宋王台花园
22°19′30″N 114°11′22″E / 22.325116°N 114.189418°E
| 宋王台花园 Sung Wong Toi Garden | |
|---|---|
.jpg) 宋王台石碑（2018年12月） | |
| 基本资料 | |
| 类型 | 公共公园 |
| 位置 |  香港九龙马头涌宋皇台道及马头涌道交界 |
| 开放 | 1959年 |
| 营运者 | 康乐及文化事务署 |
| 开放时间 | 每日 |
| 状态 | 已开放 |
| 地图 | |
 | |
宋王台花园（英语：Sung Wong Toi Garden）是位于香港九龙城区马头涌的一个公园，于1959年底正式落成，其标志是一块刻有“宋王台”三字的纪念石碑。
相传南宋皇帝宋端宗赵昰，和其弟宋少帝赵昺被元朝军队追逼，南逃流亡到此。后人为了纪念此事，特地在大石刻上“宋王台”三个字。“宋王台”碑石原本是一块巨大的石头，立在马头涌海边一个称“圣山”的小山上[a]（即后来启德机场客运大楼一带），“宋王台”石碑后来被迁移到距离约300英尺的宋王台花园现址放置。
宋室后人认为石刻宜称“皇”，因“王”沿元朝修《宋史》之谬，故旁边街道称“宋皇台道”（英语：Sung Wong Toi Road）[1]。港铁于邻近宋王台的屯马线车站同样采“皇”字命名为“宋皇台站”。
历史
[编辑]宋亡广东
[编辑]南宋末年，蒙古军队大举南侵，先后攻占了襄樊、建康和临安。宋度宗第六子恭帝㬎被俘，而度宗另一儿子益王昰[2]则被朝臣文天祥、陆秀夫、张世杰、陈宜中等人拥立为帝，是为端宗，其弟昺被封为卫王。蒙古大军依旧穷追不舍，结果两小末代皇兄弟被逼流亡。在文天祥、陆秀夫、张世杰、陈宜中等人护送下，他们经过海路先后途经泉州、潮州、惠州、广州等地，之后来到东莞县九龙官富场（即今香港九龙城附近）建立行宫。
蒙古大军仍死缠不放，继续追逐到底。他们两个与随行官员经潮州之浅湾（即今汕头市南澳岛，古称“钱澳”，又称浅湾，今岛上仍有的宋井、景亭、太子楼等遗址）、秀山等地再次向南逃亡。途中，他们遇上飓风，端宗沉溺得病，最终在吴川𥐻州（即今广东省湛江市硇洲岛）驾崩。（今硇洲岛仍有南宋古迹宋皇城、宋皇井、宋皇亭、宋皇碑、翔龙书院、宋皇村、赤马村、南进誓师纪念碑。在西园、黄屋、那林、北港王安四村分别为文天祥、陆秀夫、张世杰、罗文通建平天宫、调但宫等祀庙）。后宋端宗还殡于香山沙涌马南宝家，是年九月初一日壬午（通鉴载：闰十一月），葬于新会崖山寿星塘永福陵。今殁其址。卫王随即继位，是为帝昺，随后转至新会崖山（今江门市一带）顽抗。元兵追至，宋军大败，陆秀夫背负帝昺一同投海殉国，南宋灭亡[3]。
后来为了纪念宋朝皇室在广东的事迹，官富场附近的民众在一块可以容纳50多人的巨岩上（相传宋端宗常在岩下洞内休息），刻上“宋王台”三个汉字。这座高35米、方圆约606米的巨岩被称为“圣山”（Sacred hill），三面环陆地，东临九龙湾。巨岩其后于1807年（清嘉庆丁卯）重修。
英治初期
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此外，昰昺二帝南逃期间，帝昰母杨太后（即宋度宗的杨淑妃）以爱女晋国公主（帝昰之妹）同行，后堕海溺毙，尸身找不回，于是为其铸造 金身以纪念，葬于今九龙城区，人称“金夫人墓”。20世纪前，晋国公主墓冢原设于宋王台西北谭公爷山上，并建有一座大碑，后因兴建圣三一堂而湮没。陈伯陶在1917年刊行的《宋台秋唱》提及此墓冢“十年前碑址尚存，近因牧师筑教堂于上，遗迹湮没矣。”
19世纪末期，宋王台周围因盗采石材以作建筑材料，对古迹造成威胁。香港立法局议员何启支持九龙城居民发起的保存宋王台运动，1898年8月15日在立法局提出动议，要求政府立法保存宋王台古迹。1899年，立法局通过《保存宋王台条例》，禁止在宋王台圣山采石。
在20世纪初期，政府接受中国商人的捐款，环山筑成石基，建成一个花园。这块巨岩下面平滑，一半枕在山顶生成的大石上；其余一半空虚，祇由一颗小石卵支撑。[4]
二战遭毁
[编辑]在香港日占时期，日军扩建启德机场，增建两条成交叉的跑道。在1943年1月9日，由日本的宇津木法师领导祭祀，然后经多次爆破，炸毁了整块巨岩分别移走，连带在宋王台后方的名胜珓杯石亦一并炸毁。但日军扩建机场的工程尚未完工，日本已宣布投降，香港重光。
然而，二战后空运需求增加，所以香港政府没有终止扩建启德机场的计划，最终把圣山夷平，并在原址建造了启德机场客运大楼。后来在九龙街坊福利会的请求，由香港政府把巨岩残骸切割立碑，整修并移到新建的宋王台花园展览，在1960年开放。现在所见到的尺寸是原来的三分之一。
