用户:Michelle Yao/沙盒

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澳大利亚，作为顶尖的交易大国，和人权主义慷慨的投资者，它的外交关系受到其地位的影响。澳大利亚的外交政策受到对多边和区域化得承诺指导，以及和其同盟国的强有力的双边关系。关键的领域括：免费交易、领土划分、难民、和亚洲地区的经济合作、以及在亚太平洋地区的稳定。澳大利亚在联合国和联邦中都十分活跃。鉴于它开始支持重要的地区和全球计划的历史，澳大利亚被人们称作是出类拔萃的地区中等强国。^[1]

根据SIPRI提供的数据，2005年至2009年间与2010年至2014年间，澳大利亚对主要武器的出口增加了百分之65，成为了世界上第六大进口国。^[2]

澳大利亚已经和新西兰成为了盟友，通过他们可以追溯到1900年初长期的ANZAC纽带；还有从冷战时期起，与美国也结下了很深刻的盟友关系。然而，随着澳大利亚和中国迅速发展的贸易关系，澳大利亚一直在犹豫是否要把贸易重心转换到亚洲地区。^[3]此外，大量的难民也成为主要的争议，不断涌进澳大利亚。^[4]^[5]

总部。

历史

澳大利亚外交历史

在第二次世界大战之前，英国政府处理大多数澳大利亚的外交政策。^[6] 在战争期间关键的决定是和美国在军事与外交方面都结成更紧密的盟友。1940年1月，一位被认证的外交官：B.G.Casey，被指派送往其他的国家。^[7] 从1941年起，美国就成为澳大利亚最重要的盟友和贸易伙伴。1944年，澳大利亚与新西兰，就太平洋地区独立领土的人们的安全、福利、和发展签订澳大利亚新西兰协议。^[8] 战争结束后，澳大利亚在日本的远东委员会里起到作用，在1945年至1949年间，印度尼西亚和荷兰的反叛中，澳大利亚支持了印度尼西亚人民的独立权。^[9]

澳大利亚是联合国和南太平洋委员会（1947）的创始人之一。1950年，它也提议了科伦坡计划，协助亚洲发展中国家。除了在朝鲜战争中为联合国贡献武力之外，（澳大利亚也是继美国之后的第一个宣布会这么做的国家）。1948至1960年间，澳大利亚委派军队，协助打击马来亚反叛的共党成员。之后1963年至1965年间，打败印度尼西亚支持下得砂拉越侵占。^[10]

在越南战争中，澳大利亚送去军队驱赶共党，协助越南南部人民和美国力量，在澳洲掀起了激进的举动。^[11] 1991年，澳大利亚加入了波斯湾海湾战争的联军。澳大利亚在澳大利亚、新西兰、和英国的协议中一直十分活跃；它在五种力量防御安排中，和英国与新西兰连续安排，确保新加坡和马来西亚的安全。

1999年，澳大利亚维和部队参与干预了东帝汶，在公民投票后离开澳大利亚。2006年，澳大利亚送了澳洲分遣队协助2006年的东帝汶危机。^[12]

国际组织、条约、以及协议

澳大利亚与联合国

作为联合国宣言的起草人之一，澳大利亚给予联合国以及其特殊的机构坚定的支持。1986年至1987年间，澳大利亚是安全理事会的一员；1986年至1989年，澳大利亚是经济与社会理事会一员；1994年至1996年间，澳大利亚又出任联合国人权委员会的一员。澳大利亚还在联合国其他活动中承担重要的责任，包括：维护和平、裁军协商、以及麻醉品管制。

澳大利亚积极参与联邦首脑政府和太平洋岛屿论坛的各项会议，同时也是凯恩斯小组—国家在关税和贸易合约协商中乌拉圭回合谈判中向农业交易改革施压，以及亚太经济论坛的领导者。1999年9月，在联合国安全理事会的授权下，澳大利亚领导一个国际联盟，在东帝汶恢复命令，要求印度尼西亚从该片领土撤回。

澳大利亚尤其重视与发达国家和发展中国家的关系，着重强调东南亚国家联盟内的国家，比如：印度尼西亚、新加坡、马来西亚、泰国、菲律宾、文莱、和南太平洋的岛州。澳大利亚同时也积极参与东盟区域论坛，该论坛提倡在处理安全问题上采取区域性合作的方式。澳大利亚曾经是就任东盟发起的2005年东亚峰会的参与者。澳大利亚同意改写自己的一些政策并加入东盟的东南亚友好和合作条约后，其地位在峰会上得到巩固。澳大利亚在这时不情愿签订此条约，担心该条约的签订会对澳大利亚在其他条约的安排下，包括太平洋共同防卫组织，所要履行的义务造成的影响。

巴布亚新几内亚前任澳大利亚领土，是受到澳大利亚帮助的最多的领地。从1997年到1999年间开始，澳大利亚对针对泰国的国际货币基金组织项目作出贡献，并且协助印度尼西亚和巴布亚新几内亚应对区域环境危机和缓解干旱效应。

安全条约

澳大利亚是澳大利亚、新西兰、美国安全条约的一员。

澳大利亚同时也是澳大利亚、新西兰、和英国力量的一员。

贸易

总体上说，澳大利亚最大的贸易伙伴包括：美国、韩国、日本、中国、和英国。目前澳大利亚与新西兰、美国、泰国、和新加坡签订了截止2007年的双边的自由贸易协定。同时，澳大利亚正在计划于东盟成员国、中国、智利、印度尼西亚、和马拉西亚签订免费交易协定。

澳大利亚-智利自由贸易协定
澳大利亚-中国自由贸易协定
澳大利亚-韩国自由贸易协定
更近经济关系澳大利亚-新西兰更进一步经济关系贸易协定
澳大利亚-美国自由贸易协定

军备武装

为了增强其外交政策，澳大利亚保持着很好的武装势力。根据 SIPRI的数据，澳大利亚是全世界第六大主要武器进口国。美国占据澳大利亚68%的武器进口，西班牙占据19%。澳大利亚正在让自己的武力更加现代化，同时也需要可以大大增强其远程能力的武器。2010年与2014年间进口的武器包括：5号加油机、从西班牙进口的首两艘水陆两栖突击舰，还有从美国进口的两架大型运输飞行器和4座空中预警飞行器。澳大利亚同时从美国收到了26架战斗机，还有82架正在预定中(见盒子3)，同时包括8架美国的防潜水艇战飞行器，和3驾西班牙的霍巴特驱逐舰。^[2]

