寡家蟻屬
寡家蟻屬 | |
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| 一隻多樣寡家蟻（C.diversa）的大兵 | |
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科學分類 
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| 界： | 動物界 Animalia |
| 門： | 節肢動物門 Arthropoda |
| 綱： | 昆蟲綱 Insecta |
| 目： | 膜翅目 Hymenoptera |
| 科： | 蟻科 Formicidae |
| 亞科： | 家蟻亞科 Myrmicinae |
| 族： | 角腹蟻族 Crematogastrini |
| 屬： | 寡家蟻屬 Carebara Westwood,1840 |
| 模式種 | |
| 木盲切葉蟻 Carebara lignata Westwood,1840
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| 多樣性[2] | |
| 245個現生種（含亞種），10個化石種。 | |
| 異名 | |
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寡家蟻屬（學名：Carebara）又稱盲切葉蟻屬或重頭蟻屬 [2]，是家蟻亞科的一種屬。該屬包含了世界上最小的螞蟻 —— 原子盲切葉蟻（Carebara atoma）
描述
[編輯]該屬是一個龐大的體系屬，擁有 234個有效物種（包括 9個化石物種）和 22 個亞種。[11]
該屬的物種幾乎遍布全球，主要記錄在熱帶和亞熱帶地區。部分物種在土壤或白蟻的土丘中築巢，有些物種也會棲息在爛木中。盲切葉蟻屬的大多數物種的體型十分微小，並且常年居住在地底，主要以死昆蟲和其他無脊椎動物為食。[11]
然而，一些物種是具有大規模掠奪習性的侵略性地面捕食者（俗稱行軍蟻，但不是真正意義上的行軍蟻），例如已經被撤銷的巨首蟻屬（Pheidologeton）。目前關於盲切葉蟻的行為學和生命周期的研究仍然有限。[11]
該屬根據木盲切葉蟻（Carebara lignata）建立，同時也是該屬的模式種。它在成立初期被納入了一個獨立的亞科：Attidae，但該亞科現已撤銷。後來，該屬的分類學地位在部落中經歷了幾次變化：
Solenopsidini (Forel 1893)
巨首蟻族 Pheidologetini Emery, 1914
巨首蟻屬群 Pheidologeton genus group
由於不同種姓和多態性的記錄不完整。以下分類被認為是盲切葉蟻屬的異名：
- Aeromyrma Forel, 1891
- Afroxyidris Belshaw & Bolton, 1994
- Amauromyrmex Wheeler, W.M., 1929
- Aneleus Emery, 1900
- Crateropsis Patrizi, 1948
- Erebomyrma Wheeler, W.M., 1903
- Hendecatella Wheeler, W.M., 1927
- Idrisella Santschi, 1937
- Lecanomyrma Forel, 1913
- Neoblepharidatta Sheela & Narendran, 1997
- Nimbamyrma Bernard, 1953
- 稀切葉蟻屬 Oligomyrmex Mayr, 1867
- Paedalgus Forel
- Parvimyrma Eguchi & Bui
- 巨首蟻屬 Pheidologeton Mayr, 1862 擬大頭家蟻屬
- Solenops Karavaiev, 1930
- Spelaeomyrmex Wheeler, W.M., 1922
- Sporocleptes Arnold, 1948
最終，基於對 11個基因的全面系統發育分析，該屬被納入了舉腹蟻族之下。
屬的級別的分類學變化已經取代了盲切葉蟻屬的一些早期區域修訂。此外，缺乏全面的修訂，尤其是對舊世界物種的修訂，給物種識別帶來了困難。為了解決這些問題，研究者對以下區域進行了研究：印度、沙特阿拉伯、非洲熱帶地區、巴西、馬達加斯加和澳大利亞。關於種團的研究最初集中在新大陸物種上，Fernández 回顧了美國物種，並根據工蟻種姓的形態提出了五個物種群。在舊世界，Bharti 和 Kumar 於2013年首次研究了盲切葉蟻屬的種群。他們將11個印度物種分為三組，基於 C. asina 的無眼小型工蟻將 C. concinna 種團與木盲切葉蟻種團（C. lignata species group）融合 。
Fischer 等人於2014年建立了 C. polita 種團，該種團與巨首蟻具有形態相似性，包括6個非洲熱帶物種和2個新熱帶物種。本研究還將巨首蟻屬與盲切葉蟻屬同義。後來 Fischer 等人於 2015年建立了 phragmotica 種團，Hosoishi 等人於 2022年提出了 acutispina 種團，但是這兩個種團都包括了C. phragmotic。
毒性
[編輯]C. pygmaea 具有毒液。在泰國西部的一次田間調查中，一位收集者不小心被這個螞蟻蟄傷了。並在幾分鐘後內出現瘙癢的皮疹，並在兩天內出現水泡。[12]
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手在幾分鐘內出現紅疹（A）
兩天後內出現水泡（B）
- Carebara aberrans (Santschi, 1937)
- Carebara aborensis (Wheeler, 1913)
- Carebara abuhurayri Sharaf & Aldawood, 2011
- Carebara acuta (Weber, 1952)
- 尖刺盲切葉蟻 Carebara acutispina (Xu, 2003)
- Carebara adisaki Wimolsuthikul & Jaitrong, 2024
- 近緣盲切葉蟻 Carebara affinis Jerdon, 1851 相鄰寡家蟻
- Carebara affinis javana Emery, 1893