战后初期，在香港居住的宋室后人会在宋王台附近的酒楼举行祭祀，并在会场摆放宋恭帝及宋帝昺的画像。
未来发展
[编辑]启德发展计划已预留启德体育园区西部毗邻宋皇台道以北约5公顷的用地重置宋皇台公园，该休憩用地覆盖宋王台原址及原圣山山顶部分，暂未有动工时间表。
九龙宋皇台遗址碑记
[编辑]宋王台花园有一石碑刻有《九龙宋皇台遗址碑记》，有中文及英文两个版本，其中中文版碑文如下：
九龙宋皇台遗址碑记
宋皇台遗址在九龙湾西岸，原有小阜名“圣山”者。巨石巍峨，矗峙其上，西面横列元刻“宋王台”榜书，旁缀“清嘉庆丁卯重修”七字。一九一五年，香港大学教授赖际熙吁请政府划地数亩，永作斯台遗址，港绅李瑞琴赞勷其事，捐建石垣缭焉。迨日军陷港，扩筑飞机场，爆石裂而为三，中一石摩崖诸字完整如故。香港光复后，有司仍本保存古迹之旨，在机场之西南距原址可三百尺，辟地建公园，削其石为长方形，移寘园内，藉作标识，亦从众意也。
考台址明、清属广州府新安县，宋时则属广州郡东莞县，称“官富场”。端宗正位福州，以元兵追迫，遂入海，由是而泉州而潮州而惠州之甲子门，以景炎二年春入广州。治二月，舟次于梅蔚，四月进驻场地，尝建行宫于此，世称“宋皇台”。或谓端宗每每憩于石下洞中，故名，非所知矣。其年六月，移跸古塔。九月如浅湾，即今之荃湾也。十一月元兵来袭，乃复乘舟迁秀山。计驻于九龙者，凡十阅月焉。有宋一代，边患迭兴，西夏而外，抗辽、抗金、抗元，无宁岁。洎夫末叶，颠沛蒙尘，暂止于海澨一隅，图匡复兴。后此厓山，君臣所践履者，同为九州南尽之一寸宋土，供后人凭吊而已。石刻宜称“皇”，其作“王”，实沿元修《宋史》之谬，于本纪附二王，致误今名。是园曰“宋皇台公园”，园前大道曰“宋皇台道”，皆作“皇”，正名也。方端宗之流离播越也，宗室随而南者甚众，后乃散居各邑，赵氏谱牒，彰彰可稽。
抑又闻之圣山之西南有二王殿村，以端宗偕弟卫王昺同次其地得名。其北有金夫人墓，相传为杨太后女，晋国公主，先溺于水，至是铸金身以葬者。西北之侯王庙，则东莞陈伯陶碑文疑为杨太后弟亮节道死葬此，土人立庙以祀昭忠也。至白鹤山之游仙岩畔，有交椅石，据故老传闻，端宗尝设行朝以此为御座云。是皆有关斯台史迹，因幷及之，以备考证。
一九五七年岁次丁酉冬月，新会简又文撰文，台山赵超书丹。而选材监刻，力助建碑，复刊行专集，以长留纪念者，则香港赵族宗亲总会也。
— 一九五九年香港政府立石
英文版碑文如下：
SUNG WONG TOI
SUNG WONG TOI, or Terrace of the Sung Emperor, was originally situated on the western shore of Kowloon Bay. The small mount there was known as the Sacred Hill, and on its summit there was a great rock. During the Yuan Dynasty the three characters "Sung Wong Toi" were engraved horizontally upon the western face of this rock. Later a further seven characters were added vertically, recording that repairs had been carried out in 1807 A.D., in the Ting Mau year of the Ching Emperor Ka Hing.
In 1915, Professor Lai Chai-hei (Better known as Lai Chi-hsi) of the University of Hong Kong appealed to the Hong Kong Government to reserve forever this area and this Terrace. Mr. Li Sui-kam, a leading Hong Kong citizen, lent his support and paid for the erection of an encircling stone balustrade. When the Japanese armed forces occupied Hong Kong in 1941-5 and enlarged the airport, they blasted the great rock which broke into three. One part retained the original inscription intact.