外交使命

澳大利亚众议院，加拿大，就是一个澳大利亚使团的例子。加拿大作为一名联邦老乡国家，澳大利亚保持着高级委员会的身份。

澳大利亚在90多个地点都有外交代表。澳大利亚与很多国家都有正式的关系。在很多国家里，都有澳大利亚大使馆；或者在联邦制度国家的案例中，具有高级委员会的职务。澳大利亚在许多没有官方政府关系的国家都设立领事馆，这些领事馆主要是帮助来澳大利亚旅游的游客和商务人士来访。很多加拿大使团在非洲国家为澳大利亚人提供领事服务，根据加拿大，澳大利亚领事服务分享协议，这些非洲国家都没有澳洲的相应办公地点。^[13]

因为中华人民共和国的一个中国政策，台湾的澳大利亚商务和工业办公室非正式的代表澳大利亚的利益。和其他澳大利亚领事馆的功能相似。自2012年起，已被正式重新命名为台湾澳大利亚办公处。

大洋洲

Australia is a member of the Pacific Islands Forum and other regional organisations. It has High Commissions in Fiji, Kiribati, Nauru, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, the Solomon Islands, Tonga and Vanuatu. It has an embassy in the Federated States of Micronesia. Australia provides aid to many of its developing Pacific Islands neighbours, and to Papua New Guinea.

Australia's approach to the Pacific has included frequent references to what it has perceived as an "Arc of Instability" among its island neighbours. In August 2006 Australian Defence Minister Brendan Nelson stated to the Australian Parliament:

We cannot afford to have failing states in our region. The so-called 'arc of instability', which basically goes from East Timor through to the south-west Pacific states, means that not only does Australia have a responsibility in preventing and indeed assisting with humanitarian and disaster relief, but also that we cannot allow any of these countries to become havens for transnational crime, nor indeed havens for terrorism.^[14]

As from early 2008, the Australian government led by Kevin Rudd began what it called a "new approach" to relations between Australia and the Pacific, appointing a Parliamentary Secretary for Pacific Island Affairs, Duncan Kerr. In February, Kerr and fellow Parliamentary Secretary for Foreign Affairs, Bob McMullan visited Samoa, Tonga and Kiribati in February, and stated:

"Broadly, the approach is one of much more partnership and engagement on the basis of mutual respect. We're not going to be lecturing or hectoring, we're going to try and work together with them and I think we set a pretty good standard with the way we started. The relationships we've established with ministers and leaders in those countries [Kiribati, Tonga and Samoa] is very positive."^[15]

斐济

Relations with Fiji are strained due to Australia's condemnation of the military coup which overthrew the government of Prime Minister Laisenia Qarase in December 2006. Military leader and "interim Prime Minister" Voreqe Bainimarama accused Australia of "bullying" Fiji by applying sanctions and insisting on a swift return to a democratic government. In March 2008 the Fiji Human Rights Commission published a report which alleged that Australia might have been planning an armed intervention in Fiji in late 2006. Australian Foreign Minister Stephen Smith dismissed the allegations, and stated: "The best thing that can happen in Fiji is not spurious suggestions about Australian activity but having an election, returning Fiji to democracy, respecting human rights".^[16]

On 4 November 2009, Fijian military leader, Voreqe (Frank) Bainimarama, expelled the Australian high commissioner James Batley and his New Zealand counterpart. He said that Australia and New Zealand had tried to undermine Fiji's judiciary and weaken its economy. New Zealand and Australia disputed key aspects of Fiji's claims.^[17] In response, Australia quickly expelled Fiji's acting high commissioner, Kamlesh Kumar Arya.^[18]

瑙鲁

Australian-Nauruan relations go back almost a century. Australia administered Nauru as a dependent territory from 1914 to 1968, and has remained one of Nauru's foremost economic and aid partners thereafter.

Relations between Australia and Nauru were essentially framed by the Pacific Solution, whereby Nauru housed a detention centre for unauthorised refugee applicants who had attempted to enter Australia, and Australia provided financial aid in return. The detention centre was closed by Australia in February 2008, causing Nauru to express concern regarding the future of its economy. ^{[来源请求]}

新西兰

The relationship between Australia and New Zealand is exceptionally close on both the national and interpersonal scales.^[19] This close relationship goes back to the time of the first World War and the ANZAC Spirit forged at Gallipoli. Former New Zealand Prime Minister Mike Moore declared that Australians and New Zealanders have more in common than New Yorkers and Californians.^[20]

巴布亚新几内亚

Papua New Guinea is Australia's closest neighbour, and former dependent territory. Relations between Canberra and Port Moresby are close, although there have been tensions in recent years. Papua New Guinea has developed much closer relations with Australia than with Indonesia, the only country it shares a border with. The two countries are Commonwealth realms, and Papua New Guinea benefits from economic development aid from Australia.

Under the government of John Howard, Australia's relations with Michael Somare's Papua New Guinea worsened, primarily because of the "Julian Moti affair", but also because of the "shoes episode".

萨摩亚

所罗门群岛

Under the government of John Howard, Australia's relations with Manasseh Sogavare's Solomon Islands were strained, primarily because of the "Julian Moti affair". Sogavare notably accused Australia of conducting neo-colonialism in the Solomons via RAMSI. On 1 October 2007, the Solomon Islands' Foreign Affairs Minister Patteson Oti addressed the General Assembly of the United Nations, and accused Australia of undermining his country's sovereignty:

Mine is too nationalistic a government to become captive to the fortunes which justify our perpetual retention under siege. My [country's government] remain[s] unmoved by Australian resistance to our attempts to reclaim our sovereignty and independence.^[21]

This led Australia to exercise its right of reply, denying the accusation.^[22] Relations subsequently improved when both Howard and Sogavare lost office in December 2007, and their successors -Kevin Rudd and Derek Sikua- immediately set out to improve relations between Canberra and Honiara.

Australia currently leads the Regional Assistance Mission to Solomon Islands, at the request of the Governor-General of the Solomon Islands.

汤加

Following the 2006 riots in Tonga, Australia sent police officers, at Tonga's request, to help stabilise the situation in the kingdom.

