安哥拉龍屬

安哥拉龍屬; 化石時期：土侖階-科尼亞克階; 92.1–88 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N ▼
	美國國立自然歷史博物館的部分骨骼（MGUAN（英語：Agostinho Neto University）-PA 065）
科學分類
界：	動物界 Animalia
門：	脊索動物門 Chordata
綱：	爬蟲綱 Reptilia
目：	有鱗目 Squamata
總科：	†滄龍總科 Mosasauroidea
科：	†滄龍科 Mosasauridae
亞科：	†扁掌龍亞科 Plioplatecarpinae; Antunes（英語：Miguel Telles Antunes）, 1964
屬：	†安哥拉龍屬 Angolasaurus
模式種
	†博氏安哥拉龍; Angolasaurus bocagei; Antunes（英語：Miguel Telles Antunes）, 1964
異名
	滄龍未定種 Mosasaurus sp. Adkins, 1923; 板踝龍未定種 Platecarpus sp. Antunes（英語：Miguel Telles Antunes）, 1961; 博氏板踝龍 Platecarpus bocagei Lingham-Soliar, 1994;

安哥拉龍（學名：Angolasaurus，意為「安哥拉的蜥蜴」）是滄龍科已滅絕的一個屬。該屬已確認遺骸在土侖階至科尼亞克階的安哥拉、^[7]科尼亞克階的美國（存疑）、土侖階的巴西^[8]及馬斯特里赫特階的尼日爾均有發現。^[9]^[10]儘管一度被視為板踝龍的一個種，^[6]但近期系統發育分析將其置於扁掌龍亞科的長鼻蜥龍及塞爾馬龍之間，從而維持其在扁掌龍亞科內的基幹位置。^[11]

廣闊的地理泛圍使其成為少數跨大西洋分布的土侖階滄龍之一。^[8]

描述

安哥拉龍是種小型滄龍，顱骨長度估計為40公分（1.3英尺），^[12]則根據羅塞爾（1967年）提供的比例，其身體全長應為4公尺（13英尺）左右。^[13]其外觀大致與近親板踝龍相似，但和近親相比有着相對體長而言更長的顱骨^[6]顱骨有11顆上頜齒、4顆前頜齒及12顆齒骨齒。安哥拉龍的系統發育關係顯示本屬個體擁有尾鰭、更加靠前的鼻孔^[14]及用於提升水動力效率的有龍骨鱗片。^[15]

由於安哥拉龍生存的區域及後來本蒂亞巴地區的海水溫度下降，有人猜測安哥拉龍及棲息在該地區的其它滄龍背部表面深色斑紋的覆蓋範圍可能有所增加，以幫助調節濕度。^[16]

發現歷史

安哥拉龍由米格爾·特萊斯·安圖內斯於1964年根據部分顱骨及骨骼首次描述，並於1994年重新歸入板踝龍屬。^[6]2005年的研究取消該做法，並將本屬歸入扁掌龍亞科。^[7]2005至2009年間的野外考察至少發現兩具新的安哥拉龍骨骼。對一個新顱骨及正模顱骨進行CT掃描，以揭示內部腦殼的複雜細微特徵，從而確認其在扁掌龍亞科中更精確的地位。^[8]更近期的主要滄龍科系統發育分析，將安哥拉龍置於羅塞爾龍類海王龍亞科及扁掌龍亞科組成演化支的基幹位置，但不屬於任何一個亞科。^[17]

2007年，德克薩斯州鷹灘組（英語：Eagle Ford formation）發現的兩具個體被歸入安哥拉龍，其中一具保存有部分舌器（英語：hyoid apparatus）。同一篇摘要中將先前歸入板踝龍的兩顆牙齒重新歸入安哥拉龍。這些牙齒來自[[[巴西]]的塞爾希培盆地，實際上與安哥拉龍正模標本中發現的牙齒幾乎沒有區別。這些發現使安哥拉龍成為首種有着跨大西洋分布的土侖階滄龍。^[8]

古生態學

安哥拉

博氏安哥拉龍僅發現於伊托貝組（英語：Itombe Formation），與海王龍亞科物種伊姆貝海王龍（原為滄龍）及甲食性淺水龜鱉目安哥拉龜（英語：Angolachelys）共享棲息地。當地還發現過分類不明的大洋龍亞科及蛇頸龍類遺骸。陸生動物群僅含蜥腳類的安哥拉巨龍。^[18]