- Carebara affinis minor Emery, 1900
- Carebara affinis spinosior Forel, 1911
- Carebara affinis sumatrensis Forel, 1913
- Carebara afghana (Pisarski, 1970)
- 非洲盲切葉蟻 Carebara africana (Forel, 1910)
- Carebara alluaudi (Santschi, 1913)
- Carebara alluaudi cataractae Santschi, 1919
- Carebara alperti Fernández, 2010
- Carebara alpha (Forel, 1905)
- 高結盲切葉蟻 Carebara altinoda Xu, 2003
- 阿美盲切葉蟻 Carebara amia Forel, 1913 阿美寡家蟻、阿美稀切葉蟻
- Carebara ampla Santschi, 1912
- 安戈爾盲切葉蟻 Carebara angolensis (Santschi, 1914)
- Carebara angulata Fernández, 2004
- Carebara anophthalma (Emery, 1906)
- †Carebara antiqua (Mayr, 1868)
- Carebara arabara Fernández, 2010
- Carebara arabica (Collingwood & Van Harten, 2001)
- Carebara armata (Donisthorpe, 1948)
- Carebara arnoldi (Forel, 1913)
- Carebara arnoldiella (Santschi, 1919)
- 兇惡盲切葉蟻 Carebara asina Forel, 1902
- 原子盲切葉蟻 Carebara atoma (Emery, 1900)
- Carebara audita Fernández, 2004
- Carebara bara Azorsa & Fisher, 2018
- Carebara bartrumi Weber, 1943
- 孟加拉盲切葉蟻 Carebara bengalensis Forel, 1902 孟加拉稀切葉蟻
- Carebara beta (Forel, 1905)
- Carebara bicarinata Santschi, 1912
- 雙角盲切葉蟻 Carebara bihornata (Xu, 2003)
- †Carebara bohemica (Novák, 1877)
- Carebara borealis (Terayama, 1996)
- Carebara bouvardi (Santschi, 1913)
- Carebara brasiliana Fernández, 2004
- Carebara brevipilosa Fernández, 2004
- Carebara bruchi (Santschi, 1933)
- 布氏盲切葉蟻 Carebara bruni Forel, 191
- Carebara butteli (Forel, 1913)
- 卷鬚盲切葉蟻 Carebara capreola Wheeler, 1927
- 卷鬚盲切葉蟻滑頭亞種 Carebara capreola laeviceps
- Carebara carinata Bharti & Kumar, 2013
- 栗色盲切葉蟻 Carebara castanea Smith, 1858
- Carebara castanea augustata Santschi, 1920
- 錫蘭盲切葉蟻 Carebara ceylonensis (Forel, 1911) 錫蘭寡家蟻
- Carebara coeca Fernández, 2004
- 平頭盲切葉蟻 Carebara colobopsis Hosoishi & Yamane, 2022
- Carebara concinna (Mayr, 1867)
- Carebara convexa (Weber, 1950)
- Carebara coqueta Fernández, 2006
- Carebara cornigera (Forel, 1902)
寡婦盲切葉蟻（C. vidua） - Carebara crassiuscula (Emery, 1900)
- 網紋盲切葉蟻 Carebara cribriceps (Wheeler, 1927)
- Carebara crigensis (Belshaw & Bolton, 1994)
- 彎刺盲切葉蟻 Carebara curvispina (Xu, 2003)
- Carebara debilis (Santschi, 1913)
- Carebara dentata Bharti & Kumar, 2013
- 齒突盲切葉蟻 Carebara dentiviris
- Carebara deponens (Walker, 1859)
- Carebara diabola (Santschi, 1913)
- Carebara diabolica (Baroni Urbani, 1969)
- Carebara distincta (Bolton & Belshaw, 1993)
- 多樣寡家蟻 Carebara diversa Jerdon, 1851 全異盲切葉蟻
- 龍盲切葉蟻 Carebara diversa draco Santschi, 1920
- 全異盲切葉蟻老撾亞種 Carebara diversa laotina Santschi, 1920
- 全異盲切葉蟻麥氏亞種 Carebara diversa macgregori Wheeler, W.M., 1929
- Carebara diversa philippina Wheeler, W.M., 1929
- Carebara diversa standfussi Forel, 1911
- Carebara diversa taprobanae Smith, F., 1858
- Carebara diversa tenuirugosa Wheeler, W.M., 1929
