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Everyday cycling in the Netherlands (Amsterdam).

自行车荷兰常见的交通方式,36%的人将自行车列为他们每天最常使用的出行方式[1][註 1] ,而汽车则占45%,公共交通为11%。在全国范围内,自行车占所有区域(城市和农村)出行的份额为27%[4]。在城市中这一比例更高,如阿姆斯特丹英语阿姆斯特丹自行车占38%[5], 在兹沃勒则占46%[6]。 自行车出行频率如此之高,得益于优良的自行车基础设施,如自行车径英语cycle path自行车道受保护的十字路口英语protected intersection、充足的自行车停车场英语bicycle parking,以及使自行车路线比汽车路线更短、更快、更直接的管理策略。

在乡村,越来越多的路线连接着荷兰的村庄、城镇和城市:其中一些道路是荷兰国家自行车路网英语Dutch National Cycle Routes的一部分,这是一个覆盖荷兰各个角落的自行车路网[7]

历史

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Amsterdam, 1982. Demonstration against ‘car terror’

Cycling became popular in the Netherlands a little later than it did in the United States and Britain who experienced their bike booms in the 1880s, but by the 1890s the Dutch were already building dedicated paths for cyclists.[8] By 1911, the Dutch owned more bicycles per capita than any other country in Europe.[8] The ownership and use of bicycles continued to increase and in 1940 there were around 4 million bicycles on a population of 8 million. Half of this amount disappeared during the war (among others due to ‘’fietsrazzia’s’’ by the German occupants) but after the war the use of bicycles quickly was back to normal and continued at a high level (annual distance covered by bicycle for each inhabitant: 1.500 km) until 1960. Then, much like it had in other developed nations, the privately owned motor car became more affordable and therefore more commonly in use and bicycles as a result less popular. That is: ownership still remained high, but use fell to around 800 km annually.[9] Even so, the number of Dutch people cycling was very high compared to other European nations.[8]

The trend away from the bicycle and towards motorised transport only began to decrease in the 1970s when Dutch people took to the streets to protest against the high number of child deaths on the roads: in some cases over 500 children were killed in car accidents in the Netherlands in a single year.[10] This protest movement was known as the Stop de Kindermoord[荷兰语] (literally "Stop the Child Murder" in Dutch).[10][11] The success of this movement — along with other factors, such as the 1973年石油危机[12] and the publication of the CROW Design Manual for Bicycle Traffic — turned Dutch government policy around and the country began to restrict motor vehicles in its towns and cities and direct its focus on growth towards other forms of transport, with the bicycle perceived as critical in making Dutch streets safer and towns and cities more people-friendly and livable.

概述

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A typical Dutch bike path, Rotterdam.

Besides the history and social movements, there is no single reason as to why cycling remains so popular in the Netherlands: many 自行车友好英语bicycle friendly factors reinforce each other:

