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用户:Robmarotiz/阿尔伯特·赫尔佐格

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维基百科，自由的百科全书
法学博士
阿尔伯特·赫尔佐格
Albert Hertzog
重组国民党（英语：Herstigte Nasionale Party）领袖
任期
1969年10月25日—1977年5月28日
前任新职位
继任亚普·马雷（英语：Jaap Marais）
卫生部长
任期
1954年8月24日—1958年8月24日
总督欧内斯特·乔治·詹森（英语：Ernest George Jansen）
总理亨德里克·维沃尔德
前任米希尔·丹尼尔·克里斯蒂安·德·韦特·内尔
继任卡雷尔·德·韦特
通讯、电信和邮政部长
任期
1958年8月24日—1968年2月7日
总统查尔斯·罗伯茨·斯瓦特（英语：Charles Robberts Swart）
汤姆·诺德（英语：Tom Naudé）（代理）
总督查尔斯·罗伯茨·斯瓦特（英语：Charles Robberts Swart）
总理亨德里克·维沃尔德
巴尔萨泽·约翰内斯·沃斯特
前任J·塞尔方丹
继任M·C·C·扬瑟·范伦斯堡
个人资料
出生1899年7月4日
奥兰治自由邦共和国布隆方丹
逝世1982年11月5日(1982岁—11—05)（83岁）
南非德兰士瓦省比勒陀利亚
政党国民党
1969年以前
重组国民党（英语：Herstigte Nasionale Party）
1969年–1978年
配偶凯蒂（原姓怀特利）†
玛蒂·维尔容（原姓迪费纳赫）
居住地南非德兰士瓦省比勒陀利亚
母校斯泰伦博斯大学
文学士（优等）
阿姆斯特丹大学
牛津大学
法学士
莱顿大学
法学博士
专业大律师
内阁成员
政治人物

约翰内斯·阿尔贝图斯·蒙尼克·赫尔佐格，通常称做阿尔伯特·赫尔佐格（阿非利卡语：Johannes Albertus Munnik Hertzog；南非语读音：[ˈalbərt ˈɦærtsɔχ]；1899年7月4日生于布隆方丹-1982年11月5日逝于比勒陀利亚），是一名阿非利卡政治人物、内阁成员和重组国民党（英语：Herstigte Nasionale Party）的创始人。他是南非联邦前总理巴里·赫尔佐格的儿子。

阿尔伯特·赫尔佐格曾任南非卫生部长（英语：Minister of Health (South Africa)）（1954年-1958年）和通讯部长（英语：Minister of Communications (South Africa)）（1958年-1968年）。担任后一职位时，他实施了一项著名举措：拒绝在南非推广电视机。1969年，赫尔佐格因其反动排外的阿非利卡民族主义思想被开除出国民党，于是自建反对亨德里克·维沃尔德的继承人巴尔萨泽·约翰内斯·沃斯特领导下的国民党对其建党原则的偏离的重组国民党（英语：Herstigte Nasionale Party）。