尼日爾

安哥拉龍在杜卡馬傑組（英語：Dukamaje Formation）出土了屬於各年齡階段的少量椎骨，與同為扁掌龍亞科的板踝龍及扁掌龍、球齒龍亞科（英語：Globidensini）的伊格達曼龍（英語：Igdamanosaurus）、大洋龍亞科的大洋龍、滄龍亞科的滄龍及滄龍科的哥隆約龍共享棲息地。^[18]

美國

德克薩斯州的鷹灘組（英語：Eagle Ford formation）發現過安哥拉龍化石。該組的其它土侖階水生爬行類包括蛇頸龍目的西南泳龍、白堊龍與蛇頸龍以及滄龍科的硬椎龍。當地還發現了分類不明的滄龍及蛇頸龍遺骸。^[19]

參考資料

^ Polcyn, M.; Lindgren, J.; Bell Jr., G.L. Everhart, M.J. , 編. The possible occurrence of Angolasaurus in the Turonian of North and South America (PDF). Second Mosasaur Meeting. Sternberg Museum, Hays, Kansas: 21. 2007 [2024-08-08]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2016-02-21）.
^ Ogg, J.G.; Hinnov, L.A., Cretaceous, Gradstein, F. M.; Ogg, J. G.; Schmitz, M. D.; Ogg, G. M. (編), The Geologic Time Scale, Oxford: Elsevier: 793–853, 2012, ISBN 978-0-444-59425-9, S2CID 127523816, doi:10.1016/B978-0-444-59425-9.00027-5
^ ^3.0 ^3.1 Jacobs, L.L.; Mateus, O.; Polcyn, M.J.; Schulp, A.S.; Scotese, C.R.; Goswami, A.; Ferguson, K.M.; Robbins, J.A.; Vineyward, D.P.; Buto Neto, A. Cretaceous paleogeography, paleoclimatology, and amniote biogeography of the low and mid-latitude South Atlantic Ocean. Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France. 2009, 180 (4): 333–341. doi:10.2113/gssgfbull.180.4.333.
^ Mateus, O.; Callapez, P.M.; Polcyn, M.J.; Schulp, A.S.; Gonçalves, A.O.; Jacobs, L.L. The Fossil Record of Biodiversity in Angola Through Time: A Paleontological Perspective. Huntley, Brian J; Russo, Vladimir; Lages, Fernanda; Ferrand, Nuno (編). Biodiversity of Angola. 2019: 53–76 [2024-08-08]. ISBN 978-3-030-03082-7. S2CID 67769971. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-03083-4. （原始內容存檔於2023-12-14）.
^ Adkins, W.S. Geology and mineral resources of McLennan County. University of Texas Bulletin. 1924, 2340: 1–202.
^ ^6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 ^6.3 Lingham-Soliar, T. The mosasaur "Angolasaurus" bocagei (Reptilia: Mosasauridae) from the Turonian of Angola re-interpreted as the earliest member of the genus Platecarpus. Paläontologische Zeitschrift. 1994, 68 (1–2). S2CID 128963124. doi:10.1007/bf02989445 （加拿大英語）.
^ ^7.0 ^7.1 Jacobs; et al. THE OCCURRENCE AND GEOLOGICAL SETTING OF CRETACEOUS DINOSAURS, MOSASAURS, PLESIOSAURS, AND TURTLES FROM ANGOLA (PDF). Paleont. Soc. Korea. 2006, 22 [2017-03-28]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2017-03-28）.
^ ^8.0 ^8.1 ^8.2 ^8.3 Polcyn, M.; Lindgren, J.; Bell, G.L. Jr. The possible occurrence of Angolasaurus in the Turonian of North and South America. Everhart, M.J. (編). Abstract Booklet of the Second Mosasaur Meeting (PDF). Hays, Kansas. 2007: 21 [2024-08-08]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2016-02-21）.
^ Lingham-Soliar, Theagarten (1991). "Mosasaurs from the upper Cretaceous of Niger". Palaeontology. 34: 653–670.
^ Moody, R. T. J and Suttcliffe, P. T. C. (1991). The Cretaceous deposits of the Iullemmeden Basin of Niger, central West Africa. Cretaceous Research 12:137-157
^ Konishi, Takuya; Caldwell, Michaell. Two new plioplatecarpine (Squamata, Mosasauridae) genera from the Upper Cretaceous of North America, and a global phylogenetic analysis of plioplatecarpines. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 2011, 31 (4): 754–783. Bibcode:2011JVPal..31..754K. S2CID 85972311. doi:10.1080/02724634.2011.579023.
^ Bardet, Nathalie. The Cenomanian-Turonian (late Cretaceous) radiation of marine squamates (Reptilia): the role of the Mediterranean Tethys. Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France. 2008, 179 (6): 605–623. doi:10.2113/gssgfbull.179.6.605.
^ Russell, Dale. A. Systematics and Morphology of American Mosasaurs. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History. 6 November 1967: 209–210 [2024-08-08]. JSTOR j.ctvxkn75d. （原始內容存檔於2023-01-26）.
^ Lindgren, Johan; Caldwell, Michael W.; Konishi, Takuya; Chiappe, Luis M. Convergent Evolution in Aquatic Tetrapods: Insights from an Exceptional Fossil Mosasaur. PLOS ONE. 2010-08-09, 5 (8): e11998. Bibcode:2010PLoSO...511998L. PMC 2918493 . PMID 20711249. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0011998 .
^ Lindgren, Johan; Everhart, Michael J.; Caldwell, Michael W. Three-Dimensionally Preserved Integument Reveals Hydrodynamic Adaptations in the Extinct Marine Lizard Ectenosaurus (Reptilia, Mosasauridae). PLOS ONE. 2011-11-16, 6 (11): e27343. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...627343L. PMC 3217950 . PMID 22110629. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0027343 .
^ Strganac; et al. Stable oxygen isotope chemostratigraphy and paleotemperature regime of mosasaurs at Bentiaba, Angola. Netherlands Journal of Geosciences. 2015, 94: 137–143. S2CID 129659479. doi:10.1017/njg.2015.1 .
^ Simões, Tiago R.; Vernygora, Oksana; Paparella, Ilaria; Jimenez-Huidobro, Paulina; Caldwell, Michael W. Mosasauroid phylogeny under multiple phylogenetic methods provides new insights on the evolution of aquatic adaptations in the group. PLOS ONE. 2017-05-03, 12 (5): e0176773. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1276773S. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 5415187 . PMID 28467456. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0176773 .
^ ^18.0 ^18.1 Fossilworks: Angolasaurus. fossilworks.org. [17 December 2021]. （原始內容存檔於2021-12-14）.
^ Fossilworks: Gateway to the Paleobiology Database. fossilworks.org. [17 December 2021]. （原始內容存檔於2017-03-28）.