- 全異盲切葉蟻威氏亞種 Carebara diversa williamsi Wheeler, W.M., 1929
- Carebara donisthorpei (Weber, 1950)
- Carebara dota Azorsa & Fisher, 2018
- Carebara elmenteitae (Patrizi, 1948)
- 細長盲切葉蟻 Carebara elongata Fernández, 2004
- Carebara erythraea (Emery, 1915)
- Carebara escherichi (Forel, 1911)
- Carebara fayrouzae Sharaf, 2013
- Carebara frontalis (Weber, 1950)
- Carebara globularia Fernández, 2004
- 格氏盲切葉蟻 Carebara grandidieri (Forel, 1891)
- 粒溝盲切葉蟻 Carebara granulatus
- Carebara guineana Fernández, 2006
- 般若盲切葉蟻 Carebara hannya (Terayama, 1996)
- Carebara hornata Bharti & Kumar, 2013
- 湖南盲切葉蟻 Carebara hunanenis Wu et Wang, 1995
- Carebara inca Fernández, 2004
- Carebara incerta (Santschi, 1919)
- Carebara incierta Fernández, 2004
- Carebara infima (Santschi, 1913)
- Carebara intermedia Fernández, 2004
- 雅氏盲切葉蟻 Carebara jacobsoni (Forel, 1911)
- Carebara jajoby Azorsa & Fisher, 2018
- Carebara jeanneli (Santschi, 1913)
- 江西盲切葉蟻 Carebara jinagxiensis Wu et Wang, 1995
- Carebara junodi Forel, 1904
- 卡米盲切葉蟻 Carebara khamiensis (Arnold, 1952)
- Carebara kofana Fernández, 2004
- Carebara kunensis (Ettershank, 1966)
- 滑頭盲切葉蟻 Carebara laeviceps Liu & Zhong, 2024
- Carebara lamellifrons (Forel, 1902)
- Carebara langi Wheeler, 1922
- 寬結盲切葉蟻 Carebara latinoda Zhou & Zheng, 1997
- Carebara latro (Santschi, 1937)
- Carebara leei (Forel, 1902)
- 木盲切葉蟻 Carebara lignata Westwood,1840 (本屬模式種)
- 長頭盲切葉蟻 Carebara longiceps (Santschi, 1929)
- Carebara longii (Wheeler, 1903)
- Carebara lucida (Santschi, 1917)
- 光亮盲切葉蟻 Carebara lusciosa (Wheeler,1928)
- Carebara majeri Fernández, 2004
- Carebara manni (Donisthorpe, 1941)
- Carebara mayri (Forel, 1901)
- 黑溝盲切葉蟻 Carebara melasolena Zhou et Zheng,1997
- Carebara menozzii (Ettershank, 1966)
- Carebara minima (Emery, 1900)
- Carebara minuta Fernández, 2004
- Carebara mjobergi (Forel, 1915)
- Carebara nana (Santschi, 1919)
- 南寧盲切葉蟻 Carebara nanningensis
- Carebara nayana (Sheela & Narendran, 1997)
- †Carebara nitida (Dlussky & Perkovsky, 2002)
- 諾福克盲切葉蟻 Carebara norfolkensis (Donisthorpe, 1941)
- Carebara nosindambo (Forel, 1891)
- Carebara nuda Fernández, 2004
- 鈍齒盲切葉蟻 Carebara obtusidenta (Xu, Z., 2003)
- Carebara octata (Bolton & Belshaw, 1993)
- Carebara oertzeni (Forel, 1886)
- Carebara oni (Terayama, 1996)
- Carebara osborni Wheeler, 1922
- 奧氏盲切葉蟻 Carebara overbecki (Viehmeyer, 1916)
- Carebara paeta (Santschi, 1937)
- Carebara panamensis (Wheeler, 1925)
- 帕氏盲切葉蟻 Carebara patrizii Menozzi, 1927
- Carebara paya Fernández, 2004
- Carebara perpusilla (Emery, 1895)
- Carebara peruviana (Emery, 1906)
- Carebara petulca (Wheeler, 1922)
- Carebara pilosa Fernández, 2004
- Carebara pisinna (Bolton & Belshaw, 1993)
- 光滑盲切葉蟻 Carebara polita (Santschi, 1914)
- 多音盲切葉蟻 Carebara polyphemus (Wheeler,1928)
- Carebara propomegata Bharti & Kumar, 2013