瓦努阿图

Southeast and East Asia

Country	Formal Relations Began	Notes
东帝汶		See Australia–East Timor relations Australia and East Timor are near neighbours with close political and trade ties. East Timor, one of the poorest countries in Asia, lies about 610千米（380英里） northwest of the Australian city of Darwin and Australia has played a prominent role in the young republic's history. Australia led the military force that helped stabilise the country after it chose independence from Indonesia in 1999 and has been a major source of aid since. Australia has an embassy in Dili. East Timor has an embassy in Canberra and a consulate general in Sydney.
文莱	1984	See Australia–Brunei relations Australia's High commission is situated in Brunei's capital Bandar Seri Begawan while Brunei's High commission is located in Australia's capital Canberra. Both countries are full members of the Commonwealth of Nations.
柬埔寨	1953	See Australia–Cambodia relations Australia's embassy is situated in the Cambodian capital Phnom Penh and Cambodia's embassy is located in Australia's capital Canberra. Australia played a major role in the United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia in the 1990s. Cambodia and Australia signed a controversial refugee resettlement deal in September 2014.
印度尼西亚		See Australia–Indonesia relations Since Indonesian independence, the two countries have maintained mutual diplomatic relations, formalised co-operation (especially in the fields of fisheries conservation, law enforcement, and justice co-operation), a measure of security co-operation, broadening treaty relationships, co-membership of regional forums, and co-participation in several multilateral Treaties of significance. Recent years have seen a deepening of Australia's aid commitment to Indonesia, and Australia has become a popular venue for Indonesian students.^[23] In 2008–09 Indonesia is the largest recipient of Australian aid at a value of $462 million.^[24]
日本		See Australia–Japan relations Australia-Japan relations are generally warm, substantial and driven by mutual interests, and have expanded beyond strong economic and commercial links to other spheres, including culture, tourism, defence and scientific co-operation.
马来西亚		See Australia–Malaysia relations Australia has a high commission in Kuala Lumpur. Malaysia has a high commission in Canberra. Both countries are full members of the Commonwealth of Nations. Both Australia and Malaysia are members of the Five Power Defence Arrangements and often participate in military exercises together.^[25]
蒙古国		Australia and Mongolia established relations in 1972. Relations have grown stronger in recent years with free-market reforms in Mongolia and high-profile visits from leaders of both countries. Trade between the two countries is small but mainly based on mining and there have been steps to grow this. Australia provides foreign aid to Mongolia.^[26]
缅甸		See Foreign relations of Myanmar
尼泊尔		Australia and Nepal have had diplomatic relations for over 50 years. They have a modest trade relationship but Australia provides more foreign aid than exports. Australia has a few points of interest such as in tourism, commerce and education.^[27]
朝鲜		See Foreign relations of North Korea Diplomatic relations are stressed due to North Korea's nuclear weapons program. Since October 2006 visas have not been issued for North Korean citizens and North Korean ships have been banned from Australia's ports. Economically, relations are more modest; North Korea ranks 125th in the order of Australia's trade partners, with two way trade valued between A$6–11 million. On 22 April, North Korea threatened Australia with a nuclear strike.
中华人民共和国		See Australia–China relations
菲律宾		See Australia–Philippines relations Australia has an embassy in Manila.^[28] Philippines has an embassy in Canberra and a consulate general in Sydney.^[29]
台湾		See Australia–Taiwan relations Australia does not have diplomatic relations with Taiwan, in conjunction with its recognition of People's Republic of China, as the sole legitimate government of China. Nevertheless, Australia supports Taiwan's participation in international organisations and encourages private investment. Taiwan has four economic and cultural offices in Australia. The two countries have a large trade relationship, with exports to Taiwan in 2011 worth over $9 billion and imports from Taiwan worth $3.8 billion.^{[来源请求]}
新加坡		See Australia–Singapore relations Australia has a high commission in Singapore. Singapore has a high commission in Canberra. Both countries are full members of the Commonwealth of Nations. Both Australia and Singapore are members of the Five Power Defence Arrangements and often participate in military exercises together.^[25]
韩国	October 1961^[30]	See Australia–South Korea relations The establishment of diplomatic relations between the Republic of Korea (South Korea) and the Commonwealth of Australia (Australia) began in October 1961. Both are a member state of the MIKTA. The Republic of Korea has a Consulate General in Sydney and an embassy in Canberra.^[31] The Commonwealth of Australia has an embassy in Seoul Republic of Korea.^[32] During the Korean War Australia sent 17,000 soldiers to offer military co-operation with South Korea. Economic ties has been strengthened while trade value between the two reached $18 billion in 2007 Australia–Korea Free Trade Agreement.^[33] Foreign relations of South Korea#Europe Foreign relations of South Korea Foreign relations of the Republic of Korea.^[30]
泰国	1952	See Australia–Thailand relations Thailand is represented through its embassy in Canberra and a consulate general in Sydney. Australia has an embassy in Bangkok. Thailand-Australia Free Trade Agreement
越南	1973	Each country has an embassy with the other.^[34]

