緬甸語
外觀
緬甸語 | |
---|---|
မြန်မာဘာသာ myanma bhatha | |
區域 | 緬甸 泰國 孟加拉 寮國 馬來西亞 新加坡 澳大利亞 美國 |
母語使用人數 | 3320萬 (2007年)[1] 第二語言:1000萬(日期不詳)[2] |
語系 | |
文字 | 緬文 |
官方地位 | |
作為官方語言 | 緬甸
東南亞國家聯盟 |
管理機構 | 緬甸語委員會 |
語言代碼 | |
ISO 639-1 | my |
ISO 639-2 | bur (B) mya (T) |
ISO 639-3 | mya |
緬甸語 ,簡稱緬語(緬甸語:မြန်မာဘာသာ,緬甸語委轉寫:Mranma bhasa,發音:[mjəmà bàθà])屬漢藏語系藏緬語族,以仰光音為標準。它是緬甸聯邦的官方語言,在該國有大約3200萬人使用,而且在孟加拉國、馬來西亞、泰國、美國也有少量分布。
入聲獨立算的話,緬甸語一共有四個聲調,分別是高平、高降、低平、高降喉塞。
緬甸文字的特徵是它呈圓形,這是因為古時候的緬甸文是書寫在棕櫚葉上的,必須設計圓弧形的筆劃才能避免劃破葉面。字符的構成是以輔音字母與元音拼合後形成音節符號。
歷史演變
[編輯]緬甸文在某種程度上代表古緬甸語,因此可以用緬甸文的羅馬轉寫來推測古緬甸文的發音,從此也可以看出其與仰光話之間的巨大的區別。
緬甸文的拉丁字母轉寫方案主要有John Okell制定的Okell拼音,緬甸語委會制定的語委拼音等。
音系
[編輯]聲調
[編輯]古緬甸語有三個聲調,但其在12世紀的確切音值不清楚。仰光話按調值分保持了這三個聲調:
- 第一聲:低平調334(在開音節中,用短元音符號表示,在閉音節中,在基本輔音之下加一個點)
- 第二聲:高平調554(在音節後加雙空心點符號)
- 第三聲:高降調53(在開音節中,用長元音符號表示,在閉音節中,沒有特殊的符號)
古緬甸文的塞音韻尾演變成喉塞音,可以算作第四個聲調,但其調值和第三聲53一樣。
聲調 | 緬文名 | 國際音標 (a的聲調) |
標記 (附加於a) |
特徵 | 延時 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
低平 | နိမ့်သံ | [aː˧˧˦] | à | 慣常 | 中 |
高平 | တက်သံ | [aː˥˥˦] | á | 有時略帶氣聲 | 長 |
高降 | သက်သံ | [aˀ˥˧] | a̰ | 緊喉音,有時略帶喉塞 | 中 |
高降喉塞 | တိုင်သံ | [ăʔ˥˧] | aʔ | 帶喉塞 | 短 |
古緬甸文的鼻音韻尾演變成鼻化元音,調值可以是上面三個中的任何一個。
韻尾
[編輯]古緬甸語的陽聲韻的韻尾在現代仰光話中一律合併爲一個鼻音-ɴ,仰光話拉丁轉寫用-n表示。古緬甸語的入聲韻的韻尾在現代仰光話中一律合併爲一個喉塞音-ʔ,仰光話拉丁轉寫用-t表示。
輔音
[編輯]雙唇音 | 齒音 | 齒齦音 | 舌面音 和軟顎音 |
硬顎音和 唇化舌根音 |
喉音 | 無發音部位 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
塞音和塞擦音 | pʰ p b | tʰ t d | tʃʰ tʃ dʒ | kʰ k g | ʔ | ||
鼻音 | m̥ m | n̥ n | ɲ̥ ɲ | ŋ̊ ŋ | ~ (鼻化元音) | ||
擦音 | θ (ð) | sʰ s z | ʃ | h | |||
半元音 | (r) | j | (ʍ) w | ||||
邊音 | l̥ l |
引用
[編輯]- ^ Mikael Parkvall, "Världens 100 största språk 2007" (The World's 100 Largest Languages in 2007), in Nationalencyklopedin
- ^ Burmese於《民族語》的鏈接(第15版,2005年)
- ^ Sagart et al. (2019),第10319–10320頁.
參考文獻
[編輯]- Julie D. Allen; et al (編). 11. Southeast Asian Scripts. The Unicode Standard Version 6.1 – Core Specification (PDF). Mountain View, CA: The Unicode Consortium. April 2012: 368–373 [2016-10-17]. ISBN 978-1-936213-02-3. (原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2019-10-26).
- Aung-Thwin, Michael. The Mists of Rāmañña: The Legend that was Lower Burma illustrated. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. 2005. ISBN 978-0-8248-2886-8.
- Aung Bala. Contemporary Burmese literature. Contributions to Asian Studies. 1981, 16.
