigenous to the country. As a result, cases of malaria and TB have declined in recent decades with cases of contractions amongst Bahraini nationals becoming rare. The Ministry of Health sponsors regular vaccination campaigns against TB and other diseases such as hepatitis B.

Bahrain is currently suffering from an obesity epidemic as 28.9% of all males and 38.2% of all females are classified as obese. Bahrain also has one of the highest prevalence of diabetes in the world (5th place), with more than 15% of the Bahraini population suffering from the disease, and accounting for 5% of deaths in the country. Cardiovascular diseases account for 32% of all deaths in Bahrain, being the number one cause of death in the country (the second being cancer). Sickle cell anaemia and thalassaemia are prevalent in the country, with a study concluding that 18% of Bahrainis are carriers of sickle cell anaemia while 24% are carriers of thalassaemia.

文化

主條目：巴林文化

Shia Muslims in Bahrain strike their chests during Muharram in remembrance of Imam Hussain

巴林文化

Bahrain is sometimes described as "Middle East lite" due to its combination of modern infrastructure with a Persian Gulf identity. While Islam is the main religion, Bahrainis are known for their tolerance towards the practice of other faiths.

Rules regarding female attire are generally relaxed compared to regional neighbours; the traditional attire of women usually include the hijab or the abaya. Although the traditional male attire is the thobe which also includes traditional headdresses such as the Keffiyeh, Ghutra and Agal, Western clothing is common in the country.

Although Bahrain legalized homosexuality in 1976, including same-sex sodomy, many homosexuals have since been arrested . Another facet of Bahrain's openness is the country's status as the most prolific book publisher in the Arab world, with 132 books published in 2005 for a population of 700,000. In comparison, the 2005 average for the entire Arab world was seven books published per one million people, according to the United Nations Development Programme.

藝術

主條目：巴林藝術

一座巴林的風塔建築

巴林藝術

The modern art movement in the country officially emerged in the 1950s, culminating in the establishment of an art society. Expressionism and surrealism, as well as calligraphic art are the popular forms of art in the country. Abstract expressionism has gained popularity in recent decades. Pottery-making and textile weaving are also popular products that were widely made in Bahraini villages. Arabic calligraphy grew in popularity as the Bahraini government was an active patron in Islamic art, culminating in the establishment of an Islamic museum, Beit Al Quran. The Bahrain national museum houses a permanent contemporary art exhibition. The architecture of Bahrain is similar to that of its neighbours in the Persian Gulf. The wind tower, which generates natural ventilation in a house, is a common sight on old buildings, particularly in the old districts of Manama and Muharraq.

文學

主條目：Literature of Bahrain

Literature retains a strong tradition in the country; most traditional writers and poets write in the classical Arabic style. In recent years, the number of younger poets influenced by western literature are rising, most writing in free verse and often including political or personal content. Ali Al Shargawi, a decorated longtime poet, was described in 2011 by Al Shorfa as the literary icon of Bahrain.

In literature, Bahrain was the site of the ancient land of Dilmun mentioned in the Epic of Gilgamesh. Legend also states that it was the location of the Garden of Eden.

音樂

主條目：巴林音樂

巴林本土音樂的風格與周邊的阿拉伯國家十分相似。 The music style in Bahrain is similar to that of its neighbours. The Khaliji style of music, which is folk music, is popular in the country. The sawt style of music, which involves a complex form of urban music, performed by an Oud (plucked lute), a violin and mirwas (a drum), is also popular in Bahrain. Ali Bahar was one of the most famous singers in Bahrain. He performed his music with his Band Al-Ekhwa (The Brothers). Bahrain was also the site of the first recording studio amongst the Persian Gulf states.

體育

主條目：Sport in Bahrain

Association football is the most popular sport in Bahrain. Bahrain's national football team has competed multiple times at the Asian Cup, Arab Nations Cup and played in the FIFA World Cup qualifiers, though it has never qualified for the World Cup. Bahrain has its own top-tier domestic professional football league, the Bahraini Premier League. Basketball, Rugby and horse racing are also widely popular in the country.