Americas

Country	Formal Relations Began	Notes
阿根廷		See Foreign relations of Argentina#Australia Australia and Argentina both have embassies in each other's capitals. They are both members of multi-national groups such as the G20 and Cairns Group and share common interests in many issues such as Antarctica and international peacekeeping. There is significant trade and investment between the two countries.
巴巴多斯		See Australia–Barbados relations The Australian High Commissioner to Barbados is accredited from Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago.^[35] Barbados is represented in Australia through its High Commission in Ottawa, Ontario, (Canada). Barbados maintains an honorary consul in Australia. Barbados and Australia established diplomatic relations on 7 January 1974. Both Barbados and Australia are current members of the United Nations, Commonwealth of Nations, and comprised as former parts of the British Empire.
伯利兹		Australia is represented in Belize by its High Commission in Trinidad and Tobago.^[36] Both countries are members of Commonwealth of Nations.
玻利维亚		Bolivia and Australia work together on a wide variety of issues. There is investment in mining services and technology. Bolivia and Australia are part of the Cairns Group. Still trade is quite small, In 2002 The Hon Mark Vaile visited Santa Cruz for the Cairns Group meeting. Bolivia has an embassy in Canberra. Australia has a Consulate in La Paz.
巴西		See Australia–Brazil relations Brazil has an embassy in Canberra and a consulate general in Sydney. Australia has an embassy in Brasília and a consulate in São Paulo.
加拿大		See Australia–Canada relations Canada's and Australia's militaries have fought alongside each other numerous times including the Second Boer War, World War I, World War II, the Korean War and many United Nations Security Council-sanctioned missions. To maintain this military alliance, a Canadian Defence Advisor is stationed at the High Commission in Canberra to share intelligence.^[37] Australia and Canada both contributed the International force in East Timor and both worked closely together to fight terrorism in Afghanistan
智利		During the Australian gold rush of the 1850s, Chile became one of Australia's major food suppliers. After 1866, however, interaction and trade was minimal.^[38] Today both are members of the APEC the Cairns Group. Australia and Chile signed the Australia-Chile Free Trade Agreement on 30 July 2008. The agreement came into effect in the first quarter of 2009.
哥伦比亚		Australia and Colombia are part of the Cairns Group. Colombia reopened its embassy in Canberra in 2008.^[39] Colombia and Australia have a growing trade relationship in mining and Agriculture. Both armies fought alongside each other in the Korean war. Australia established an honorary consulate in Bogota in 1989.
古巴		Official relations began in January 1989. Cuba opened an embassy in Australia on 24 October 2008. The relations between the countries were given a fresh new start in 2009, When the foreign minister at the time Stephen Smith visited Cuba. Foreign Minister of Cuba Bruno Rodriguez, visited Australia as a guest of government in 2010.
厄瓜多尔		Ecuador has an embassy in Canberra. Australia's embassy in Santiago, Chile is accredited to Ecuador. Trade between the two countries is small but is increasing and there are future opportunities to strengthen trade and investment.
萨尔瓦多		There is a large Salvadoran community in Australia. Caused by the Salvadoran Civil War, Which helps more links between the two countries.
牙买加		Both countries members of the Commonwealth of nations and have sporting ties, particularly cricket. Trade is modest, with the balance heavily in Australia's favour.
墨西哥	1966	See Australia–Mexico relations The two APEC members Australia and Mexico celebrated the 40th anniversary of diplomatic relations in 2006. Cooperation expansions recently has resulted in several commercial outcomes, including bilateral double taxation agreements signed in 2004, a memorandum of understanding on mining (MOU) in 2002, an MOU on Training and Education signed in 2003 an MOU on energy in 2005 and in August 2005 an MOU on investment protection and promotion agreement. Two-way trade is worth A$2.5 billion. ^{[来源请求]}
巴拉圭		See Australia–Paraguay relations Australia's relations with Paraguay are growing. In 2011, Paraguay opened an embassy in Canberra, Australia opened a consulate in Asunción. As agricultural producers and exporters, they work together to achieve fairer international trade in agricultural products through membership of the Cairns Group and co-operation in other multilateral fora. Australia is also increasing its engagement with Paraguay through development co-operation and people-to-people exchanges. An increasing number of Paraguayan students are pursuing their education at Australian institutions.^[40]
秘鲁	1963	See Foreign relations of Peru#Australia The two APEC members have worked together on a wide range of issues. The two countries have mutual interests. In 2006 the Australian Bureau of Meteorology has signed a memorandum of understanding to help with the El Nino and La Nina weather patterns. ^{[来源请求]} Another memorandum of understanding was signed on co-operation with education. With goodwill the Peruvian congress signed a Peru Australia Friendship league in 2004. Trade ties are strong and are growing. Many big mining companies have offices in Peru. Peru has an embassy in Canberra. Australia has an embassy in Lima.
美国		Prime Minister of Australia, John Howard, with US President George W. Bush on 16 May 2006, during Howard's seventh official visit to the White House as Prime Minister. From left to right: the Prime Minister's wife Janette Howard, former US First Lady Laura Bush, Howard and Bush. See Australia–United States relations While Australia has emphasised its relationship with the United States since 1942, as Britain's influence in Asia declined. At the governmental level, United-States-Australia relations are formalised by the ANZUS treaty and the Australia-United States Free Trade Agreement.
乌拉圭		See Australia–Uruguay relations Australia is represented in Uruguay through its embassy in Buenos Aires (Argentina) and an honorary consulate in Montevideo. Uruguay has an embassy in Canberra and a general consulate in Sydney. Australia and Uruguay share an interest in the Antarctic waters and the fisheries therein.
委内瑞拉		Australia is represented in Venezuela through its embassy in Chile. Venezuela has an embassy in Canberra Bilateral trade is modest, in particular the mining sectors of both countries.