After the liberation in 1945, the Hong Kong Government held to its former desire to preserve this ancient monument. A park was created to the south-west of the airfield, about three hundred feet from the site of the original Sung Wong Toi, and the inscribed rock was dressed and placed within that park. This, too, fulfilled a public wish.
Research has shown that, during the Ming and Ching Dynasties, this area was a part of the San On District under the jurisdiction of the Prefecture of Kwong Chow. During the Sung Dynasty, this area was part of the Tung Kwun District of the same prefecture, and was known as Kwun Foo Cheung.
When the Sung Emperor Tuen Chung ascended to the throne in Foo Chow, the armies of the Mongols pressed upon him and he fled by sea to Chuen Chow, thence to Chiu Chow and Kap Tsz Mun in Wai Chow. At the beginning of the second year of his reign (1277), the Emperor entered Kwong Chow territory. Thence, in the second moon, he sailed to Mui Wai. In the fourth moon, he landed here at Kwun Foo Cheung and set up his temporary palace near the place now known as the Sung Wong Toi. Some say that the Emperor Tuen Chung from time to time took his rest in a space beneath the great rock, and this legend is given as the reason for the name "Sung Wong Toi".
In the sixth moon of the same year, the Emperor moved to Kwu Tap, and in the ninth moon, to Tsin Wan, which is now known as Tsuen Wan. In the eleventh moon, the Mongol armies attacked, and the Emperor sailed away to Sau Shan, thus having camped in Kowloon for about ten months.
Throughout the Sung Dynasty, foreign invasions frequently occurred in almost every year. There was war against not only the Tangut, but also in turn the invading Khitan, Nüchen, and Mongols. At the close of the Sung Dynasty, the Emperor himself had to flee and seek refuge by the shores of the sea, from where he endeavoured to secure the restoration of his Empire. But this mound and this spot commemorate one of the last portions of Sung territory on which the Emperor stood.
The character "Wong" on the great rock should be that for "Emperor" and not the character for "King". The mistake was first made in the Yuan (Mongol) official history of the Sung Dynasty, where it was recorded that there were two Kings. Now this park is called the "Garden of the Sung Emperor's Terrace" and the road before it is named the "Sung Emperor's Terrace Road". This use of the title "Emperor" is correct.
When the Emperor Tuen Chung fled to the South, many of his clansmen followed him. Later they scattered and settled in various districts. The ancestral records of the Chiu clan confirm this.
It is said that, to the south-west of the Sung Wong Toi, there was once a villaged called "The Two King's Palace", which was so named because of the Emperor Tuen Chung and his brother, Wai Wong Ping, who succeeded him, visited that village together. To the north, there was the tomb of the Lady Kam. It is recorded that the Princess of Chun, daughter of the Queen Mother Yeung, was drowned nearby and a golden image of her was buried in that tomb. To the north-west is the Temple of Hau Wong. A tablet erected by Mr. Chan Pak-to of Tung Kwun District puts forward the theory that Yeung Leung-chit, brother of the Queen Mother, was buried at this spot and that the local people built the temple in memory of his loyalty. There is also a stone called the "Armchair Stone" near Yau Sin Ngam on the White Crane Mountain. A story tells how the Emperor occasionally established his court there, using the stone as his temporary throne. All these legends connected with the history of the Sung Wong Toi, are recorded here to facilitate further research.
In 1957, during the winter of the Ting Mau year, Mr. Kan Yau-man of San Wui composed the original Chinese text of this record, which was inscribed by Mr. Chiu Chiu of Toi Shan for engraving. The Chiu Clansmen's Association of Hong Kong, besides publishing a special book in commemoration of this historic spot, assisted in selecting the stone and supervising the preparation of these memorial tablets.
— Erected by the Government of Hong Kong, 1959.
图集
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九龙宋皇台遗址碑记中文版碑文 -
石碑顶部二龙争珠石刻 -
英文版碑文
交通
[编辑]港铁在2017年11月27日公布位于马头涌的屯马线车站将命名为宋皇台站[5]，该站已于2021年6月27日通车。 巴士站名为“宋皇台公园（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）”。
参见
[编辑]相关古迹
[编辑]注释
[编辑]- ^ “圣山”此名字最早见于十九世纪英国人所绘地图，华夏古籍及纪录中则未见记载。
参考资料
[编辑]- ^ 1959年#九龙宋皇台遗址碑记
- ^ 《康熙字典 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）》：昰，“是”之古字，或“夏”之古字。
- ^ 尔东. 香港歷史之謎 第三版. 明报出版社有限公司. 2007年4月: p.4. ISBN 9789629736347.
- ^ 九龍城區風物志 (PDF). 香港大学中文系 (九龙城区议会). 2005年11月 [2018-03-15]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2015-12-08）.
- ^ 沙中綫好事成雙九龍城段兩個車站同時平頂及落實站名 (PDF). [2020-08-12]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-02-05）.