Bahrain has competed in six Summer Olympics, debuting in the 1984 Los Angeles Summer Olympics. Bahrain has only won one Olympic medal in its history, that being a bronze medal won by Maryam Yusuf Jamal in the women's 1500 metres race at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London. Jamal is the first woman from any Persian Gulf nation to win an Olympic medal. Prior to the 2012 Summer Olympics, the closest attempt to Bahrain winning an Olympic medal was via Rashid Ramzi winning the men's 1,500 metres race at the 2008 Beijing Summer Olympics. However, his medal was stripped after he failed a drug test the following year. Bahrain has competed in every Summer Olympics since 1984 but has never competed in the Winter Olympics.

The podium ceremony at the 2007 Bahrain Grand Prix

Bahrain has a Formula One race-track, which hosted the inaugural Gulf Air Bahrain Grand Prix on 4 April 2004, the first in an Arab country. This was followed by the Bahrain Grand Prix in 2005. Bahrain hosted the opening Grand Prix of the 2006 season on 12 March of that year. Both the above races were won by Fernando Alonso of Renault. The race has since been hosted annually, except for 2011 when it was cancelled due to ongoing anti-government protests. The 2012 race occurred despite concerns of the safety of the teams and the ongoing protests in the country. The decision to hold the race despite ongoing protests and violence has been described as "controversial" by Al Jazeera English, CNN, AFP and Sky News. The Independent named it "one of the most controversial in the history of the sport".

In 2006, Bahrain also hosted its inaugural Australian V8 Supercar event dubbed the "Desert 400". The V8s returned every November to the Sakhir circuit until 2010, in which it was the second event of the series. The series has not returned since. The Bahrain International Circuit also features a full-length drag strip where the Bahrain Drag Racing Club has organised invitational events featuring some of Europe's top drag racing teams to try to raise the profile of the sport in the Middle East.

In April 2013, two Zimbabwean ex-pats based in Bahrain became the first men to officially circumnavigate the Bahraini mainland and Hawar Islands unassisted in single man kayaks taking six days. Paul Curwen and Chris Bloodworth undertook their expedition to raise funds for locally based and Zimbabwean charities.

節假日

主條目：巴林節日

巴林節日類型多樣，包括公曆節日、穆斯林節日，及紀念日。且巴林屬於伊斯蘭教國家，國民多為穆斯林，因此穆斯林節日在民間受到相當重視。 2006年9月1日起，巴林王國實施了新的周末休假制度，把法定周休日從每周的周四與周五，改為每周的周五與周六。

in order to have a day of the weekend shared with the rest of the world. Notable holidays in the country are listed below

巴林穆哈蘭姆月

巴林王國主要節日列表
日期		節日名	描述
1月1日	公曆	元旦 رأس السنة الميلادية	公曆新年
5月1日		勞動節 يوم العمال	當地稱為「Eid Al Oumal」
12月16日		國慶日 اليوم الوطني	巴林國慶節
12月17日		登基日 يوم الجلوس	巴林首任埃米爾伊薩·本·薩勒曼·阿勒哈利法的登基紀念日
穆哈蘭姆月一日	伊斯蘭曆	伊斯蘭曆新年 رأس السنة الهجرية	伊斯蘭曆新年，也稱作希吉來歷新年
穆哈蘭姆月九日、十日		阿舒拉節 عاشوراء	紀念與哀悼伊瑪目侯賽因的殉教遇難
賴比爾·敖外魯月十二日		聖紀節 المولد النبوي	先知穆罕默德的誕辰日
閃瓦魯月一日、二日、三日		開齋節 عيد الفطر	慶祝齋戒月的結束
都爾黑哲月九日		阿拉法特日 يوم عرفة	紀念真主在這一天給人類頒降了最後的啟示
都爾黑哲月十日、十一日、十二日		古爾邦節 عيد الأضحى	也稱為宰牲節，為紀念先知易卜拉欣忠實執行安拉命令獻祭其子，後被安拉以黑羔羊代替的故事

http://www.dt.bh

相關書籍

• Mojtahed-Zadeh‏, Pirouz. Security and Territoriality in the Persian Gulf: A Maritime Political Geography. Routledge. 1999. ISBN 978-0-7007-1098-0. 

