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此条目页的主题是关于
心理学 方面的冲动。关于这个名字或类似名的其他意义和用法,请见“
冲动 ”。
以不同颜色显示之部分为脑部之眶额叶皮层 ,是前额叶皮层的一部分,被相关研究认定与个人决策的形成有关。
在心理学 中,冲动 是一种纯粹跟随欲望 等做出行为 的倾向,表现出的行为特征是很少或根本没有预先计画、反思或考虑后果。[ 1] 冲动行为通常是“构思不当、表达过早、风险 过大,或不适合且通常会导致不良后果的情况”[ 2] ,这会危及长期目标 和成功战略。[ 3] 冲动可以归类为多因素结构 。[ 4] 也有一种功能性的冲动,即在适当的情况下没有经过深思熟虑的行动,可以而且确实会导致理想的结果。 “当这种行为产生积极的结果时,它们往往不被视为冲动的迹象,而是作为大胆(英语:Boldness)、敏捷、自发性、勇敢 或不受常规约束的指标”。[ 2] [ 5] 因此,冲动的构成至少包括两个独立的组成部分:首先,在没有适当考虑的情况下采取行动[ 2] ,可能会或可能不会起作用;第二,选择短期收益而不是长期收益 。[ 6]
冲动既是人格 的一个方面,也是各种心理障碍 的主要组成部分,包括胎儿酒精谱系障碍 、注意力不足过动症 [ 7] 、物质使用障碍 [ 8] [ 9] 、双相情感障碍 [ 10] 、反社会人格障碍 [ 11] 和边缘型人格障碍 [ 12] 。在后天脑损伤(英语:Acquired brain injury)[ 13] 和神经退行性疾病 [ 14] 的情况下,也注意到了异常的冲动模式。神经生物学 研究结果表明,冲动行为涉及特定的大脑区域[ 15] [ 16] [ 17] ,尽管不同的大脑网络可能导致不同的冲动表现[ 18] ,并且遗传 可能发挥作用。[ 19]
许多行动同时包含冲动性和强迫性 特征,但冲动性和强迫性在功能上是不同的。冲动性和强迫性是相互关联的,因为它们都表现出过早或未经深思熟虑的行为倾向,并且通常会产生负面结果。[ 20] [ 21] 强迫性可能是一个连续统一体,一方面是强迫性,另一方面是冲动性,但在这一点上的研究是相矛盾的。[ 22] 强迫性是对感知到的风险或威胁的反应,而冲动是对感知到的直接收益或利益的反应[ 20] ,并且,强迫性涉及重复的行为,而冲动性涉及无计划的反应。
冲动是赌博 和酒精成瘾 的共同特征。研究表明拥有此类成瘾情况的人,拥有比没有此类成瘾情况的人更高的延迟付款贴现 比率;此类成瘾情况亦会导致贴现行为的累加效应(英语:additive effects)。[ 23]
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