[PolcynAngolasaurus-1] Polcyn, M.; Lindgren, J.; Bell Jr., G.L. Everhart, M.J. , 編. The possible occurrence of Angolasaurus in the Turonian of North and South America (PDF). Second Mosasaur Meeting. Sternberg Museum, Hays, Kansas: 21. 2007 [2024-08-08]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2016-02-21）.

[GeologicTime-2] Ogg, J.G.; Hinnov, L.A., Cretaceous, Gradstein, F. M.; Ogg, J. G.; Schmitz, M. D.; Ogg, G. M. (編), The Geologic Time Scale, Oxford: Elsevier: 793–853, 2012, ISBN 978-0-444-59425-9, S2CID 127523816, doi:10.1016/B978-0-444-59425-9.00027-5

[Jacobsetal2009-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Jacobs, L.L.; Mateus, O.; Polcyn, M.J.; Schulp, A.S.; Scotese, C.R.; Goswami, A.; Ferguson, K.M.; Robbins, J.A.; Vineyward, D.P.; Buto Neto, A. Cretaceous paleogeography, paleoclimatology, and amniote biogeography of the low and mid-latitude South Atlantic Ocean. Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France. 2009, 180 (4): 333–341. doi:10.2113/gssgfbull.180.4.333.

[Angola2019-4] Mateus, O.; Callapez, P.M.; Polcyn, M.J.; Schulp, A.S.; Gonçalves, A.O.; Jacobs, L.L. The Fossil Record of Biodiversity in Angola Through Time: A Paleontological Perspective. Huntley, Brian J; Russo, Vladimir; Lages, Fernanda; Ferrand, Nuno (編). Biodiversity of Angola. 2019: 53–76 [2024-08-08]. ISBN 978-3-030-03082-7. S2CID 67769971. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-03083-4. （原始內容存檔於2023-12-14）.