世系

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16. 约翰内斯·马托伊斯·赫尔佐格 (1737年–1812年)
a1b1[4]
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
8. 迪尔克·威廉·赫尔佐格 (1789年–1850年)
a1b1c5[3]
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
17. 苏珊娜·费尔韦 (1756年–1828年)
a1b3c3d2e2[5]
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
4. 约翰内斯·阿尔贝图斯·蒙尼克·赫尔佐格 (1826年–1921年)
a1b1c5d4[2]
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
18. 约翰内斯（扬）·阿尔贝图斯·蒙尼克(1768年–1854年)
a1b1c3d3[7]
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
9. 克里斯蒂娜·蒙尼克 (1796年–1836年)
a1b1c3d3e4[6]
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
19. 萨拉·克里斯蒂娜·德赖尔 (1768年–1850年)
a1b3c3[8]
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
2. 詹姆斯·巴里·蒙尼克·赫尔佐格 (1866年–1942年)
a1b1c5d4e8[1]
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
20. 约翰内斯·尼古拉斯·哈曼 (1762年–1839年)
a2b10[11]
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
10. 彼得·爱德华·哈曼 (1799年–1874年)
a2b10c6[10]
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
21. 苏珊娜·玛丽亚·豪曼 (1780年–1852年)
a1b1c3[12]
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
5. 苏珊娜·玛丽亚·雅各芭·哈曼 (1831年–1895年)
a2b10c6d4[9]
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
22. 克里斯蒂安·戈布雷赫茨 (1761年-?)
a1b1c6[14]
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
11. 威廉明娜·戈布雷赫茨 (1804年–?)
a1b1c6d9[13]
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
23. 雅各米娜·亨德里娜·斯米特 (1766年-?)
b3c11d9[15]
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1. 约翰内斯·阿尔贝图斯·蒙尼克·赫尔佐格 (1899年–1982年)
a1b1c5d4e8f1[16]
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
24. 马蒂纳斯·劳伦丘斯·尼特林 (1773年–1855年)
a1b6[20]
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
12. 约翰内斯（扬）·亨诺克·尼特林 (1800年–1871年)
a1b6c8[19]
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
25. 安娜·托比娅·德·维利尔斯 (1772年–1828年)
a1b5c2d4[21]
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
6. 查尔斯·马雷·尼特林 (1827年–1916年)
a1b6c8d3[18]
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
26. 约翰内斯（斯特凡努斯）·马雷 (1763年–1801年)
a1b2c4d4[23]
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
13. 安纳·玛格丽塔·马雷 (1800年–?)
a1b2c4d4e7f6[22]
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
27. 安娜·海伦娜·茹贝尔 (1763年–1793年)
a1b8c1d10[24]
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
3. 威廉明娜·雅各芭·尼特林 (1863年–1942年)
a1b6c8d3e6[17]
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
28. 阿伦德·德·瓦尔 (1775年–1861年)
a1b2c7[27]
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
14. 彼得·德·瓦尔 (1798年–1870年)
a1b2c7d1[26]
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
29. 玛丽亚·玛格丽塔·博斯曼 (1777年–1866年)
a1b10c12[28]
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
7. 威廉明娜·雅各芭·德·瓦尔 (1833年–1905年)
b2c7d1e2[25]
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
30. 丹尼尔·劳 (1780年–1861年)
a1b5c1d1e1f2[30]
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
15. 苏珊娜·海特勒伊达·劳 (1808年–1890年)
a1b5c1d1e1f2g4[29]
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
31. 苏珊娜·海特勒伊达·德·维利尔斯 (1786年–1861年)
a1b12c5d10[31]
 
 
 
 
 
 

早年人生

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阿尔伯特·赫尔佐格于1899年7月4日出生在布隆方丹戈达德路19号的家里，他的父亲即著名的布尔人将军、后来的南非总理巴里·赫尔佐格，母亲则叫做明妮（原姓尼特林）。他于1899年8月31日在圣母教堂（Moederkerk）受洗。[32]他还有两个弟弟：查尔斯·迪尔克·尼特林（生于1904年）和詹姆斯·巴里·蒙尼克（生于1905年）。[33]

赫尔佐格只有三个月大时，第二次布尔战争爆发了。他和母亲起初留在布隆方丹的家里，但在四个月后搬去了亚赫斯方丹（英语：Jagersfontein）的姑姑家。[34]亚赫斯方丹被英军占领后，姑姑家的房子被炸药炸毁，一家人也被英军用运牲口的卡车押运到伊丽莎白港的集中营。被关入集中营的除了阿尔伯特自己外，还有母亲明妮、外婆和几位姑姑、表亲，一家人挤在一间八平方米的小屋里。[35]阿尔伯特七岁的表亲查尔斯在抵达十二天后，就死于麻疹，而阿尔伯特也差点因此而死，被送到斯泰伦博斯的亲戚那接受治疗。之后，他一直住在斯泰伦博斯的外公（即查尔斯·尼特林）家里，直到战争结束。[36]基奇纳伯爵曾亲自前往伊丽莎白港集中营探望明妮，告诉她如果叫她丈夫（即巴里·赫尔佐格）放下武器，就会被释放。明妮严词拒绝了基奇纳伯爵的条件，于是被送去了德班臭名昭著的梅里班克（英语：Merebank）集中营。[37]梅里班克集中营是死亡率最高的集中营之一，令明妮余生体弱多病。