- 擬亮盲切葉蟻 Carebara pseudolusciosa (Wu et Wang,1995)
- 矮人盲切葉蟻 Carebara pumilia Fischer, Azorsa et Fisher, 2014
- 斑點盲切葉蟻 Carebara punctata (Karavaiev, 1931)
- Carebara pygmaea (Emery, 1887)
- Carebara pygmaea densistriata (Stitz, 1925)
- 千里眼盲切葉蟻 Carebara qianliyan Terayama, 2009
- Carebara raja (Forel, 1902)
- Carebara rara (Bolton & Belshaw, 1993)
- Carebara rectangulata Bharti & Kumar, 2013
- 直背盲切葉蟻 Carebara rectidorsa (Xu, 2003)
- Carebara reina Fernández, 2004
- 紋頭盲切葉蟻 Carebara reticapita (Xu, 2003)
- Carebara reticulata Fernández, 2004
- Carebara robertsoni (Bolton & Belshaw, 1993)
- Carebara rothneyi (Forel, 1902)
- Carebara rugata (Forel, 1913)
- 坂本盲切葉蟻 Carebara sakamotoi Terayama, Lin et Eguchi, 2012
- 桑氏盲切葉蟻 Carebara sangi (Eguchi & Bui, 2007)
- Carebara santschii (Weber, 1943)
- Carebara sarasinorum (Emery, 1901)
- Carebara sarita (Bolton & Belshaw, 1993)
- Carebara satana (Karavaiev, 1935)
- 邵氏盲切葉蟻 Carebara sauteri Forel, 1912 邵氏寡家蟻
- Carebara semilaevis (Mayr, 1901)
- Carebara sicheli Mayr, 1862
- 西氏寡家蟻 Carebara silvestrii Santschi,1914 西氏盲切葉蟻
- Carebara simalurensis (Forel, 1915)
- Carebara similis (Mayr, 1862)
- Carebara sinhala Fischer, Azorsa & Fisher, 2014
- Carebara sodalis (Emery, 1914)
- †Carebara sophiae (Emery, 1891)
- Carebara spinata Bharti & Kumar, 2013
- Carebara stenoptera (Kusnezov, 1952)
- 條紋盲切葉蟻 Carebara striata (Xu, 2003)
- Carebara sublatro (Forel, 1913)
- Carebara subreptor (Emery, 1900)
- 蘇丹盲切葉蟻 Carebara sudanensis (Weber, 1943)
- Carebara sudanica Santschi, 1933
- Carebara sundaica (Forel, 1913)
- Carebara tahitiensis (Wheeler, 1936)
- 大埔盲切葉蟻 Carebara taiponica (Wheeler, 1928)
- Carebara tana Azorsa & Fisher, 2018
- Carebara taprobanae (Forel, 1911)
- Carebara tenua Fernández, 2004
- Carebara termitolestes (Wheeler, 1918)
- Carebara thoracica (Weber, 1950)
- †Carebara thorali (Théobald, 1937)
- Carebara traegaordhi (Santschi, 1914)
- 粗紋盲切葉蟻 Carebara trechideros Zhou et Zheng, 1997
- †Carebara ucrainica (Dlussky & Perkovsky, 2002)
- Carebara ugandana (Santschi, 1923)
- Carebara urichi (Wheeler, 1922)
- 紅盲切葉蟻 Carebara vespillo Wheeler, 1921
- Carebara vidua Smith, 1858
- Carebara vidua fur Santschi, 1928
- Carebara viehmeyeri (Mann, 1919)
- Carebara villiersi (Bernard, 1953)
- Carebara voeltzkowi (Forel, 1907)
- Carebara vorax (Santschi, 1914)
- Carebara weyeri (Karavaiev, 1930)
- 惠勒盲切葉蟻 Carebara wheeleri (Ettershank, 1966)
- Carebara wroughtonii (Forel, 1902)
- 大和盲切葉蟻 Carebara yamatonis (Terayama, 1996)
- 矢野盲切葉蟻 Carebara yanoi Forel, 1912 矢野寡家蟻
- 增城盲切葉蟻 Carebara zengchengensis (Zhou, Zhao et Jia,2006)
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參考文獻
[編輯]- ^ Barden, P. 2017. Fossil ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): ancient diversity and the rise of modern lineages. Myrmecological News 24: 1-30.
- ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Carebara(重头蚁属/盲切叶蚁属). 螞蟻網 ants-china.com.
- ^ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 Fernández, F. 2004a. The American species of the myrmicine ant genus Carebara Westwood (Hymentoptera: Formicidae). Caldasia 26(1): 191-238 (page 194, Carebara senior synonym of Aeromyrma, Afroxyidris, Aneleus, Crateropsis, Erebomyrma, Hendecatella, Lecanomyrma, Neoblepharidatta, Nimbamyrma, Oligomyrmex, Paedalgus, Solenops, Spelaeomyrmex, Sporocleptes)
- ^ Forel, A. 1893b. Sur la classification de la famille des Formicides, avec remarques synonymiques. Ann. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 37: 161-167 (page 164, Carebara in Myrmicinae, Solenopsidini)
- ^ Fischer, G., Azorsa, F. & Fisher, B.L. 2014. The ant genus Carebara Westwood (Hymenoptera, Formicidae): synonymisation of Pheidologeton Mayr under Carebara, establishment and revision of the C. polita species group. ZooKeys 438:57–112. doi:10.3897/zookeys.438.7922
- ^ Ettershank, G. 1966. A generic revision of the world Myrmicinae related to Solenopsis and Pheidologeton (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Aust. J. Zool. 14: 73-171 (page 115, Idrisella as junior synonym of Pheidologeton)
- ^ Bolton, B. 2003. Synopsis and Classification of Formicidae. Mem. Am. Entomol. Inst. 71: 370pp (page 217, Idrisella as junior synonym of Pheidologeton)
- ^ Bingham, C. T. 1903. The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Hymenoptera, Vol. II. Ants and Cuckoo-wasps. London: Taylor and Francis, 506 pp. (page 160, Phidologeton; Unjustified emendation of Pheidologeton)
- ^ Bolton, B. 2003. Synopsis and Classification of Formicidae. Mem. Am. Entomol. Inst. 71: 370pp (page 217, Phidologeton as junior synonym of Pheidologeton)
- ^ Wheeler, W. M. 1922j. Ants of the American Museum Congo expedition. A contribution to the myrmecology of Africa. VIII. A synonymic list of the ants of the Ethiopian region. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 45: 711-1004 (page 880, Phidologeton as junior synonym of Pheidologeton)
- ^ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 Liu Z-y, Zhong Y, Huang Y-y, Ran H, Song F (2024) A new ant species of the genus Carebara Westwood, 1840 (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Myrmicinae) with a key to Chinese species. ZooKeys 1190: 1-37. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1190.110552
- ^ Wimolsuthikul, C., Yamane, S., Samung, Y., Jaitrong, W. 2024. A revision of the Carebara pygmaea (Emery, 1887) species group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Thailand. Zootaxa, 54811, 79–100 (doi:10.11646/zootaxa.5481.1.5).
- ^ 251 Valid Extant Species (168 imaged). AntWeb.