  • Geography, built environment and weather
    • The Netherlands is a relatively densely populated and very flat country, which means that journey distances tend to be short, even between towns. (It can be very windy though.)
    • 荷兰凉爽的气候意味着 that one can cycle short distances without breaking into a sweat. This means that people can cycle to work or school without having to shower or wash straight afterwards, as they more often might have to do in warm, hot or humid climates.
  • Bike-friendly infrastructure
    • There is a continuous network of 自行车道(cycle paths), clearly signposted, well maintained and well lit, with road/cycle path junctions that often give priority to cyclists. This makes cycling itself convenient, pleasant, and safe.
    • There is also a good network of bicycle shops throughout the country.
  • Bike-friendly public policy, planning and laws
    • The needs of cyclists are taken into account in all stages of 城市规划. Urban areas are frequently organised as woonerven英语woonerf (living streets), which prioritise cyclists and pedestrians over motorised traffic.
    • The Netherlands employs a standards-based approach to road design, where conflicts between different modes of transport are eliminated wherever possible and reduced in severity as much as possible where elimination is not possible. The result of this is that cycling is made both objectively and subjectively safe. Towns have been designed with limited access by cars and limited (decreasing over time) car parking. The resulting heavy traffic and very limited car parking makes car use unattractive in towns.
    • A form of strict liability has been law in the Netherlands since the early 1990s for bicycle-motor vehicle accidents.[13] In a nutshell this means that, in a collision between a car and a cyclist, the driver's insurer is deemed to be liable to pay damages (n.b. motor vehicle insurance is mandatory in the Netherlands, while cyclist insurance is not) to the cyclist's property and their medical bills as long as 1) the cyclist did not intentionally crash into the motor vehicle, and 2) the cyclist was not in error in some way.[13] If the cyclist was in error, as long as the collision was still unintentional, the motorist's insurance must still pay half of the damages — though this doesn't apply if the cyclist is under 14 years of age, in which case the motorist must pay full damages.[13] If it can be proved that a cyclist intended to collide with the car, then the cyclist must pay the damages (or his/her parents in the case of a minor.)[13]
    • No compulsory 自行车头盔法规.[14] In the Netherlands, 自行车头盔 are not commonly worn; they are mostly used by young children and sports cyclists who ride 公路自行车 or 山地自行车. In fact, the 荷兰自行车联盟英语Fietsersbond summarized existing evidence and concluded that, for normal, everyday cycling (i.e. not sports cycling), a compulsory helmet law would have a negative impact on population health.[15]
  • Cycling and Environmental Sustainability
    • Through higher use of bikes and lower usage of cars and public transportation, the Dutch lower their ecological footprint and help the environment.[16]
    • Bike usage significantly lowers fossil fuel consumption and energy per capita use, leading to less pollution and other environmental damage.[16]
  • Cycling Culture
    • Cycling is a symbol of Dutch culture. It has been considered a national symbol since 1920 and a very patriotic means of transportation since 1938.[17]
    • Bicycling is presented in Dutch qualities and civil virtues of independence, self-control, modesty and stability.[17]
    • Cycling has had a positive effect on tourism, people visit the Netherlands to experience its specific cycling culture.[17]
  • Health Effects and the Economics of Cycling
    • Cycling prevents about 6500 deaths each year, and Dutch people have half-a-year-longer life expectancy because of cycling.[18]
    • The health benefits correspond to more than 3% of the Dutch gross domestic product.[18]
    • It is confirmed that investments made in bicycle-promoting policies (e.g., improved bicycle infrastructure and facilities) will likely yield a high cost–benefit ratio in the long term.[18]
  • Practical bicycles and equipment
    • The long-standing bike culture has meant that most bicycles are 多功能自行车英语utility bicycle rather than sports bicycles (though all types of bikes are to be seen, from racing bikes, to recumbents, right through to velomobiles). The Dutch mainly choose to ride roadster bicycles, like the ubiquitous and infamous Omafiets, which are practical, low-maintenance and suited to load carrying, with mudguards and skirt-guards, and where the rider is seated in an up-right position, making for a comfortable, leisurely ride with the best spatial awareness.
    • Bicycle baskets, panniers and load-carrying trailers are common for carrying items to school or work or for carrying shopping items back home from the shops.
  • Training
    • The Dutch train their children to ride so they can confidently ride in the roads when they are around 12 years of age, just before they start secondary school.[19] Only if they pass their traffic exam are they awarded their Verkeersdiploma (traffic certificate).[19] This training is deemed necessary as 75% of secondary school students cycle to school, rising to 84% riding for those living within 5 km of school.[20] Even for distances of 16 km(9.9 mi) or over, some 8% of secondary school children cycle in each direction to school, though this is mainly in rural areas where the closest secondary schools can be a fair distance away.[20] (Some 49% of primary school children ride to school, but distances are shorter and adults often accompany the younger ones.[21])
    • Dutch motorists are also trained for interaction with cyclists as part of their driver training when going for their driving licence. For example, trainee motorists are trained to check and re-check their right-hand side for cyclists before making a turn to the right.

These factors together far outweigh the negative factors of wet and windy weather, strong headwinds due to the flat terrain, and frequent bicycle thefts. Over a quarter of all journeys made in the Netherlands are by bicycle. Even the over 65 age group make nearly a quarter of their journeys by bicycle — though, among this age group, electric bikes are very popular. In some cities over half of all journeys are made by bicycle.[22]

By 2012 cycling had grown tremendously in popularity. In Amsterdam alone, 490,000 cyclists took to the road to cycle 2 million kilometres every day, according to its city council statistics. This has caused some problems as, despite 35,000 kilometers of bicycle paths, the country's 18 million bicycles (1.3 per citizen old enough to ride) sometimes clog Dutch cities' busiest streets. This is being addressed by building even more bike lanes to tackle a problem many other cities in the world would envy — that of bicycle traffic congestion. The Netherlands' busiest cycleway, Vredenburg in the city of Utrecht, sees some 32,000 cyclists on an average weekday, and up to 37,000 on peak days,[23] rivalling the numbers claimed for the busiest cycleway in the world in Copenhagen, Denmark.[24]
In 2011 cycling advocate David Hembrow argued that the Dutch make more cycle journeys between them than the American, British and Australian people added together, and with greater safety than cyclists in any of those countries.[25]

In 2012, the Dutch Fietsersbond (Cyclists' Union) said that a quarter of all deadly crashes in the Netherlands involve cyclists.[26] Research in 2013 showed that 60% of fatal cycling accidents took place at junctions and in two out of five of those accidents, cyclists were not given priority by the driver. From 2007 to 2012, the number of fatal accidents decreased in the Netherlands from 850 to 600, while the number of cycling fatalities remained roughly constant.[27] In 2015, cycling deaths made up 30% of road deaths in the Netherlands, 185 out of 621.[28]

Infrastructure基础设施

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Many roads have one or two separate cycleways alongside them, or cycle lanes marked on the road. On roads where adjacent bike paths or cycle tracks exist, the use of these facilities is compulsory, and cycling on the main carriageway is not permitted.[29] Some 35,000 km of cycle-track has been physically segregated from motor traffic,[30][31] equal to a quarter of the country's entire 140,000 km road network.[32] On other roads and streets, bicycle and motor vehicles share the same road-space, but these are usually roads with a low speed limit.[33] The surface quality of these bike lanes are good and the routing tends to be direct with gentle turns making it possible to cycle at good speeds for considerable distances. Cycleways come with their own sets of rules and systems - including traffic signals/lights, tunnels and lanes.