幼年时，阿尔伯特曾就读于一所英语天主教幼儿园，在这里，他第一次学习到英语。令人困惑的是，他的父亲赫尔佐格将军是一位信奉加尔文主义的布尔爱国者，坚决拥护南非语（特别是在教育上）的权利，而这样的人竟然会让儿子就读于一所讲英语、信奉天主教的幼儿园。[38]In 1910, after the birth of the Union of South Africa, General Hertzog was appointed in a dual portfolio as Minister of Justice and Minister of Native Affairs. The family therefore moved to Pretoria, and occupied a house west of the Union Buildings. His father sent Albert to the Arcadia Skool, but Albert was disappointed that it had a headmistress and, though in the city, was no different to a farm school. Although only eleven years old, he left on the afternoon of his first day, and enrolled at Pretoria Boys High School.[39] After the schism between General Hertzog and Prime Minister Louis Botha, which led to Hertzog's dismissal from the cabinet, the family moved back to Bloemfontein, where Albert attended Grey College. He matriculated in 1916, having studied Dutch, English, Latin, Mathematics, and Physical Science.[40]

Education

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After finishing his secondary education, Hertzog enrolled at the University of Stellenbosch in 1917. On 1 April 1920, he was awarded a BA cum laude, having studied Dutch, Latin, English, Greek, Chemistry and Mathematics in 1917, Political Science, Psychology and Latin in 1918, and Ethics, Logic and Political Economy in 1919.[41] Hertzog then left for Europe on 6 August 1920, where he entered the University of Amsterdam.[42] Two years later, he enrolled at New College, Oxford, to further read Law.[43] After finishing his studies at Oxford, Hertzog went to the University of Leiden in 1928, where he obtained the LL.D. degree in 1929.[44] After leaving Oxford, he stayed with a Parisian family for a few weeks to improve his French.[45]

Political life

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早年

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赫尔佐格在1929年回到南非后，定居在了比勒陀利亚，并在那里开了一家大律师事务所。他当时还兼职着比勒陀利亚大学讲师。

Member of Parliament (1948–1958)

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In the election of 1948, at which the National Party under leadership of Dr. Danie Malan came to power, Hertzog was elected member of parliament for Ermelo in the Eastern Transvaal. He served as member of the House of Assembly under the tenure of Prime Ministers Malan and Hannes Strijdom.

Cabinet Minister (1958–1968)

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When Dr. Hendrik Verwoerd was elected Prime Minister in 1958, he appointed Hertzog as a cabinet minister with the dual portfolios of Post and Telecommunications and Health. He was sworn in on 23 October 1958.

Turmoil in the National Party

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Dr. Albert Hertzog outside the hall where, moments before, on the evening of 4 October 1969, he had been kicked out of the National Party.

The terms verlig ("enlightened") and verkramp ("cramped") entered the Afrikaans (and later English) vernacular during the late 1960s. They were first used in a speech by prof. Willem de Klerk (son of Jan de Klerk and brother of future State President of South Africa, F.W. de Klerk) on 6 October 1966, exactly a month after the assassination of Dr. Hendrik Verwoerd.[46] In his speech, De Klerk distinguished between verligte, verkrampte, and positiewe ("positive") Afrikaners. That threefold division would soon be simplified in the colloquial language to a simpler dichotomy between simply verlig and verkramp. What De Klerk called "positive Afrikaners" would then refer to what generally became known as verligte Afrikaners.[47] He described positive Afrikaners (verligtes, thus) as "purpose conscious Afrikaners". "And purpose means to recognize the enduring and the changing. The closedness and the openness. The tradition and the progression... The purpose conscious Afrikaner recognizes and appreciates the tradition, and yet he is the man of today and with a vision on tomorrow, until eternity. The Afrikaner heritage is the Afrikaner-Christendom with the Calvinistic bedrock which recognizes the authority of the Bible as revelation and guide. But also he is open to further study of Scripture and he seeks the new roads to expand his religious heritage. At the same time the Afrikaner culture is young and virile, and is still busy to form itself on many levels, without having to cut ties with the past. The Book teaches clearly that exaggerated nationalism (idolatry of the People) as well as cosmopolitism contrast with the stipulations of God. Just as ungodly is the nationalized religion, which is the same as idolatry of the People."[48]

De Klerk labeled the verkrampte Afrikaner as follows: "His fundamental axiom is: adherence to the extant, to the old ideas and customs and content is the test for being Afrikaner. He wants to lead us to rigidity; wants to exclude us from a new world; is a negativist. Also, he is ruled by the need to criticize. He is creative in his ability to sow distrust; hardened in the handling of one-sided slogans to generate witch hunts everywhere; accomplished in the technique of quibbling. He is without consideration and mercy, unwilling to converse, fanatic and extremist to enforce his opinion on a matter. He wants to forcefully push our youth into one-sidedness; haughty, stubborn self-preservation."[49]

The verlig-verkramp-strife came to the fore after the assassination of Hendrik Verwoerd. Differences that had existed for a number of years began to manifest publicly, especially in the early days of new premier John Vorster's term.[50]

Leader of the Herstigte Nasionale Party (1969–1977)

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Dr. Albert Hertzog, leader of the HNP, and his deputy Jaap Marais, after a press conference in 1969 where Marais disclosed lies by the ruling National Party.

