病毒血症

病毒血症（英文：Viremia）是指病毒侵入血液系統的狀況，病毒可由此進入身體其它部分。^[1]^[2] 病毒血症與菌血症相似，後者指細菌侵入血液。^[2]

階段

初期病毒血症指的是病毒從最初感染點開始在血液中的擴散，一般持續4-5天；二期病毒血症指的是病毒通過血液系統感染了其它組織，此期間病毒（在新感染細胞內）已經進行了病毒複製（英語：Viral replication）並再次進入血液循環。^[3] 通常情況下，二期病毒血症會有更大量的病毒排出（英語：Viral shedding）、病毒載量，這是因為病毒利用血液系統能找到自然宿主細胞，從而進行更高效地複製（相比在最初感染點）。^[4]

最典型的例子之一就是狂犬病病毒，該病毒在最初感染點（如動物咬傷的肌肉處）可進行簡短的複製，並引發初期病毒血症，此後病毒會散播到中樞神經系統、引發二期病毒血症，而患者也開始出現狂犬病症狀。^[5] 當到了二期病毒血症時，接種狂犬病疫苗已經無效，病毒侵入大腦已無法被阻止。^[6] 因此，接種疫苗必須在二期病毒血症之前。

機制

主動型病毒血症是由於病毒的主動複製而導致病毒進入血液，典型的例子包括麻疹病毒。^[7] 而被動型病毒血症則無需病毒主動複製，典型例子包括蚊蟲叮咬、輸血、物理傷害等導致病毒直接進入血液。^[8]

參見

敗血症

參考文獻

^ Viremia - an overview. ScienceDirect. [2021-04-01]. （原始內容存檔於2021-10-20）（英語）.
^ ^2.0 ^2.1 Definition of Viremia. MedicineNet. [2021-04-01]. （原始內容存檔於2021-04-21）（英語）.
^ Mechanisms of Infection and Spread of Viruses through the Body. 詹姆斯·麥迪遜大學. [2021-04-01]. （原始內容存檔於2016-07-08）（英語）.
^ Cerino A, Bissolati M, Cividini A, Nicosia A, Esumi M, Hayashi N, Mizuno K, Slobbe R, Oudshoorn P, Silini E, Asti M, Mondelli MU. Antibody responses to the hepatitis C virus E2 protein: relationship to viraemia and prevalence in anti-HCV seronegative subjects. J Med Virol. Jan 1997, 51 (1): 1–5. PMID 8986942. doi:10.1002/(sici)1096-9071(199701)51:1<1::aid-jmv1>3.3.co;2-3.
^ Lodmell DL, Dimcheff DE, Ewalt LC. Viral RNA in the bloodstream suggests viremia occurs in clinically ill rabies-infected mice. Virus Res. (Submitted manuscript). Mar 2006, 116 (1–2): 114–8 [2021-04-01]. PMID 16242805. doi:10.1016/j.virusres.2005.09.004. （原始內容存檔於2020-07-09）.
^ Gribencha SV, Barinsky IF. Viraemia in rabies. Acta Virol. Jul 1982, 26 (4): 301.
^ Mulupuri, Prasad; Zimmerman, Jeffrey J.; Hermann, Joseph; Johnson, Craig R.; Cano, Jean Paul; Yu, Wanqin; Dee, Scott A.; Murtaugh, Michael P. Antigen-Specific B-Cell Responses to Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Infection. Journal of Virology. 2008-1, 82 (1): 358–370. ISSN 0022-538X. PMC 2224379 . PMID 17942527. doi:10.1128/JVI.01023-07. 請檢查|date=中的日期值 (幫助)
^ Lai CJ, Goncalvez AP, Men R, Wernly C, Donau O, Engle RE, Purcell RH. Epitope determinants of a chimpanzee dengue virus type 4 (DENV-4)-neutralizing antibody and protection against DENV-4 challenge in mice and rhesus monkeys by passively transferred humanized antibody. J Virol. Dec 2007, 81 (23): 12766–74. PMC 2169078 . PMID 17881450. doi:10.1128/jvi.01420-07.

[1] Viremia - an overview. ScienceDirect. [2021-04-01]. （原始內容存檔於2021-10-20）（英語）.

[:0-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Definition of Viremia. MedicineNet. [2021-04-01]. （原始內容存檔於2021-04-21）（英語）.

[3] Mechanisms of Infection and Spread of Viruses through the Body. 詹姆斯·麥迪遜大學. [2021-04-01]. （原始內容存檔於2016-07-08）（英語）.

[4] Cerino A, Bissolati M, Cividini A, Nicosia A, Esumi M, Hayashi N, Mizuno K, Slobbe R, Oudshoorn P, Silini E, Asti M, Mondelli MU. Antibody responses to the hepatitis C virus E2 protein: relationship to viraemia and prevalence in anti-HCV seronegative subjects. J Med Virol. Jan 1997, 51 (1): 1–5. PMID 8986942. doi:10.1002/(sici)1096-9071(199701)51:1<1::aid-jmv1>3.3.co;2-3.

[5] Lodmell DL, Dimcheff DE, Ewalt LC. Viral RNA in the bloodstream suggests viremia occurs in clinically ill rabies-infected mice. Virus Res. (Submitted manuscript). Mar 2006, 116 (1–2): 114–8 [2021-04-01]. PMID 16242805. doi:10.1016/j.virusres.2005.09.004. （原始內容存檔於2020-07-09）.

[6] Gribencha SV, Barinsky IF. Viraemia in rabies. Acta Virol. Jul 1982, 26 (4): 301.

[7] Mulupuri, Prasad; Zimmerman, Jeffrey J.; Hermann, Joseph; Johnson, Craig R.; Cano, Jean Paul; Yu, Wanqin; Dee, Scott A.; Murtaugh, Michael P. Antigen-Specific B-Cell Responses to Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Infection. Journal of Virology. 2008-1, 82 (1): 358–370. ISSN 0022-538X. PMC 2224379 . PMID 17942527. doi:10.1128/JVI.01023-07. 請檢查|date=中的日期值 (幫助)

[8] Lai CJ, Goncalvez AP, Men R, Wernly C, Donau O, Engle RE, Purcell RH. Epitope determinants of a chimpanzee dengue virus type 4 (DENV-4)-neutralizing antibody and protection against DENV-4 challenge in mice and rhesus monkeys by passively transferred humanized antibody. J Virol. Dec 2007, 81 (23): 12766–74. PMC 2169078 . PMID 17881450. doi:10.1128/jvi.01420-07.

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