- Barron, Sandy; Okell, John; Yin, Saw Myat; VanBik, Kenneth; Swain, Arthur; Larkin, Emma; Allott, Anna J.; Ewers, Kirsten. Refugees from Burma: Their Backgrounds and Refugee Experiences (PDF) (報告). Center for Applied Linguistics. 2007 [2010-08-20]. (原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2011-04-27).
- Benedict, Paul K. Tonal Systems in Southeast Asia. Journal of the American Oriental Society (American Oriental Society). Oct–Dec 1948, 68 (4). JSTOR 595942. doi:10.2307/595942.
- Bradley, David. Pronouns in Burmese–Lolo (PDF). Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman area (Melbourne: La Trobe University). Spring 1993, 16 (1) [2016-10-17]. (原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2021-03-07).
- Bradley, David. Ulrich Ammon, Norbert Dittmar, Klaus J. Mattheier, Peter Trudgill , 編. Sociolinguistics / Soziolinguistik 3. Walter de Gruyter. 2006. ISBN 978-3-11-018418-1.
- Bradley, David. Atlas of Languages of Intercultural Communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas 1. Walter de Gruyter. 1996. ISBN 978-3-11-013417-9.
- Bradley, David. Uncles and Aunts: Burmese Kinship and Gender (PDF). South-east Asian Linguisitics: Essays in Honour of Eugénie J.A. Henderson (School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London). 1989: 147–162 [2016-10-17]. (原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2017-10-11).
- Bradley, David. 9. Burma, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam. Martin J. Ball (編). The Routledge Handbook of Sociolinguistics Around the World (PDF). Routledge. 2010: 98–99. ISBN 978-0-415-42278-9. (原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2016-07-16).
- Bradley, David. Reflexives in Burmese (PDF). Papers in Southeast Asian Linguistics No. 13: studies in Burmese languages (Australian National University). 1995, (A-83): 139–172 [2016-10-17]. (原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2021-03-13).
- Bradley, David. Changes in Burmese Phonology and Orthography. SEALS Conference. Kasetsart University. May 2011 [19 October 2013]. (原始內容存檔於2021-04-14).
- Bradley, David. The Characteristics of the Burmic Family of Tibeto-Burman. Language and Linguistics. 2012, 13 (1): 171–192 [2016-10-17]. (原始內容存檔於2020-08-03).
- Chang, Charles Bond. “High-Interest Loans”: The Phonology of English Loanword Adaptation in Burmese (B.A.論文). Harvard University. 2003 [2011-05-24]. (原始內容存檔於2022-05-27).
- Chang, Charles B. English loanword adaptation in Burmese (PDF). Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society. 2009, 1: 77–94 [2016-10-17]. (原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2021-03-13).
- Harvey, G. E. History of Burma: From the Earliest Times to 10 March 1824. London: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd. 1925.
- Herbert, Patricia M.; Milner, Anthony. South-East Asia Languages and Literatures: A Select Guide. University of Hawaii Press. 1989. ISBN 978-0-8248-1267-6.
- Hill, Nathan W. Evolution of the Burmese Vowel System (PDF). Transactions of the Philological Society. 2012, 110 (1): 64–79 [2016-10-17]. doi:10.1111/j.1467-968x.2011.01282.x. (原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2021-03-13).
- Hnin Tun, San San. Burmese Phrasebook. Vicky Bowman. Lonely Planet. 2001. ISBN 978-1-74059-048-8.
- Houtman, Gustaaf. Traditions of Buddhist Practice in Burma. Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa. 1990.
- Jones, Robert. McCoy, John; Light, Timothy , 編. Pitch register languages. Contributions to Sino-Tibetan Studies (E. J. Brill). 1986.
- Khin Min, Maung. Old Usage Styles of Myanmar Script. Myanmar Unicode & NLP Research Center. 1987 [2008-07-29]. (原始內容存檔於2006-09-23).
- Lieberman, Victor B. Strange Parallels: Southeast Asia in Global Context, c. 800–1830, volume 1, Integration on the Mainland. Cambridge University Press. 2003. ISBN 978-0-521-80496-7.
- Sagart, Laurent; Jacques, Guillaume; Lai, Yunfan; Ryder, Robin; Thouzeau, Valentin; Greenhill, Simon J.; List, Johann-Mattis, Dated language phylogenies shed light on the history of Sino-Tibetan, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2019, 116 (21): 10317–10322, PMC 6534992 , PMID 31061123, doi:10.1073/pnas.1817972116 , 簡明摘要 – ScienceDaily (May 6, 2019).
}}
- Nishi, Yoshio. The Development of Voicing Rules in Standard Burmese (PDF). Bulletin of the National Museum of Ethnology (國立民族學博物館). 30 October 1998, 23 (1): 253–260.[永久失效連結]
- Nishi, Yoshio. The Orthographic Standardization of Burmese: Linguistic and Sociolinguistic Speculations (PDF). Bulletin of the National Museum of Ethnology (國立民族學博物館). 31 March 1998, 22: 975–999. (原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2013年10月22日).