參見

• 索引： 巴林相關條目索引
• 經濟相關：高收入經濟體
• 地理相關：西亞、中東、阿拉伯半島、波斯灣；
• 軍事相關：美國海軍第五艦隊、主要非北約盟國；
• 媒體相關：海灣每日新聞報、巴林中央報、巴林祖國報；
• 文化相關：穆斯林世界、阿拉伯國家、阿拉伯人、阿拉伯語；
• 政治相關：王國、君主立憲制、阿拉伯之春、2011年巴林反政府示威；

參考資料

書目

• Khalid Malik (總編). 《2014年人类发展报告》 (PDF). 紐約: 聯合國開發計劃署. 2014-07-24 [2015-01-29]. ISBN 978-92-1-626021-7. NY10017. （原始內容 (pdf)存檔於2015-01-29） （中文（簡體））. 
• 《Basic Results Population, Housing, Buildings and Establishments Census (Part 1)》 [《人口、住房、建築物和設施普查基本結果（第一部分）》] (PDF). Central Statistics Organisation, State of Bahrain. 2001 [2015-02-03]. （原始內容 (pdf)存檔於2015-02-03） （英語）. 
• 《2010 Census Results (Bahrain): General Tables》 [《巴林2010年人口普查結果：總表》] (PDF). Central Informatics Organization, Kingdom Of Bahrain [巴林王國中央信息組織]. 2011 [2015-01-31]. （原始內容 (pdf)存檔於2012-10-28） （英語）. 
• 《DECREE-LAW NO.(17) for 2002 , With respect to the Organization of Governorates》 [《2002年第17號法令 :關於各省組織區劃》]. Issued in The Riffa Palace [颁布於里法王宫]: 巴林國王哈邁德簽署頒布 , 首相哈利法及內政部長穆罕默德聯署. 2002-07-03 [2015-01-31]. （原始內容 (pdf)存檔於2012-10-03） （英語）. 
•  Constitution of the Kingdom of Bahrain (2002). 維基文庫. 巴林國王哈邁德簽署頒布. 2002-02-14 （英文）. 

外部連結

國家概況

• 在中華人民共和國外交部官網上的巴林國家概況頁面(2014年10月更新)（簡體中文）；
• 在中華人民共和國駐巴林王國大使館網站上的主頁及巴林概況頁面（簡體中文）；
• 在新華網上的巴林概況頁面（簡體中文）；
• 在中華民國外交部官網上的巴林王國(國家與地區)頁面（繁體中文）；
• 在英國廣播公司網站上的巴林簡況頁面（英文）；
• 《世界概況》上有關巴林的條目（英文）；

政府機構

• 在巴林政府電子政務網站上的主頁（英文）（阿拉伯文）；
• 在巴林外交部官網上的主頁（英文）（阿拉伯文）；

其他資料

• 維基導遊上有關巴林的旅行指南
• 維基媒體的巴林地圖集
• 開放目錄專案中的「Wheeler LIM/Text」
• 在Flickr網站上標籤為巴林的相片；
• 在海灣每日新聞報網站上的主頁（英文）；
• 在巴林中央報網站上的主頁（阿拉伯文）；
• 在巴林祖國報網站上的主頁（阿拉伯文）；

 本條目引用的公有領域材料來自CIA World Factbook的網站或文檔。
本文全部或部分內容來自美國聯邦政府所屬的美國之音網站。根據版權條款（英文）和有關美國政府作品版權的相關法律，其官方發布的內容屬於公有領域。