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图伊鸟
一只头顶花粉的图伊鸟站在亚麻花秆上
一只头顶花粉的图伊鸟站在亚麻花秆上
保护状况
科学分类
界： 动物界
门： 脊索动物门
纲： 鸟类
目： 雀形目
科： 吸蜜鸟科
属： Prosthemadera
乔治·格雷, 1840
种： P. novaeseelandiae
二名法
Prosthemadera novaeseelandiae
(希梅林, 1788)

图伊鸟 (Prosthemadera novaeseelandiae) 是新西兰特有的一种雀形目鸟类。它是吸蜜鸟科家族中最大的一支之一。它的名字图伊 是来自于其毛利语 tūī，而这也是这一物种正式的通用名称. The plural is tui in modern English, or ngā tūī in Māori usage;[2] some speakers still use the '-s' suffix to produce the Anglicised form tuis to indicate plurality, but this practice is becoming less common.[3] The early European colonists called it the parson bird,[4] but, as with many New Zealand birds, the Maori name tui is now the common name and the English term is archaic.[5]

Description

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At first glance the bird appears completely black except for a small tuft of white feathers at its neck and a small white wing patch, causing it to resemble a parson in clerical attire. On closer inspection (see image) it can be seen that tui have brown feathers on the back and flanks, a multicoloured iridescent sheen that varies with the angle from which the light strikes them, and a dusting of small, white-shafted feathers on the back and sides of the neck that produce a lacy collar.

Distribution and habitat

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Tui are found through much of New Zealand, particularly the North Island, the west and south coasts of the South Island, Stewart Island/Rakiura and the Chatham Islands—where an endangered sub-species particular to these islands exists. Other populations live on Raoul Island in the Kermadecs,[6] and in the Auckland Islands (where, with the New Zealand bellbird, it is the most southerly species of honeyeater).[7] Populations have declined considerably since European settlement, mainly as a result of widespread habitat destruction and predation by mammalian invasive species.

Nonetheless, the species is considered secure and has made recoveries in some areas, particularly after removal of livestock has allowed vegetation to recover. Predation by introduced species remains a threat, particularly stoats, the common myna (which compete with tui for food and sometimes takes eggs), and rats.

Tui prefer broadleaf forests below 1500 metres,[来源请求] but will tolerate quite small remnant patches, regrowth, exotic plantations and well-vegetated suburbs. They are one of the most common birds found in urban Wellington. They are usually seen singly, in pairs, or in small family groups, but will congregate in large numbers at suitable food sources, often in company with silvereyes, bellbirds, or kererū (New Zealand wood pigeon) in any combination. Generally, when interspecific competition for the same food resources among New Zealand's three species of honeyeater occurs, there is a hierarchy with the tui at the top, then bellbirds and stitchbirds successively subordinate to the species above them—they are thus frequently chased off by tui at a food source such as a flowering flax plant.

Behaviour and ecology

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Tui defending a food source from a much larger kaka parrot

Male tui can be extremely aggressive, chasing all other birds (large and small) from their territory with loud flapping and sounds akin to rude human speech. This is especially true of other tui when possession of a favoured feeding tree is impinged. Birds will often erect their body feathers in order to appear larger in an attempt to intimidate a rival. They have even been known to mob harriers and magpies.[8]

The powered flight of tui is quite loud as they have developed short wide wings, giving excellent maneuverability in the dense forest they prefer, but requiring rapid flapping. They can be seen to perform a mating display of rising at speed in a vertical climb in clear air, before stalling and dropping into a powered dive, then repeating.[8] Much of this behaviour is more notable during the breeding season of early spring—September and October. Females alone build nests of twigs, grasses and mosses.[8]

Feeding

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Feeding on flax nectar

Nectar is the normal diet but fruit and insects are frequently eaten, and pollen and seeds more occasionally. Particularly popular is the New Zealand flax, whose nectar sometimes ferments, resulting in the tui flying in a fashion that suggests that they might be drunk. They are the main pollinators of flax, kowhai, kaka beak and some other plants. Note that the flowers of the three plants mentioned are similar in shape to the tui's beak—a vivid example of mutualistic coevolution.[9]

Songs and calls

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Feathers fluffed up and loudly crying
This short video includes vocalizations.