Tunnels and bridges may or may not be accessible for cycling; if pedal cycles are prohibited, there is usually a separate facility. For example, the Western Scheldt Tunnel is not accessible for pedestrians, cyclists or moped riders. They have to use the ferry at another location, or take the bus through the tunnel. Unlike the vast majority of bus services in the Netherlands, three services that cross this tunnel carry bicycles and mopeds.[34] There is a fee for this service and reservation is recommended.

Pedestrians use the pavement where one is available, otherwise they use the same position on the road as the cyclists: on the cycleway or lane if available, otherwise on the road (but in the latter case pedestrians preferably walk on the left, while cyclists go on the right). Roads and tunnels accessible for cyclists are also accessible for pedestrians. Most pedestrian paths are available to cyclists who dismount and walk the bike.

Separate bike paths, parallel to the roadway

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A typical bi-directional cycle path design (middle, in red), a roadway on the right with a green verge in between. There is a footpath (in grey) to the bike path's left.

When enough space is available, larger roads are fitted with a parallel fietspad (bike path) that is physically separated — for example by means of a verge, hedge, or parking lane — from the roadway. In most cases, these bike paths are also physically separated from an adjacent footpath.

Where protected bike paths exist, their use is in most cases obligatory for cyclists. Mopeds, mofas and the like are allowed and obliged to use them when their maximum speed is no more than 25 km/h (with a blue license plate) (though this has become controversial[35]). When the maximum speed is 45 km/h (yellow license plate), mopeds are only allowed to use the cycle paths if that is indicated (mostly outside of the built-up area). Motorists are not allowed on bike paths, and to enforce this the entry of cars is often made physically impossible by using obstacles. In any case, a single-directional bike path is usually too narrow for cars to travel on.

Bi-directional bike paths on one side of the road are common in towns as well as in the countryside: they are divided into two lanes, similar to roads, by a dashed line. Occasionally bi-directional cycle ways exist on both sides of the road; this reduces the number of times cyclists have to cross the road.

The color of the pavement on a bike lane or path may vary, though red is the standard color to identify bike paths and on-road bike lanes in the Netherlands: either red asphalt or brickwork is used to visually distinguish cycle ways from car lanes and footpaths. Standard black asphalt is also commonly used and some older cycle paths are made of the square tiles commonly used for sidewalks.

On-road bike lanes

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Fietsstrook type cycle lanes (red) that may be used by motorists as well when other cars approach from the opposite direction. The cars must use them safely, however, and not crowd out the cyclists.

On-road bike lanes in the Netherlands are marked by either a dashed line or a solid line: lanes marked by a dashed line may be used by motorists provided that they do not impede cyclists, while those marked with a solid line may not be used by motorists. Solid lines are interrupted on crossings to allow motorists to enter or leave the road. Car parking is never allowed in either type of lane.

Bike lanes are usually surfaced with red or black asphalt. The red colour has no legal meaning, it is there for visibility; the on-road bike lane is delineated by the solid or dashed line by which it is separated from the roadway.

National guidelines advise a minimum width of 1.25 m for cycle lanes.

When a cycle lane is present on a road, cyclists are obliged to use it. Since 15 December 1999 mopeds are not allowed on cycle lanes.

"Fietsstraat" road sign indicates priority for cyclists.

Fietsstraat (cyclestreet)

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A fietsstraat (cyclestreet) where bicycles are the main form of transport and cars are considered "guests".

A fietsstraat (cyclestreet)[36] is a road where bicycles are considered to be the primary and preferred form of transport and where cars and other motorised vehicles are allowed "as guests". There are four different types of fietsstraat but they are all required to have a speed limit of 30 km/h or less and are usually coloured in the same red asphalt as bike paths.[37]

Fietsstraat streets exist mostly in residential areas where low-traffic roads exist anyway. A fietsstraat was in most cases originally a road that had low-traffic volumes beforehand and was therefore easily converted. They are an important type of infrastructure which makes Dutch towns and cities safer for cyclists. They can also be used for route separation to enable cyclists to avoid busier roads and have direct routes into and through towns.

The unravelling of modes

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In Dutch towns and cities, many bike-only routes are not alongside the roadway, nor do they run close-by and parallel to major car routes: rather, cycle routes are often completely separate from motor vehicle routes. In many cases, dedicated bike routes are far more direct than the local car routes are to common destinations, such as town centres.[38] This complete separation of bicycle routes from motor vehicle routes is called the unravelling of modes and is an important feature of modern Dutch urban design and traffic management.[38][39]

For instance, many Dutch towns and cities have a "soft" green core that is only accessible to cyclists and pedestrians. Therefore, while drivers wishing to cross the town may have to take a lengthy detour via a ring road, cyclists can take a direct route through the town centre.

Other cycle routes work similarly. On a small scale, short sections of cycle path can provide a short cut between streets that cars cannot take, while on a larger scale entire streets are sometimes converted to cycle paths to provide more room for cyclists and discourage the use of motorized vehicles.

Free-running cycle paths also exist for recreational purposes, in parks and in the countryside. These are usually bidirectional.