- Okell, John. Burmese By Ear or Essential Myanmar (PDF). London: The School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. 2002 [2016-10-17]. ISBN 978-1-86013-758-7. (原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2021-04-20).
- 存档副本. Myanmar–English Dictionary. Myanmar Language Commission. 1993 [2016-10-17]. ISBN 978-1-881265-47-4. (原始內容存檔於2021-05-02).
- San San Hnin Tun. Discourse Marking in Burmese and English: A Corpus-Based Approach (PDF) (學位論文). University of Nottingham. 2006 [2013-10-20]. (原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2013-10-21).
- Taw Sein Ko. Elementary Handbook of the Burmese Language. Rangoon: American Baptist Mission Press. 1924.
- Taylor, L. F. On the tones of certain languages of Burma. Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies (Cambridge University Press). 1920, 1 (4). JSTOR 607065. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00101685.
- Wheatley, Julian; Tun, San San Hnin. Languages in contact: The case of English and Burmese. The Journal of Burma Studies. 1999, 4.
- Wheatley, Julian. 12. Burmese. Randy J. LaPolla, Graham Thurgood (編). Sino-Tibetan Languages. Routledge. 2013. ISBN 978-1-135-79717-1.
- Aung Zaw. Tell the World the Truth. The Irrawaddy (Chiang Mai). September 2010, 18 (9). (原始內容存檔於2010-09-18).
- Wheatley, Julian K. Burmese. B. Comrie (ed.) (編). Handbook of the world's major languages. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1987: 834–54. ISBN 978-0-19-520521-3.
- Yanson, Rudolf A. Nathan Hill , 編. Aspiration in the Burmese Phonological System: A Diachronic Account. Medieval Tibeto-Burman Languages IV. BRILL. 2012: 17–29. ISBN 978-90-04-23202-0.
- Yanson, Rudolf. Uta Gärtner, Jens Lorenz , 編. Chapter 3. Language. Tradition and Modernity in Myanmar (LIT Verlag Münster). 1994: 366–426. ISBN 978-3-8258-2186-9.
參考資料
[編輯]- Becker, Alton L. Biography of a sentence: A Burmese proverb. E. M. Bruner (ed.) (編). Text, play, and story: The construction and reconstruction of self and society. Washington, D.C.: American Ethnological Society. 1984: 135–55.
- Bernot, Denise. Le prédicat en birman parlé. Paris: SELAF. 1980. ISBN 2-85297-072-4 (法語).
- Cornyn, William Stewart. Outline of Burmese grammar. Baltimore: Linguistic Society of America. 1944.
- Cornyn, William Stewart; D. Haigh Roop. Beginning Burmese. New Haven: Yale University Press. 1968.
- Cooper, Lisa; Beau Cooper; Sigrid Lew. A phonetic description of Burmese obstruents. 45th International Conference on Sino-Tibetan Languages and Linguistics. Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. 2012 [2016-10-17]. (原始內容存檔於2022-06-12).
- Green, Antony D. Word, foot, and syllable structure in Burmese. J. Watkins (ed.) (編). Studies in Burmese linguistics. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. 2005: 1–25. ISBN 0-85883-559-2.
- Okell, John. A reference grammar of colloquial Burmese. London: Oxford University Press. 1969. ISBN 0-7007-1136-8.
- Roop, D. Haigh. An introduction to the Burmese writing system. New Haven: Yale University Press. 1972. ISBN 0-300-01528-3.
- Taw Sein Ko. Elementary handbook of the Burmese language. Rangoon: American Baptist Mission Press. 1924.
- Watkins, Justin W. Illustrations of the IPA: Burmese. Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 2001, 31 (2): 291–95. doi:10.1017/S0025100301002122.
- Patricia M Herbert, Anthony Milner (編). South East Asia Languages and Literatures: Languages and Literatures: A Select Guide. University of Hawaii Press. 1989. ISBN 0-8248-1267-0.
- Waxman, Nathan; Aung, Soe Tun. The Naturalization of Indic Loan-Words into Burmese: Adoption and Lexical Transformation. Journal of Burma Studies. 2014, 18 (2): 259–290. doi:10.1353/jbs.2014.0016.
參見
[編輯]外部連結
[編輯]維基百科提供如下語言版本: Burmese 維基百科
- 維基導遊上有關Burmese phrasebook的旅行指南
- Omniglot: Burmese Language (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)
- Learn Burmese online (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)
- Online Burmese lessons (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)
- Burmese language resources (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館) from SOAS
- E-books for children with narration in Burmese. Unite for Literacy library. [2014-06-21]. (原始內容存檔於2021-05-03).
- Myanmar Unicode and NLP Research Center
- Myanmar 3 font and keyboard (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)
- Burmese online dictionary (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館) (Unicode)
- Ayar Myanmar online dictionary (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)
- Myanmar unicode character table (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)
- Download KaNaungConverter_Window_Build200508.zip from the Kanaung project page and Unzip (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館) Ka Naung Converter Engine (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)