Europe

Country	Formal Relations Began	Notes
阿尔巴尼亚	1985	Albania has a consulate in Adelaide and Australia's embassy in Greece is accredited to Albania Albania's foreign minister Edmond Panariti visited Australia in August 2012, following on from a visit to Albania from Richard Marles, parliamentary secretary for foreign affairs.^[41] There are approximately 11,000 people in Australia of Albanian descent. In recent years, the Australian Government has provided financial and humanitarian assistance to Albania.
亚美尼亚		The first Armenians migrated to Australia in the 1850s, during the gold rush. The majority came to Australia in the 1960s, starting with the Armenians of Egypt after Nasser came to power then, in the early 1970s, from Cyprus after the Turkish occupation of the island and from 1975 until 1992, a period of civil unrest in Lebanon. Person-to-person governmental links are increasing although they are still modest. In September 2003, The Hon Mr Philip Ruddock MP visited Armenia in his former capacity as Australian Minister for Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs. In October 2005, the Armenian Foreign Minister, H.E. Mr Vardan Oskanyan, visited Australia. In November 2005, The Hon Mr Joe Hockey MP, Minister for Human Services, visited Armenia. The Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia has not passed a motion recognising the mass murder of Armenians in 1915 as genocide, although the State of NSW has done so. The Australian Government elections of 2007 created an atmosphere in which the Opposition Labor party declared it will push for the Recognition of the Armenian Genocide in Australian Parliament if Labor wins the Elections.^{[来源请求]}
奥地利		See Foreign relations of Austria#Bilateral relationships
白俄罗斯	9 January 1992^[42]	Australia is represented in Belarus through its embassy in Moscow, Russia.^[43] Belarus has an embassy in Canberra.^[44]
比利时		Both countries have a growing bilateral commercial relationship, going back to World War One when they entered after Belgium was invaded by Germany. They share similar approaches to many international issues, including arms control, whaling and Antarctica. There are a number of bilateral agreements between the two countries Trade and investment relations are very significant. In 2012, total Belgian investment in Australia was valued at A$6.4 billion, and Australian investment in Belgium totalled $2 billion. In 2012, Belgium was ranked as Australia's 24th largest merchandise trading partner.^[45]
波黑	1994	Australia recognised Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1992 and established diplomatic relations in 1994. Australia has a consulate in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina has an embassy in Canberra. Australia has a continuing interest in efforts to maintain peace and build prosperity in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Since 1993–94, Australia has contributed humanitarian assistance worth over A$17 million to countries in the Balkans, including to Bosnia and Herzegovina.^[46]
保加利亚	1972	Australia is represented in Bulgaria through its embassy in Athens (Greece). Australia has an honorary consulate in Sofia.^[47] Bulgaria has an embassy in Canberra.^[48]
克罗地亚	1992	Australia gave recognition of Croatia in January 1992 Australia has an embassy in Zagreb, Croatia have an embassy in Canberra in addition to consulates in Melbourne, Sydney and Perth Over 118,000 Australians are of Croatian descent, the largest of the former Yugoslav nations. The two nations have signed a few bilateral agreements such as a social security agreement in May 2003 to give greater protection to people who have lived or worked in Australia and/or Croatia. Bilateral trade is worth A$42 million.^[49]
赛普勒斯		Since 1964, Australia has provided personnel and equipment to the UNFICYP. Australia has a High Commission in Nicosia.^[50] Cyprus has High Commission in Canberra.^[51] Australia Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade about relations with Cyprus Cypriot Ministry of Foreign Affairs: list of bilateral treaties with Australia (PDF)
捷克	1920	Australia is represented in the Czech Republic through its embassy in Warsaw (Poland) and through an honorary consulate in Prague.^[52] The Czech Republic has an embassy in Canberra, a consulate in Sydney and five honorary consulates (in Melbourne, Perth, Adelaide, Hobart and Brisbane).^[53]^[54] There are around 21,000 people of Czech descent living in Australia. Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade about the relation with the Czech Republic
丹麦		See Australia–Denmark relations
爱沙尼亚	000000001921-09-22-00001921年9月22日^[55]	See Australia–Estonia relations Australia was among the first countries to re-recognise Estonia's independence on 27 August 1991. Both countries re-established diplomatic relations on 21 November 1991.^[55] Australia is represented in Estonia through its embassy in Stockholm (Sweden), and through an honorary consulate in Tallinn. Estonia is represented in Australia through its embassy in Canberra and four honorary consulates (in Claremont, Hobart, Melbourne and Sydney).^[56] Australia is host to one of the largest communities of Estonians abroad, with 8,232 people identifying as Estonian in the 2006 Australian Census.^[55]^[57]
芬兰		See Australia–Finland relations Diplomatic relations were established on 31 May 1949. Australia is represented in Finland through its embassy in Stockholm, Sweden, and through an honorary consulate in Helsinki. Finland has an embassy in Canberra and a consulate in Sydney.
法国		See Australia–France relations France and Australia have a close relationship founded on historical contacts, shared values of democracy and human rights, substantial commercial links, and a keen interest in each other's culture.
德国		See Australia–Germany relations Australia has an embassy in Berlin and a general consulate in Frankfurt. Germany has an embassy in Canberra. Trade between the 2 countries is sizeable but heavily weighted to imports from Germany. In 2008, total two-way merchandise trade was valued at over A$13.4 billion, of which A$11.4 billion (85 per cent) were imports from Germany.^[58]
希腊		There is a large Greek community in Australia (dating back from the 1950s and 1960s). See Greek Australian. Australia has an embassy in Athens.^[59] Australia and Greece were Allies during WWII and Australian forces took part in the Battle of Greece and Battle of Crete. Greece also has Consulates General in Sydney, Melbourne and Adelaide, as well as a Consulate in Perth, honorary consulates general in Brisbane and Darwin, and honorary Consulates in Newcastle and Hobart.^[60] Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade about relations with Greece Greek Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Australia
匈牙利	1972	Australia has an embassy in Budapest.^[61] Hungary has an embassy in Canberra, a consulate general in Sydney and four honorary consulate (in Adelaide, Brisbane, Melbourne and Perth).^[62] There are 67,000 people of Hungarian ancestry living in Australia, many Hungarian-Australians have been active in the fields of business, academia, politics and the arts such as Nick Greiner, Frank Lowy, Judy Cassab, and Les Murray In recent years there have been several high-level visits to strengthen relations. Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade about relations with Hungary
冰岛		Australia and Iceland are quite far apart from each other, nonetheless enjoy friendly relations. Australia's Danish consulate is accredited to Iceland and Iceland has 3 consulates in Australia. There is a small Icelandic community in Australia and a small Australian community in Iceland Trade between the two countries is modest.
爱尔兰		See Australia–Ireland relations Australia and Ireland share a close historical relationship with strong cultural links between the two nations. Australia has an embassy in Dublin.^[63] Ireland has an embassy in Canberra, a Consulate General in Sydney and an honorary consulate in Victoria, and both nations are former British colonies.^[64] About 20% of the Australian population have Irish ancestry, which often predates Irish Independence in 1922. Australia Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade about relations with Ireland
义大利		Australia has an embassy in Rome and a general consulate in Milan.^[65] Italy has an embassy in Canberra, two general consulates (in Melbourne and Sydney) and three consulates (in Adelaide, Brisbane and Perth).^[66]^[67]^[68] Italy and Australia have for long years, sustained a muscular and positively friendly relationship in the categories of immigration, political strategism, and commercial trade. There are around 850,000 people of Italian descent living in Australia. Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade about the relation with Italy