Countryside

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On busy and important routes, cycling facilities in the countryside are similar to those in the cities. Cycle paths are made where possible, and cycle lanes otherwise. If the available space is too limited even for a cycle lane, for example when a road passes through a village, speed-reducing measures are usually taken to ensure that the difference in speed between cyclists and motorists is tolerable.

Highways and "provincial roads" (main roads for which a province is responsible), are usually fitted with separate cycle paths. Motorways, on the other hand, rarely have cycling facilities associated with them. If a cycle path is bundled with a motorway it usually lies at a relatively large distance from the road, outside the traffic barriers and noise barriers.

Apart from these utility paths and lanes, many recreational paths are available in the countryside. Their pavement varies from gravel through asphalt. Crushed seashells are a popular variant.

Snelfietsroutes (Fast Bike Routes)

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Fietssnelweg (cycle highway) F35 in Enschede.

A bicycle-only route intended for cycling longer distances for practical reasons such as commuting or for sport and exercise can either be called a snelfietsroute (fast bike route) or a fietssnelweg (cycle highway).[40] Some characteristics of these cycling routes mentioned by governments (both national and local) and traffic experts are: bi-directional paths with recommended uni-directional lane widths of 2 metres and minimum widths of 1.5 metres; very level and straight stretches (i.e. few ups and downs, curves or turns); the absence of traffic lights and level crossings with motorised traffic; and superior pavement quality.[41]

Cycling interest groups and national and local governments advocate such routes as being a solution for the further reduction of vehicular traffic congestion: this is because, as cyclists can achieve higher average speeds on these routes than on the usual types of cycling infrastructure, so cyclists are better able to compete with the car for longer commutes on them.

截至2012年 (2012-Missing required parameter 1=month!), cycle highways currently being constructed include one between Rotterdam and Delft, and one between Nijmegen and Arnhem (the RijnWaalpad). Most fast-cycling routes/cycle highway projects are not entirely purpose-built, but consist of upgrading existing infrastructure and adding missing links between them.

Roundabouts

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Some roundabouts have cyclist lanes around them, with signposts directing the cyclist to a destination. Traffic on roundabouts in the Netherlands usually has priority over entering traffic, and when a cycle lane is bundled with it this priority also applies to the cyclists. This means that cars have to give priority to bicycles both when entering and exiting the roundabout.

Other roundabouts have separate cycle paths around them. Signs indicate whether the cycle path or the crossing road has priority. Many authorities give priority to the crossing roads, as this is thought to be safer. For fairness, others retain the priority that the cyclists would have had if they had not been using a separate cycle path (which they are obliged to use).

A very busy roundabout in Eindhoven uses tunnels and an interior roundabout for cyclists to keep the two traffic streams completely apart.

The Hovenring

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The Hovenring at night

The Hovenring is an architectural first for bicycle infrastructure. Opening on 29 June 2012, it is an elevated circular suspension bridge and bicycle-only roundabout built in between the localities of Eindhoven, Veldhoven and Meerhoven (thus the name, being Dutch for "Ring of the 'Hovens'") in the province of North Brabant. Built over a large and busy road intersection, where before its construction cyclists had to cross busy roads, it is the first suspended bicycle roundabout in the world.[42][43]

跨河、高速公路Crossing rivers and motorways

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Ferry across the IJ near Amsterdam Central Station.

To protect cyclists from motorised traffic when they need to cross motorways and other busy roads, dedicated cycling bridges and tunnels for cyclists are built. Such facilities are often shared with pedestrians.

The small waterways such as canals, which abound especially throughout western Holland, will often have dedicated bridges for cyclists or ones that they share with pedestrians. However, to cross large waterways, cycle paths are often situated alongside roads (for instance the Hollandse Brug) or sometimes railroads (for example the Nijmegen railway bridge). Long road tunnels are rarely open to cyclists.

When roads and railroads are too far away, ferries often provide an alternative in the Netherlands. In many cases, ferries operate exclusively or primarily for cyclists and to a lesser extent for pedestrians.

Traffic signals

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Because of their constant use, cycleways are complete with their own system of traffic signals. These are present at junctions, one set for motorised vehicles and a visually smaller set for cyclists. Sometimes this is similar to a pelican crossing, where the cyclists wait to cross the junction. These lights come in two forms - firstly the miniature version of the vehicle lights and secondly a regular sized signal with bicycle-shaped cutouts.

In many locations more direct cycle routes exist which bypass traffic signals, allowing cyclists to make more efficient journeys than motorists.

Occasionally, cyclists are explicitly allowed to pass a red traffic light if they make a right turn on an intersection. They are also allowed to ignore a red light if they go through the top of a T junction on a cycle path, as there is never interaction between motorists and cyclists, and cyclists can negotiate easily with other cyclists and pedestrians.[44]

Signage

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Directional signpost for cyclists.
The "mushroom" type of signpost.

Signposts take on the form of road signs, with directions stating the distances to nearby cities and towns. Signposts come in two different forms: the common directional signpost which is a miniature version of the vehicle signs and a mushroom-shaped direction post. The second form is used in the countryside where it is thought to blend in better with its surroundings. Sometimes it can be hard to notice in long grass.

In contrast to the signposts for traffic in general, which feature white lettering on a blue background, the signposts for cyclists have red or green lettering on a white background. Red is used for the usual route and green for more scenic routes where mopeds are not allowed.[45] The mushroom-style signpost can also have black lettering on a white background (as it is obvious that it is not meant for motorists). A newer style of "mushroom" has red lettering.