[Adkins1923-5] Adkins, W.S. Geology and mineral resources of McLennan County. University of Texas Bulletin. 1924, 2340: 1–202.

[LinghamSoliar1994-6] 6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 ^6.3 Lingham-Soliar, T. The mosasaur "Angolasaurus" bocagei (Reptilia: Mosasauridae) from the Turonian of Angola re-interpreted as the earliest member of the genus Platecarpus. Paläontologische Zeitschrift. 1994, 68 (1–2). S2CID 128963124. doi:10.1007/bf02989445 （加拿大英語）.

[:0-7] 7.0 ^7.1 Jacobs; et al. THE OCCURRENCE AND GEOLOGICAL SETTING OF CRETACEOUS DINOSAURS, MOSASAURS, PLESIOSAURS, AND TURTLES FROM ANGOLA (PDF). Paleont. Soc. Korea. 2006, 22 [2017-03-28]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2017-03-28）.

[:2-8] 8.0 ^8.1 ^8.2 ^8.3 Polcyn, M.; Lindgren, J.; Bell, G.L. Jr. The possible occurrence of Angolasaurus in the Turonian of North and South America. Everhart, M.J. (編). Abstract Booklet of the Second Mosasaur Meeting (PDF). Hays, Kansas. 2007: 21 [2024-08-08]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2016-02-21）.

[9] Lingham-Soliar, Theagarten (1991). "Mosasaurs from the upper Cretaceous of Niger". Palaeontology. 34: 653–670.

[10] Moody, R. T. J and Suttcliffe, P. T. C. (1991). The Cretaceous deposits of the Iullemmeden Basin of Niger, central West Africa. Cretaceous Research 12:137-157

[11] Konishi, Takuya; Caldwell, Michaell. Two new plioplatecarpine (Squamata, Mosasauridae) genera from the Upper Cretaceous of North America, and a global phylogenetic analysis of plioplatecarpines. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 2011, 31 (4): 754–783. Bibcode:2011JVPal..31..754K. S2CID 85972311. doi:10.1080/02724634.2011.579023.

[12] Bardet, Nathalie. The Cenomanian-Turonian (late Cretaceous) radiation of marine squamates (Reptilia): the role of the Mediterranean Tethys. Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France. 2008, 179 (6): 605–623. doi:10.2113/gssgfbull.179.6.605.

[13] Russell, Dale. A. Systematics and Morphology of American Mosasaurs. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History. 6 November 1967: 209–210 [2024-08-08]. JSTOR j.ctvxkn75d. （原始內容存檔於2023-01-26）.

[14] Lindgren, Johan; Caldwell, Michael W.; Konishi, Takuya; Chiappe, Luis M. Convergent Evolution in Aquatic Tetrapods: Insights from an Exceptional Fossil Mosasaur. PLOS ONE. 2010-08-09, 5 (8): e11998. Bibcode:2010PLoSO...511998L. PMC 2918493 . PMID 20711249. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0011998 .

[15] Lindgren, Johan; Everhart, Michael J.; Caldwell, Michael W. Three-Dimensionally Preserved Integument Reveals Hydrodynamic Adaptations in the Extinct Marine Lizard Ectenosaurus (Reptilia, Mosasauridae). PLOS ONE. 2011-11-16, 6 (11): e27343. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...627343L. PMC 3217950 . PMID 22110629. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0027343 .

[16] Strganac; et al. Stable oxygen isotope chemostratigraphy and paleotemperature regime of mosasaurs at Bentiaba, Angola. Netherlands Journal of Geosciences. 2015, 94: 137–143. S2CID 129659479. doi:10.1017/njg.2015.1 .

[:5-17] Simões, Tiago R.; Vernygora, Oksana; Paparella, Ilaria; Jimenez-Huidobro, Paulina; Caldwell, Michael W. Mosasauroid phylogeny under multiple phylogenetic methods provides new insights on the evolution of aquatic adaptations in the group. PLOS ONE. 2017-05-03, 12 (5): e0176773. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1276773S. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 5415187 . PMID 28467456. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0176773 .

[:3-18] 18.0 ^18.1 Fossilworks: Angolasaurus. fossilworks.org. [17 December 2021]. （原始內容存檔於2021-12-14）.

[:4-19] Fossilworks: Gateway to the Paleobiology Database. fossilworks.org. [17 December 2021]. （原始內容存檔於2017-03-28）.

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