科索沃	21 May 2008^[69]	See Australia–Kosovo relations Australia recognised the Republic of Kosovo on 19 February 2008.^[70] Australia's Ambassador to Kosovo is subordinate to the Embassy in Vienna.^[71] Kosovo has an embassy in Canberra.^[72]
卢森堡		Australia is represented in Luxembourg through its embassy in Brussels (Belgium). Luxembourg is represented in Australia through the embassy of the Netherlands in Canberra and through an honorary consulate in East Lindfield. Australia Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade about the relation with Luxembourg
北马其顿	15 February 1994	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 February 1994.^[73] Australia is represented in Macedonia by its embassy in Belgrade, Serbia and an honorary consulate in Skopje.^[74] Macedonia has and embassy in Canberra.^[75]
马尔他	1967	See Australia–Malta relations Australia has a High Commission in Valletta.^[76] Malta has a High Commission in Canberra, two Consulates-General (in Melbourne and Sydney), and four honorary consulates (in Adelaide, Ascot Vale, Melbourne and Perth).^[77] Australia Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade about relations with Malta
蒙特内哥罗	000000002006-09-01-00002006年9月1日	Australia recognised the Republic of Montenegro on 27 June 2006. Australia is represented in Montenegro through a non-resident ambassador based in the Australian embassy in Belgrade (Serbia). Australia Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade about relations with Montenegro
荷兰		See Australia–Netherlands relations Australia has an embassy in The Hague The Netherlands has an embassy in Canberra.
挪威		Australia has an honorary consulate in Oslo, and is represented in Norway through its embassy in Stockholm (Sweden). Norway has an embassy in Canberra. See Australia–Norway relations
波兰	February 1972	See Australia–Poland relations Australia has an embassy in Warsaw.^[78] Poland has an embassy in Canberra and a consulate-general in Sydney.^[79] 170,000 people of Polish ancestry live in Australia. The Polish community is active in promoting people-to-people contact and commercial and academic ties through a number of community organisations, bilateral business councils and institutes. Australian investment in Poland is valued at around A$570 million.^[80]
葡萄牙		Australia has an embassy in Lisbon while Portugal have an embassy in Canberra and a consulate in Sydney Both countries disagreed on East Timor during the twentieth century but today work closely in ensuring stability there and giving foreign aid. There are 40,000 people of Portuguese descent in Australia. Australia had a strong trade relationship with Portugal but recently has diminished due to the European sovereign-debt crisis They have signed a few bilateral agreements on social security and Visas.^[81]
罗马尼亚	000000001968-03-18-00001968年3月18日	Australia has a non-resident ambassador in its embassy in Belgrade (Serbia), and has a consulate general in Bucharest. Romania has an embassy in Canberra and a general consulate in Sydney.^[82] Romania and Australia have concluded an Investment Promotion and Protection Agreement, signed in 1994, a Trade and Economic Agreement (signed with full effect for Australia in July 2002 and for Romania in January 2003) and an Agreement for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and the Prevention of Fiscal Evasion, signed in 2001.^[83]
俄罗斯	1942	See Australia–Russia relations The first Australian embassy in Moscow opened in 1943. Australia has an embassy in Moscow and two honorary consulates (in Saint Petersburg and Vladivostok).^[84] Russia has an embassy in Canberra and a consulate-general in Sydney.^[85] Australian Department of Foreign Affaires and Trade about the relation with Russia
塞尔维亚	1966	See Australia–Serbia relations Australia has an embassy in Belgrade. The Australian Ambassador to Serbia is Dr Helena Studdert. Serbia has an embassy in Canberra and a general consulate in Sydney. Serbian Ambassador to Australia is due to arrive in late 2010 and Consul-General in Sydney is Aleksandar Besarabić. The European office of the Australian Federal Police is located in Belgrade as of 2003. In the 2006 Australian Census, 95,364 people identified themselves as having Serbian origin.
斯洛伐克	1993	Australia's embassy in Vienna is accredited to Slovakia. Serbia has an embassy in Canberra and consulates in Brisbane and Melbourne. Two-way trade between the countries stands at $115 million. There are approximately 10,000 people of Slovak origin living in Australia.^[86]
斯洛维尼亚	000000001992-02-05-00001992年2月5日	Australia recognised Slovenia as an independent state on 16 January 1992.^[87] Australia is represented in Slovenian through its embassy in Vienna, Austria, and through an honorary consulate in Ljubljana. Slovenia has an embassy in Canberra and an honorary consulate in Camperdown, New South Wales.^[88] There are between 20,000 and 25,000 Slovenians who live in Australia. Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade about relations with Slovenia
西班牙		Spain has an embassy in Canberra as well as consulates in every mainland state capital city Australia has an embassy in Madrid The two countries signed a Joint Action Agreement in June 2009 in conjunction with increased Spanish engagement in the Asia-Pacific and in addition to many other bilateral agreements 84,000 Australians claim Spanish descent Trade in 2010–11 reached around A$2.56 billion Many Australian developers have invested in projects in Spain and in turn Spanish companies have invested in Australian projects^[89]
瑞典		See Australia–Sweden relations Australia has an embassy in Stockholm. Sweden has an embassy in Canberra as well as a Consulate-General in Sydney. Sweden is also represented by consulates in Adelaide, Brisbane, Cairns, Darwin, Hobart, Melbourne and Perth. Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade about relations with Sweden
瑞士	1961	Switzerland opened a consulate in Sydney in 1855 and one in Melbourne in 1856. Australia is represented to Switzerland through its embassy in Berlin (Germany) and Australia also has a consulate-general in Geneva. Switzerland has an embassy in Canberra, a consulate-general in Sydney and six honorary consulates in Adelaide, Brisbane, Darwin, Hobart, Melbourne and Perth. Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade about relations with Switzerland Swiss Federal Department of Foreign Affairs about relations with Australia
乌克兰		Ukraine opened an Embassy in Canberra in March 2003.^[90] Australia's Ambassador in Vienna is accredited to Ukraine. The 2006 Census recorded 13,665 Ukrainian-born persons in Australia. Most Ukrainian migrants to Australia arrived in the post-World War II period. The small but active Ukrainian community in Australia plays an important role in developing bilateral relations. In 2002 the Australian Federation of Ukrainian Organisations helped establish Ukrainian-Australian House in Kyiv to promote commercial ties. Trade relations are modest. Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade about relations with Ukraine
英国		See Australia–United Kingdom relations British-Australian relations are close, marked by shared history, culture, institutions and language, extensive people-to-people links, aligned security interests, and vibrant trade and investment co-operation.
梵蒂冈	1973	Since the establishment of diplomatic relations with the Holy See in 1973, Australia has maintained a non-resident Head of Mission, based in another European capital, as well as an office at the Holy See, headed by a Counsellor. The Holy See has maintained an Apostolic Nunciature in Canberra since 1973. On 21 July 2008, the Australian Government announced that it would appoint for the first time a resident Ambassador to the Holy See – the Hon Tim Fischer AC. According to the Australian Foreign Ministry, this marked a significant deepening of Australia's relations with the Vatican since it would allow Australia to expand dialogue with the Vatican in areas including human rights, political and religious freedom, inter-faith dialogue, food security, arms control, refugees and anti-people trafficking, and climate change.^[91] Mr Fischer commenced his appointment on 30 January 2009 and presented credentials to His Holiness Pope Benedict XVI on 12 February 2009. The Australian Prime Minister, Mr Rudd, visited the Pope Benedict XVI and met the Vatican's Secretary of State on 9 July 2009. The Australian Minister for Foreign Affairs, the Hon Stephen Smith MP, met HE Archbishop Dominique Mamberti, the Holy See's Secretary for Relations with States on 3 December 2008 during his visit to Oslo to sign the Convention on Cluster Munitions. The Holy See played a facilitating role in relation to the Oslo process as a member of the Core Group of States.