When a general (white on blue) signpost is not applicable for cyclists because it relies on a motorway, this is indicated with a small car sign or a motorway sign behind the name of the destination. In such cases, a separate signpost for cyclists is usually nearby.

Most road signs for cyclists that are used in the Netherlands are universal. However, some are specific to the country and may even include some Dutch text, e.g. fietspad (cycle path), (brom)fietsers oversteken (cyclists and moped riders must cross the road), uitgezonderd fietsers (except for cyclists) or rechtsaf fietsers vrij (turning right free for cyclists).[46]

停车场

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Bicycle parking in Utrecht

By policy in the Netherlands, bicycle parking is supposed to be provided next to every shop. Bicycle stands are common around the Netherlands, an alternative to chaining the bike to a post. In most, the front wheel of the bicycle rests on the stand. As bike theft is very common in the Netherlands, cyclists are advised to lock their bicycle with a built-in lock and attach a chain from the bike frame to the stand.

There are many bicycle parking stations, particularly in city centres and at train stations, some of which hold many thousands of bicycles. Every railway station has a cycle parking attached, and most also offer guarded cycle parking for a nominal fee. Since the start of the 21st century, parking spaces for 450,000 bicycles were built and modernized at over 400 train stations, and Dutch railways organizations ProRail and NS are calling for expansion by another 250,000 by 2027.[47] Already half of all Dutch train travellers cycle to the station, amounting to half a million cyclists daily.[47] These types of bicycle parking stations also exist in other places around most cities, for example, there are 20 watched bicycle parking stations situated in the city of Groningen (population ≈198,000).

Most city councils enforce the parking of bicycles in their jurisdictions by regularly removing any bicycles that are not placed in the bike stands. The locks are cut and for the owner to reclaim their bicycle they must pay a fine of around €25.[來源請求] Cyclist journeys are made more convenient by such actions as it prevents sidewalks being littered with bikes.

自行车租赁

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Bikes for all ages are readily available for rent across the country and most large towns have bike shops with all the necessary equipment and repair services.[48] All cities possess multiple bike stands, mainly at the supermarkets and other commonly used shops. Bikes should also come with a lock so as to keep the bike from being stolen. A national scheme, Cycleswap, supports small businesses privately renting bicycles out for short-term use.[49]

OV-fiets

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OV-fiets share bikes in the Netherlands

OV-fiets (literally: "Public Transport bicycle") is the name of a very large, nationwide bicycle rental / sharing system run by Nederlandse Spoorwegen aka NS (Dutch Railways) — by far the Netherlands' largest rail service operator. Almost 15,000 OV-fietsen[50] are offered for rent at over 300 locations across the Netherlands; at many train stations, at bus or tram stops, in several city centres and at P+R car parks.[51] When you arrive at a town's station by train, you can quickly rent an OV-fiets to cycle to your destination.

The OV-fiets program, which started on a small scale in 2003, has steadily grown in popularity, first registering 1 million rides in 2011,[52] but Dutch Rail expected 3 million rides in 2017, up 25% from 2.4 million in 2016.[53] However, this was even exceeded — the number came out at 3.2 million.[50]

In recent years Dutch Rail expanded their rental fleet by around 1000 bicycles a year to keep up with demand. However, a surge in demand forced NS to rush order an extra 6000 bicycles in 2017.[53][54] The company aimed to have 14,500 bicycles available by the end of 2017.[54]

Membership to the OV-fiets scheme is required, but as of 1 January 2017 only costs €0.01 per year, to verify identity and payment data. Bikes can be accessed using the normal NS public transport card — and 24-hour rental costs €3.85.[55] Since the new policy is in place, the number of registered users has jumped from ≈200,000 to ≈500,000.[50]

The nature of the OV-fiets bike sharing program differs somewhat from that of similar schemes in other countries, partly because of the already high bike ownership of the population. The Dutch system is highly integrated with the public transport network, so that people who cycle to the station in their place of origin can continue traveling by bike from the station of their destination.[56]

Swapfiets

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Swapfiets is a bike rental service for residents of several European countries that, for a fixed monthly price, provides a bicycle and covers all repair costs. The service started as a startup that rented refurbished bikes but has since developed an in-house design featuring a distinctive blue front tire.[57]

自行车旅行

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Sign for national cycle route LF 8a under the general cycle track sign
Sign for route LF 12a a.k.a. the Maas- en Vesting route

For bicycle touring, all Dutch cities can be accessed on the dedicated cycling routes of either the 荷兰国家自行车路网英语Dutch National Cycle Routes — the (currently) 26 so-called 'LF-routes英语Dutch National Cycle Routes — or on the many other regional cycle paths. An average cyclist can typically expect to cover between 15 and 18 kilometres, on average, in an hour by bike throughout most areas of the Netherlands.

Maps of the LF-routes and other routes and are widely available and come in two forms:

  • Route maps: a national map which shows route information rather than general topography. Only the routes are marked and related information are shown. They are often used for holidays and are sold at most tourist shops.
  • National maps: These cover the whole country, with markings and symbols about the cycleways of the Netherlands. Most good national cycle maps will include the LF-routes and all the other routes of the numbered cycle network. They are very useful not only for cycling in unfamiliar towns and cities but also for cross-country use. These are widely available across tourist shops and, while are sometimes considered expensive, they are quite comprehensive and consist of many pages.