Tui are considered to be very intelligent, much like parrots.[10] They also resemble parrots in their ability to clearly imitate human speech,[11] and were trained by Māori to replicate complex speech.[12] Tui are also known for their noisy, unusual call, different for each individual, that combine bellbird-like notes with clicks, cackles, timber-like creaks and groans, and wheezing sounds. Songbirds have two voiceboxes[13] and this is what enables them to perform such a myriad of vocalisations. Tui song also exhibits geographical, microgeographic, seasonal, gender and individual variation.[14][15][16][17]

Some of the wide range of tui sounds are beyond the human register. Watching a tui sing, one can observe gaps in the sound when the beak is agape and throat tufts throbbing. However, ongoing research has so far failed to detect ultrasound within tui vocalisations. Tui will also sing at night, especially around the full moon period.[18]

References

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  1. ^ BirdLife International. Prosthemadera novaeseelandiae. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2012. [26 November 2013]. 
  2. ^ Understanding the Māori Dictionary Entries (Māori Dictionary). [2014-02-21]. 
  3. ^ Hay; et al. New Zealand English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. 2008: 74. 
  4. ^ Sir Walter Lawry Buller. A History of the Birds of New Zealand. 1888: 95. 
  5. ^ Jennifer Hay, Margaret McLagan, Elizabeth Gordon. New Zealand English. Edinburgh University Press. 2008. 
  6. ^ C. R. Veitch, C. M. Miskelly, G. A. Harper, G. A. Taylor, and A. J. D. Tennyson (2004) "Birds of the Kermadec Islands, South-west Pacific" Notornis 51(2): 61–90
  7. ^ Department of Conservation (1999) New Zealand's Subantarctic Islands. Reed Books: Auckland ISBN 0-7900-0719-3
  8. ^ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Tui Facts - New Zealand native land birds (Department of Conservation). [2007-09-21]. 
  9. ^ Kelly, Dave; et al. Mutualisms with the wreckage of an avifauna: the status of bird pollination and fruit-dispersal in New Zealand (PDF). New Zealand Journal of Ecology. 2010, 34 (1): 66–85 [12 October 2011]. 
  10. ^ Tui one of the world's most intelligent birds, 3 News. accessed 2012-10-16.
  11. ^ Videos of Woof Woof the talking tūī, Whangarei Native Bird Recovery Centre. Accessed 2010-09-14.
  12. ^ The tūī (Prosthemadera novaeseelandiae), Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand. accessed 2012-04-11.
  13. ^ Department of Conservation Tūī factsheet
  14. ^ S. D. Hill (2011) "The vocalisation of tui (Prosthemadera novaeseelandiae)", Massey University. accessed 2013-05-09.
  15. ^ Hill, S. D., Ji, W., Parker, K. A., Amiot, C., Wells, S. J (2013) "A comparison of vocalisations between mainland tui (Prosthemadera novaeseelandiae novaeseelandiae) and Chatham Island tui (P. n. chathamensis)" New Zealand Journal of Ecology 37(2): 214-223 [1]
  16. ^ Hill, S. D., Ji, W. (2013) "Microgeographic variation in song phrases of tui (Prosthemadera novaeseelandiae)" Notornis and Southern Bird: Ornithology of the Southern Pacific 60(3): 262-264 [2]
  17. ^ Hill, S. D., Amiot, C., Ludbrook, M. R., Ji, W (2015) "Seasonal variation in the song structure of tui (Prosthemadera novaeseelandiae)" New Zealand Journal of Ecology 39(1): 110-115 [3]
  18. ^ Paul, R. St & H. R. McKenzie (1975) "A bushman's seventeen years of noting birds - Introduction and part A (Bellbird and Tui)" Notornis 22(2): 122–130 [4]
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