South Asia and Central Asia

Country	Formal Relations Began	Notes
阿富汗	1994	Australia has had relations with Afghanistan since the 1860s when Afghan camel riders came to Australia. The Ghan train is named after them. Australia has been fighting against the Taliban in the Afghanistan war since 2001. In late 2001, the Australian Defence Force commenced Operation Slipper as Australia's contribution to assist the NATO-led International Security Assistance Force mission in the War in Afghanistan and the War on Terror to combat the Taliban and their allied groups.^[92] The operation ended on 31 December 2014 and was replaced with Operation Highroad, which commenced on 1 January 2015 to assist the NATO-led Resolute Support Mission engaging in the War in Afghanistan.^[93] Australia has contributed nearly $500 million in assistance ^{[来源请求]} to Afghanistan since they entered the war and has accepted many Afghan refugees. In January 2016, Australian Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull visited the Australian troops stationed at Camp Qargha in Kabul, Afghanistan, where he also met with Afghan President Ashraf Ghani and chief executive officer Abdullah Abdullah.^[94]
孟加拉国	1971	See Australia–Bangladesh relations Australia was the fourth country, and the first in the developed world, to recognise Bangladesh's independence in 1971. A high commission was opened in Dhaka and relations have been warm since then. In 2008, Bangladesh signed a bilateral counter-terrorism MOU with Australia, their first with any country. The number of Bangladeshis in Australia has increased in recent years. Bangladesh is a significant recipient of foreign aid from Australia.^[95]
印度	1941	See Australia–India relations^[96] India established diplomatic relations with Australia in 1941, six years before its independence. The Australian Government subsequently supported the independence of India and Pakistan from the British Empire.^[97] India and Australia share close historical ties, with both countries being former British colonies and members of the Commonwealth of Nations. They also share close sporting ties, with both countries sharing their passion for cricket.^[98] They also compete against each other in field hockey and in the Commonwealth Games. Economic relations between the two nations is strong, with India being Australia's fourth largest export partner and the eighth largest trading partner.^[99] In 1963 Australia provide defence aid to India in the face of Chinese action.^[100] In 2009, relations were strained between the two nations by attacks on Indian students (termed Curry Bashings) in Melbourne.^[101] Police denied any racial motivation, but this was viewed differently by the Government of India leading to high-level meetings with Australian officials.^[102] The persistent refusal of Australia to sell uranium to India due to the latter not being a signatory to the NPT has also hampered bilateral relations. However, this policy was reversed in 2011.^[103]
哈萨克斯坦		Australia and Kazakhstan relations began in 1992. Since then Kazakhstan has opened a consulate in Sydney in 1996, but it closed in 2003 due to resource constraints. ^{[来源请求]} There have been a number of high level visits taken place between the two countries to sign co-operation agreements between the two countries. Trade relations are modest.
巴基斯坦		See Australia–Pakistan relations Relations with Pakistan started before partition. Australia supported India and Pakistan's independence.^[97] In 1960, Australia provided A£ 11 million in aid to Pakistan as part of the Indus Waters Treaty.^[104] The relations between the two countries have been friendly, with former Pakistani President Pervez Musharraf having visited Australia in 2005^[105] and the former Prime Minister of Australia, John Howard, also having extended a visit to Pakistan in 2005 as well, following the 2005 Kashmir earthquake which had immensely targeted the northern areas of Pakistan. He also announced 500 new scholarships for students in Pakistan to study in Australia.^[106]
斯里兰卡		Bilateral relations are generally warm, supported by trade, investment flows, education, immigration and other development co-operations. Australia is also a member in helping the economic and social development of Sri Lanka. In 2007 a two-way trade agreement was created between Australia and Sri Lanka valued at $232 million a year. The trade agreement includes exports from Australia such as vegetables and dairy products. Tea and other foods, textiles, clothing, rubber, iron and steel which are the main imports from Sri Lanka. In 2008–09 the estimated budget for aid to Sri Lanka is $27 million.^[107] Sri Lanka Country Brief