There are also comprehensive maps and route planning tools available online or in smartphone and tablet apps.

Though the LF-route network is the national cycling route network of the Netherlands, some of its routes extend into the neighbouring countries of Belgium and Germany; the LF1 even extends all the way down the North Sea coast to Boulogne-sur-Mer in France.

For cyclists who don't want to explore the Netherlands on their own, there are different tour operators that offer a wide variety of organised cycling holidays.

Transporting bicycles自行车托运/运输(?)

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It is possible to take bicycles on trains, aircraft and ferries. Buses, however, will not carry them.

火车

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Bicycles may be carried on trains under certain conditions. Folding bicycles can be taken more easily than other types as regular bicycles must be placed in designated areas. Taking a folded bicycle inside a train is free, but for unfolded bicycles and regular ones a special ticket is required. 截至2019年 (2019-Missing required parameter 1=month!), these tickets cost €6.90 per bicycle and are valid for a whole day. In all trains it is prohibited to carry normal size and (partly) unfolded bikes during peak hours, though this restriction does not apply in the summer in July and August when bikes can be carried for free at any time. All bicycles are allowed, even a recumbent or a tandem. However, it is prohibited to take a tricycle or a bicycle trailer on trains.[58][59]

Travellers are expected to place their bicycles in the designated areas: blue stickers on or near the doors indicate where they are.

Ferries

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Ferries are commonplace in the Netherlands for crossing both rivers and canals, including numerous foot ferries that operate especially for cyclists and foot passengers saving them from making long detours. There are ferries as well as to the islands in the North (Texel, Vlieland, Terschelling, Ameland and Schiermonnikoog). It is important to know where ferries are and when they run.[60]

Some ferries (such as those to Texel,[61] Vlieland, Terschelling,[62] Ameland[63] and Schiermonnikoog[64]) impose an extra charge for bicycles, while others (such as those across the IJ in Amsterdam) carry bicycles for free.[65]

By air

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It is possible to take bicycles by air, but the airline's procedures must be followed to pack the bicycle and possibly dismantle it. There may also be extra fees as the bicycle will count as luggage. Again, travelling with a foldable bike is easier.

The Fietsstad (Bicycle City) awards/行业协会推动

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Every few years, a jury from the 荷兰自行车联盟英语Fietsersbond conducts the Fietsstad awards where a city is bestowed the honour of being a recognised Fietsstad (Bicycle City). The main criteria for winning is not which of the competing cities has the best overall cycling environment but rather which city is already great for cycling and has improved their cycling environment even further.[66] Furthermore, in some years there is a unique theme that the jury use to decide the winner.

截至2018年 (2018-Missing required parameter 1=month!) the cities that have been elected Fietsstad are:[67][68][69]

Year Winner Theme
2000 費嫩達爾
2002 格罗宁根
2008 豪滕 荷蘭語Veilig en fietsvriendelijk (Safe and bicycle friendly)
2011 斯海尔托亨博斯 荷蘭語Veilige schoolomgeving (Safe school environment)
2014 兹沃勒[70] 荷蘭語Fietsen zonder hindernissen (Cycling without obstacles)
2016 奈梅亨[71] Bikenomics
2018 豪滕[72] [73]

画廊

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See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Up from 31% naming the bike their main mode of transport for daily activities in 2011.[2][3]