...


Election results of the HNP in the National Assembly under dr. Albert Hertzog's leadership
Election year # of total votes % of overall vote # of seats won Rank
1970[51] 53 763 ▲ 3.57% ▲ 0 ━ 3/4 ▲
1974[52] 39 568▼ 3.6% ▲ 0 ━ 4/5 ▼

Retirement

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Hertzog decided to retire as leader of the HNP in 1977, and gave his farewell address on 27 May of that year. He officially retired on 28 May 1977, and was followed by Jaap Marais as party leader. During his retirement, Hertzog could devote more time to his numerous business endeavors and his hobby of gardening. In a press interview in 1979 he opined as follows: “In my view our political landscape is developing in the direction of a large, new conservative party which will consist of different people who are still currently trying to tread their own path. It can be a party consisting of the Treurnicht people in the NP, the Connie Mulder people, the HNP and definitely also conservative English speakers.”[53] This proved to be prophetic, as in 1982 a massive split occurred within the ruling National Party, and the Conservative Party came into being, with Andries Treurnicht as leader.

Death, funeral and legacy

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Hertzog died on 5 November 1982 during an emergency operation for a burst aorta.[54] His funeral was held on 11 November 1982, in the NG Kerk in Waterkloof, and the service led by prof. Adriaan Pont. He was then laid to rest in the family cemetery on the farm Waterval, in the district of Witbank, next to his wife Katie, and close to his parents.[55]

Private life

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Dr. Albert Hertzog and his wife, Katie, in the 1960s.

Hertzog met Katherine Marjorie Whiteley, a South African born English girl in Oxford in 1926. They became engaged in 1927 and were married on 22 July 1933 in NG Kerk in Irene. Under Hertzog's tutorage, Katie, as she was known, became fluent in Afrikaans, and spoke it without any trace of an accent. Katie died of heart failure on 25 February 1970. The marriage of 37 years did not produce any children. Hertzog met the widow Martha Maria ("Martie") Viljoen (born Duvenage) in 1973, and married her in October 1977. She survived him when he passed away in 1982.

Even into his seventies, Hertzog kept a strict exercise regimen. He used no alcohol, and while he entertained visitors to his office on coffee or tea, he himself only drank whey, which he carried in a flask.[56] Even among political opponents he was known for his polite manners and gentlemanly posture.[57] Hertzog's house in Waterkloof was referred to as "An Alladin's cave of historic memories" by the Pretoria News. Mentioned in the article were an antique coper canon, a Dutch Statenbijbel dating from 1748, a medicine cabinet dating from the era of Jan van Riebeeck, and oak dating from an 18th-century ship.[58] Hertzog collected, aloes, succulents and rare cycads, some of which were over a thousand years old.[59] He served as the Honorary President of the South African Aloe and Succulent Society for a number of years, until he resigned in 1972.[60]

Publications

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Books

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  • Die Calvinistiese toespraak van dr. A. Hertzog, L.V., Pretoria: Herstigte Nasionale Party, 1970 .
  • Waarheen Suid-Afrika?: Oproep tot die stryd, Pretoria: M.M. Hertzog, 1985, ISBN 0-620-07794-8 .

Further reading

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  • Naudé, Louis. Dr. A. Hertzog, die Nasionale Party en die mynwerker. Pretoria: Nasionale Raad van Trustees. 1969. 
  • Serfontein, J.H.P. Die verkrampte aanslag. Cape Town: Human & Rousseau. 1970. ISBN 9781868422456. 
  • Pretorius, Estelle. Dr. Albert Hertzog: ’n lewensbeskrywing. Pretoria: Bienedell Uitgewers. 2001. ISBN 0-9584118-5-9. 