Western Asia

Country	Formal relations began	Notes
阿塞拜疆	1992	Australia and Azerbaijan established diplomatic contacts in June 1992.^[108]
格鲁吉亚	1992	Australia recognised Georgia's independence in 1992. Australia's embassy in Turkey is accredited to Georgia, Georgia has a consulate in Australia. In 2008 Australia provided $1 million in humanitarian aid to Georgia in the aftermath of the Russo-Georgian War. There are modest trade relations
伊朗	1968	Australia opened an embassy in Tehran in 1968^[109] and Iran have had an embassy in Canberra since 1971. Two-way trade has diminished in recent years but was still over $200 million 截至2011 年^[update]. Australia, like most Western countries, have expressed concerns about Iran's human-rights record and its nuclear-weapons program.^[110] 25,000 people of Iranian descent live in Australia.
伊拉克	1968	Australia and Iraq have had varying relations since 1938, improving following the fall of Saddam Hussein in 2003. Australia provides foreign aid; there is also a modest trade relationship that both countries strive to enlarge in the coming years. A sizeable Iraqi community lives in Australia. In 2009 Nouri al-Maliki became the first Iraqi prime minister to visit Australia. He and then Australian prime minister Kevin Rudd signed a declaration to increase co-operation and to strengthen trade and investment ties.^[111]
以色列	1948	See Australia–Israel relations Australia has an embassy in Tel Aviv.^[112] Israel has an embassy in Canberra.^[113] 120,000 Jews live in Australia. Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade about relations with Israel
约旦	1975	Australia has an embassy in Amman and Jordan has an embassy in Canberra. Trade relations are significant, valued at over $150 million.
黎巴嫩		Australia enjoys friendly relations with Lebanon. Australia has an embassy in Beirut and Lebanon has an embassy in Canberra. 74,000 Lebanese-born people live in Australia, mainly in Sydney, and there are more people of Lebanese descent including Marie Bashir, Steve Bracks and Hazem El Masri. Australia has a modest trade relationship with Lebanon and has also given foreign aid in the aftermath of the Lebanese civil war^[114] of 1975–1990.
沙乌地阿拉伯		Saudi Arabia is one of Australia's most important trading partners in the Middle East; two-way trade was valued^{[谁说的？]} at $1.9 billion in 2011.^[115] Australia has an embassy in Riyadh and Saudi Arabia has an embassy in Canberra. A large number of Saudi students choose to study in Australia, mostly under the King Abdullah Scholarship Program. In 2009, 12,500 Saudi students enrolled in Australian educational institutions.^[116] Australians in Saudi Arabia are a sizeable community consisting mainly of up to 5,000 with the majority based in major commercial centres such as Riyadh and Jeddah.^[117] A Memorandum of Understanding was signed in Canberra between Australia-Saudi Business Council^[118] Official Press Agency stated on Apr,14,2015 that the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and Australia are Discussing Developing Cooperation Ties^[119] Bilateral relations between the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and Australia have improved and progressed significantly in recent years and moved from normal relations to relations of mutual trust and partnership in various fields.^[120] Saudi Arabia's Foreign Affairs statement on Australian-Saudi Arabian relations
土耳其	1967	See Australia–Turkey relations Australia has had an embassy in Ankara since 1968, a consulate-general in Istanbul and a consulate in Çanakkale.^[121] Turkey has had an embassy in Canberra since 1967 and two consulates-general – in Melbourne and in Sydney.^[122] Turkish Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Australia Australian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Turkey
阿联酋		Australia has an embassy in Abu Dhabi and a consulate in Dubai. The UAE have an embassy in Canberra. Both countries have extensive trade relations. In 2009 trade was worth over A$4.25 billion. There are 91 flights per week between the two countries, and roughly 12,000 to 15,000 Australians live and work in the UAE. The countries have a shared strategic view on regional security, thanks to high-level dialogue between them.^[123]

Africa

Country	Formal Relations Began	Notes
埃及	1950	Australia has an embassy in Cairo.^[124] Egypt has an embassy in Canberra and two Consulates-General (in Melbourne and Sydney).^[125]^[126] Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade about relations with Egypt
加纳	1957	Australia has an embassy in Accra and Ghana have an embassy in Canberra and a Consulate-General in Sydney.^[127]^[128] Australia's trade relations are modest, valued at A$113 million in 2007, most of that exports to Ghana. Australian mining investment in Ghana has grown in recent years, primarily in the gold mining sector. Australia also provides foreign aid to Ghana to alleviate poverty, improve the environment and promote human rights.^[129]
肯尼亚		Australia's relations with Kenya are based on Kenya's key role and position in East Africa and its importance in multilateral bodies such as the United Nations, the Commonwealth and the World Trade Organization. Australia and Kenya maintain High Commissions in Nairobi and Canberra respectively. Australia has limited commercial interest in Kenya but the mining sector has grown in recent years and in 2007 Australian exports to Kenya were worth over $52 million. Australia is a significant donor of foreign aid to Kenya
利比亚		Australia was a major non-military backer of the revolutionaries during the Libyan Civil War, sending more humanitarian aid to Libya than any other single country after the United States.^[130]^[131] It was relatively early to recognise the NTC, doing so on 9 June 2011, months before the capture of Tripoli.^[132]^[133] This was after years of stressed relations with Libya under the Gaddafi regime. Relations are now improving as a consequence. This was evident in December 2011, when then Australian Foreign Affairs Minister Kevin Rudd travelled to Libya to meet with Libyan Prime Minister Abdurrahim El-Keib. Rudd ceremonially hoisted the flag of Australia at his country's consul-general in Tripoli and pledged Canberra's support for efforts to remove unexploded landmines in Libya, as well as advice on Libya's planned transition to democratic governance.^[134]
马达加斯加		Australia's diplomatic representation to Madagascar is from the High Commission in Port Louis, Mauritius. Madagascar is represented by an Honorary Consul-General based in Sydney.^[135]
摩洛哥	1976	See Australia–Morocco relations Morocco has had an embassy in Canberra since 2004, the Australian Embassy in Paris is accredited to Morocco. Australian Parliamentary Delegations have visited Morocco in 1993, 2011 and 2013.
奈及利亚	1960	Australia has a high commission in Abuja and Nigeria have an embassy in Canberra Both are members of the Commonwealth of Nations Australia provides foreign aid to Nigeria in addition to exports such as plastics, dairy products and wine.^[136]
索马里		Australia has modest relations with Somalia despite there not being a central government since 1991. Australia provided over $61 million to Somalia in 2011 in response to the Horn of Africa humanitarian crisis. In September 2012 following the election of Hassan Sheikh Ahmed Mohamoud, foreign minister Bob Carr said," Australia shares the cautious optimism of the international community about Somalia's future prospects."^[137]
南非		See Australia–South Africa relations Australia has a High Commission in Pretoria. South Africa has a High Commission in Canberra.
尚比亚		The Australian Ambassador to Zimbabwe is accredited to Zambia as Australian High Commissioner. He is assisted by an Honorary Consul in Lusaka.^[138] Zambia has a High Commission in Canberra.^[139] Both countries are full members of Commonwealth of Nations.
辛巴威		See Australia–Zimbabwe relations Both countries have full embassy level diplomatic relations.^[140] Australia currently manintains an embassy in Harare,^[141] and Zimbabwe maintains an embassy in Canberra.^[142]