References

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  1. ^ Quality of Transport report (PDF) (报告). European Commission: 11. December 2014 [29 December 2016]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于September 8, 2015). 
  2. ^ Why is cycling so popular in the Netherlands?. BBC News. (原始内容存档于7 March 2014). 
  3. ^ Future of Transport report (PDF) (报告). European Commission: 8. March 2011 [11 July 2015]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于March 7, 2014). 
  4. ^ Cycling in the Netherlands (PDF) (新闻稿). The Netherlands: Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water Management. Fietsberaad (Expertise Centre for Cycling Policy). 2009 [2014-07-09]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2009-05-14). 
  5. ^ Cycling facts and figures. I amsterdam website. [9 May 2014]. (原始内容存档于12 May 2014). 
  6. ^ Cycling and urban qualities (PDF). MOBILE 2020. [9 May 2014]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于12 May 2014). 
  7. ^ The Netherlands, a great destination for cycling holidays. Nederland Fietsland website. [14 December 2013]. 
  8. ^ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Carlton Reid. Why is cycling popular in the Netherlands: infrastructure or 100+ years of history?. Roads Were Not Built For Cars website. 8 December 2012 [7 December 2013]. 
  9. ^ Fietsverkeer in praktijk en beleid in de twintigste eeuw (A. De la Bruheze en F. Veraart) Ministry of Transport 1999 (p.50 table)
  10. ^ 10.0 10.1 Mark Wagenbuur. How Child Road Deaths Changed the Netherlands. BBC World Service - Witness programme. BBC World Service. 27 November 2013 [1 December 2013]. 
  11. ^ Vic Langenhoff. Pressiegroep Stop de Kindermoord. De Tijd. Delpher NL. September 20, 1972 [October 8, 2019] (荷兰语). 
  12. ^ Car Free Sundays, a 40 year anniversary. BicycleDutch website. 2013-11-30 [1 December 2013]. 
  13. ^ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 Mark Wagenbuur. Strict liability in the Netherlands. BicycleDutch website. 21 February 2013 [5 December 2013]. 
  14. ^ Why is cycling so popular in the Netherlands?. BBC News website. 7 August 2013 [29 November 2013]. 
  15. ^ Fietsersbond onderzoekt: helpt de helm? (The Dutch Cyclists' Union asks: does the helmet help?). Dutch Fietsersbond (Cyclists' Union). 2012-02-27 [5 April 2013] (荷兰语). 
  16. ^ 16.0 16.1 Paradiso, Gaia. What the Netherlands Can Teach Us About Riding Bikes, Sustainable Development & Green Economy. HuffPost. HuffPost. 2015-03-11 [16 November 2019]. 
  17. ^ 17.0 17.1 17.2 Oosterhuis, Harry. Cycling, modernity and national culture. Social History. 13 June 2016, 41 (3): 233–248. doi:10.1080/03071022.2016.1180897可免费查阅. 
  18. ^ 18.0 18.1 18.2 Fishman, Elliot; et al. Dutch Cycling: Quantifying the Health and Related Economic Benefits. American Journal of Public Health. August 2015, 105 (8): e13–e15. PMC 4504332可免费查阅. PMID 26066942. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302724. 
  19. ^ 19.0 19.1 Mark Wagenbuur. Bicycle Training in the Netherlands. BicycleDutch blog. 19 April 2010 [5 December 2013]. 
  20. ^ 20.0 20.1 Mark Wagenbuur. Arriving at school by bicycle. Bicycle Dutch blog. 5 December 2013 [5 December 2013]. 
  21. ^ David Hembrow. The school run in Assen. A View from the Cycle Path blog. 5 September 2013 [6 December 2013]. 
  22. ^ @urban_future. Cycling Mode Share Data for 700 Cities. City Clock Magazine. 2014-08-14 [29 August 2014]. 
  23. ^ The busiest cycleway in the Netherlands — Bicycle Dutch (archived)
  24. ^ The busiest cycle street in the world – Norrebrogade Bridge in Copenhagen — A view from the cycle path (archived)
  25. ^ David Hembrow. A million journeys per hour by bike. A View from the Cycle Path blog. 18 February 2011 [11 January 2017]. 
  26. ^ Hennop, Jan. Joyride no more as Dutch face cycle jam. Sydney Morning Herald. Agence France-Presse. November 10, 2012 [November 10, 2012]. (原始内容存档于December 30, 2013). 
  27. ^ Fewer road deaths but no change in fatal accidents for cyclists. Dutch News. November 12, 2013 [October 5, 2016]. 
  28. ^ Institute of Road Safety Research. Road deaths in the Netherlands (PDF). June 2016. 
  29. ^ wetten.nl - Wet- en regelgeving - Reglement verkeersregels en verkeerstekens 1990 (RVV 1990) - BWBR0004825. overheid.nl. [2012-10-01]. (原始内容存档于2015-07-11). 
  30. ^ The Netherlands boast almost 35.000 km of cycling paths. fietsberaad.nl. [2017-06-18]. (原始内容存档于2014-07-17). 
  31. ^ [1] 互联网档案馆存檔,存档日期2015-11-13. Factsheet The Netherlands: cycling country] — CBS
  32. ^ CIA World Factbook | Field listing: Roadways. www.cia.gov. U.S. Central Intelligence Agency. 2014 [2015-08-17]. 
  33. ^ BicycleDutch video on Vision Zero. Discusses how shared cycle/auto roads have lower speeds.. 
  34. ^ Westerscheldetunnel bus service 互联网档案馆存檔,存档日期2015-09-23. on the bus company's website.
  35. ^ Mark Wagenbuur. The Moped Menace in the Netherlands. BicycleDutch website. 23 February 2013 [3 December 2013]. 
  36. ^ nl:Fietsstraat[自我引用]
  37. ^ Don't misunderstand the Fietsstraat. As Easy As Riding A Bike blog. June 12, 2013 [5 December 2013]. 