References

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  1. ^ Heese, J.A. Lombard, R.T.J. , 编. Suid-Afrikaanse Geslagsregisters, Volume 3: H-I. Stellenbosch: Genealogiese Instituut van Suid-Afrika. 2001: 527. ISBN 0-7969-1425-7. 
  2. ^ Heese, J.A. Lombard, R.T.J. , 编. Suid-Afrikaanse Geslagsregisters, Volume 3: H-I. Stellenbosch: Genealogiese Instituut van Suid-Afrika. 2001: 525. ISBN 0-7969-1425-7. 
  3. ^ Heese, J.A. Lombard, R.T.J. , 编. Suid-Afrikaanse Geslagsregisters, Volume 3: H-I. Stellenbosch: Genealogiese Instituut van Suid-Afrika. 2001: 525. ISBN 0-7969-1425-7. 
  4. ^ Heese, J.A. Lombard, R.T.J. , 编. Suid-Afrikaanse Geslagsregisters, Volume 3: H-I. Stellenbosch: Genealogiese Instituut van Suid-Afrika. 2001: 525. ISBN 0-7969-1425-7. 
  5. ^ Heese, J.A. Endemann, L.C.P; Nel, Héula; de Villiers, Maureen; Joubert, Pauletta; Van der Westhuizen, Engela , 编. Suid-Afrikaanse Geslagsregisters, Volume 14: Va-Vir. Stellenbosch: Genealogiese Instituut van Suid-Afrika. 2006: 289. ISBN 0-7972-1087-3. 
  6. ^ Endemann, L.C.P; Lorenzen, Lynn; de Villiers, Maureen (编). Suid-Afrikaanse Geslagsregisters, Volume 5b: M. Stellenbosch: Genealogiese Instituut van Suid-Afrika. 1999: 738. ISBN 0-7972-0732-5. 
  7. ^ Endemann, L.C.P; Lorenzen, Lynn; de Villiers, Maureen (编). Suid-Afrikaanse Geslagsregisters, Volume 5b: M. Stellenbosch: Genealogiese Instituut van Suid-Afrika. 1999: 738. ISBN 0-7972-0732-5. 
  8. ^ Heese, J.A. Lombard, R.T.J. , 编. Suid-Afrikaanse Geslagsregisters, Volume 2:D-G. Stellenbosch: Genealogiese Instituut van Suid-Afrika. 1998: 194. ISBN 0-7969-0752-8. 
  9. ^ Heese, J.A. Lombard, R.T.J. , 编. Suid-Afrikaanse Geslagsregisters, Volume 3: H-I. Stellenbosch: Genealogiese Instituut van Suid-Afrika. 2001: 84. ISBN 0-7969-1425-7. 
  10. ^ Heese, J.A. Lombard, R.T.J. , 编. Suid-Afrikaanse Geslagsregisters, Volume 3: H-I. Stellenbosch: Genealogiese Instituut van Suid-Afrika. 2001: 83. ISBN 0-7969-1425-7. 
  11. ^ Heese, J.A. Lombard, R.T.J. , 编. Suid-Afrikaanse Geslagsregisters, Volume 3: H-I. Stellenbosch: Genealogiese Instituut van Suid-Afrika. 2001: 81. ISBN 0-7969-1425-7. 
  12. ^ Heese, J.A. Lombard, R.T.J. , 编. Suid-Afrikaanse Geslagsregisters, Volume 3: H-I. Stellenbosch: Genealogiese Instituut van Suid-Afrika. 2001: 81. ISBN 0-7969-1425-7. 
  13. ^ Heese, J.A. Lombard, R.T.J. , 编. Suid-Afrikaanse Geslagsregisters, Volume 2:D-G. Stellenbosch: Genealogiese Instituut van Suid-Afrika. 1998: 810. ISBN 0-7969-0752-8. 
  14. ^ Heese, J.A. Lombard, R.T.J. , 编. Suid-Afrikaanse Geslagsregisters, Volume 2:D-G. Stellenbosch: Genealogiese Instituut van Suid-Afrika. 1998: 810. ISBN 0-7969-0752-8. 
  15. ^ Endemann, L.C.P; Nel, Héula; Joubert, Pauletta; de Villiers, Maureen (编). Suid-Afrikaanse Geslagsregisters, Volume 11: Scho-Sny. Stellenbosch: Genealogiese Instituut van Suid-Afrika. 2004: 428. ISBN 0-7972-1031-8. 
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