  38. ^ 38.0 38.1 David Hembrow. Unravelling of modes. A View from the Cycle Path blog. 2 July 2012 [5 December 2013]. 
  39. ^ Mark Wagenbuur. Unravelling modes. BicycleDutch blog. 29 November 2012 [6 January 2014]. 
  40. ^ Fietssnelwegen. [30 November 2013] (荷兰语). 
  41. ^ Fietssnelweg F35. 22 November 2011 [30 November 2013] (荷兰语). 
  42. ^ Jan de Vries. Fietsrotonde Hovenring Eindhoven afgesloten: kabels op knappen. Omroep Brabant. 11 January 2012 [17 July 2012] (荷兰语). 
  43. ^ John Tarantino. Bike The Netherlands. The Environmental Blog. [2012-10-15]. 
  44. ^ Cycling past red lights in the Netherlands. YouTube. 24 October 2012. 
  45. ^ Signposts for cyclists. Holland-Cycling.com. [30 November 2013]. 
  46. ^ Road signs for cyclists. Holland-Cycling.com. [30 November 2013]. 
  47. ^ 47.0 47.1 Dutch railways want more bike parking at train stations; Public bike share struggles to meet demand — NL Times
  48. ^ Bicycle rental. Holland-Cycling.com. [30 November 2013]. 
  49. ^ J. Schutijser., (2015). Nieuwste tak deeleconomie: verhuur je fiets. NOS news broadcast
  50. ^ 50.0 50.1 50.2 Nieuwenhuis, Marcia. Recordaantal ritten met OV-fiets: 3,2 miljoen [Recorn number of rides taken on the OV-fiets: 3.2 million]. Algemeen Dagblad. 5 January 2018 [2018-03-15] (荷兰语). 
  51. ^ Nederlandse Spoorwegen. OV-fiets – Door to door – NS. NS website. 2017 [11 January 2017]. (原始内容存档于10 January 2017). 
  52. ^ Massive number of train passengers take the OV-fiets – BICYCLE DUTCH
  53. ^ 53.0 53.1 Marcia Nieuwenhuizen. OV-fiets is in Den Haag niet aan te slepen — Den Haag - AD.nl [Overwhelming demand for OV-bikes in The Hague]. Algemeen Dagblad. 16 June 2017 [17 June 2017]. (原始内容存档于16 June 2017) (荷兰语). 
  54. ^ 54.0 54.1 NS kan vraag naar OV-fietsen nauwelijks aan – NU.nl [NS can barely handle demand for OV-bikes]. NU.nl. 16 June 2017 [17 June 2017]. (原始内容存档于16 June 2017) (荷兰语). 
  55. ^ Nederlandse Spoorwegen. Using the OV-fiets to get around – Door to door – NS. NS website. 2017 [11 January 2017]. 
  56. ^ Annual Report 2014 (PDF). Bouwen aan aantrekkelijk OV. [17 June 2016]. 
  57. ^ Swapfiets - About us. 
  58. ^ Getting around Holland by rail. Holland-Cycling.com. [30 November 2013]. 
  59. ^ Archived copy. [2016-11-24]. (原始内容存档于2016-11-29). 
  60. ^ Getting around Holland by ferry. Holland-Cycling.com. [30 November 2013]. 
  61. ^ Home. teso.nl. 
  62. ^ Rederij Doeksen 互联网档案馆存檔,存档日期2012-07-22. Information on the ferry service to Vlieland and Terschelling
  63. ^ Wagenborg passagiersdiensten 互联网档案馆存檔,存档日期2012-02-06. Rates for the ferry service to Ameland
  64. ^ Wagenborg passagiersdiensten 互联网档案馆存檔,存档日期2012-02-09. Rates for the ferry service to Schiermonnikoog
  65. ^ www.noord.amsterdam.nl 互联网档案馆存檔,存档日期2012-10-11. Information on Amsterdam ferries on a municipal website
  66. ^ Enschede, nominee for best cycling city. 20 February 2014 [21 February 2014]. From comment: "Readers should be aware that “best cycling city” is awarded as a result of a subjective process by a campaigning organisation. It is also limited by who enters. The result is a reflection of who of those cities which entered is trying hardest rather than of which city has the best overall results." 
  67. ^ Archief Fietsstad | Fietsstad 2014. Fietsersbond website. October 31, 2012 [4 December 2013]. (原始内容存档于9 July 2014) (荷兰语). 
  68. ^ Elzi Lewis. Fietsstad 2014 - which Dutch cycling city is best?. IamExpat website. 30 July 2013 [4 December 2013]. 
  69. ^ Over de verkiezing | Fietsstad 2014. Fietsstad at the Fietsersbond website. Fietsersbond. 30 October 2013 [7 December 2013]. 
  70. ^ Zwolle is bicycle city of the year. DutchNews.nl website. 8 May 2014 [8 May 2014]. 
  71. ^ Gemeente Nijmegen uitgeroepen tot Fietsstad 2016. Fietsersbond. 19 May 2016 [19 May 2016] (荷兰语). 
  72. ^ Fietsstad 2018 - Fietsersbond. Fietsersbond website. Fietsersbond. [17 January 2018]. 
  73. ^ Houten: Cycling City of the Netherlands 2018. Bicycle Dutch. 16 January 2018 [17 January 2018]. 

扩展阅读

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  • Fietsberaad agency (Dutch Cycling Council), Cycling in the Netherlands, published by Dutch Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water Management, 2009. Extensive English language report by the Dutch government.
  • CROW – Dutch Cycling Embassy: Design Manual for Bicycle Traffic, 2017, ISBN 9789066286597. English language design manual, aimed at traffic management professionals and infrastructure designers.
  • Pete Jordan, In the City of Bikes: The Story of the Amsterdam Cyclist, HarperCollins publishers, 2013, ISBN 9780061995200. A memoir of this American's love affair with Amsterdam and its bike-centric culture.
  • Shirley Agudo, The Dutch & Their Bikes: Scenes from a Nation of Cyclists, XPat Scriptum Publishers, 2014, ISBN 9789055948994. A photobook by an American native and lon-time resident of the Netherlands.

外部链接

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General and practical

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媒体

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