User:小夊/沙盒
人口统计
[编辑]调查年 | 人口 | 备注 | %± |
---|---|---|---|
1860 | 5,809 | — | |
1870 | 13,066 | 124.9% | |
1880 | 46,887 | 258.8% | |
1890 | 164,738 | 251.4% | |
1900 | 202,718 | 23.1% | |
1910 | 301,408 | 48.7% | |
1920 | 380,582 | 26.3% | |
1930 | 464,356 | 22.0% | |
1940 | 492,370 | 6.0% | |
1950 | 521,718 | 6.0% | |
1960 | 482,872 | −7.4% | |
1970 | 434,400 | −10.0% | |
1980 | 370,951 | −14.6% | |
1990 | 368,383 | −0.7% | |
2000 | 382,618 | 3.9% | |
2010 | 382,578 | 0.0% | |
2015年估计 | 410,939 | [1] | 7.4% |
2015 Estimate[3] |
种族 | 2010[4] | 1990[5] | 1970[5] | 1950[5] |
---|---|---|---|---|
白人 | 63.8% | 78.4% | 93.6% | 98.4% |
—非拉丁裔 | 60.3% | 77.5% | 92.8%[6] | n/a |
黑人(非裔) | 18.6% | 13% | 4.4% | 1.3% |
拉丁裔(包括所有种族) | 10.5% | 2.1% | 0.9%[6] | n/a |
亚裔 | 5.6% | 4.3% | 0.4% | 0.2% |
其他 | 5.6% | n/a | n/a | n/a |
多种族混血 | 4.4% | n/a | n/a | n/a |
根据2010年美国人口普查,详细的各族人口分布如下:[7][8]
- 白人:63.8%
- 黑人(非裔):18.6%
- 印第安人(美洲原住民):2.0%
- 亚裔:5.6%(1.9%苗裔,0.9%华裔,0.7%印度裔,0.6%韩裔,0.4%越南裔,0.3%泰裔,0.3%老挝裔,0.2%菲律宾裔,0.1%日裔,0.2%其他亚裔)
- 夏威夷族和大洋洲岛原住民:0.1%
- 其他:5.6%
- 多种族混血:4.4%
- 拉丁裔(包括所有种族):10.5%[9](7.0%墨西哥裔,1.3%厄瓜多尔裔,0.4%波多黎各裔,0.3%瓜地马拉裔,0.2%萨尔瓦多裔,1.3%其他拉丁裔)
明尼阿波利斯人口的五分之三为白人,主要由德裔和北欧裔美国人组成。德裔人口为82,870人,超过了总人口的五分之一(23.1%)。北欧裔主要来自挪威和瑞典,包括30,349位挪威裔和30,349位瑞典裔,占总人口的8.5%。丹麦裔人口相对较少,有4,434人,占总人口的1.3%。挪威裔、瑞典裔和丹麦裔加起来共占总人口的20.7%。德裔和北欧裔共占了全市人口的43.8%,是非拉丁裔白人人口的主要组成部分。其他占一定数量的欧洲裔团体为愛爾蘭裔(11.3%)、英格兰裔(7.0%)、波兰裔(3.9%)、法裔(3.5%)和意大利裔(2.3%)。
明尼阿波利斯人口中有10,711人称自己为多种族混血。其中黑白混血的有3,551人,占总人口的1.0%。白人和印第安人混血的有2,319人,占总人口的0.6%。白人和亚裔混血的有2,319人,占总人口的0.5%。黑人和印第安人混血的有885人,占总人口的0.2%。
早至16世纪,达科他族部落(主要为米德瓦坎通部落,Mdewakanton)在他们视为圣地的聖安東尼瀑布附近定居[10]。1850至1860年代,新移民从新英格兰、纽约州和加拿大移居此地。在1860年代中期,来自芬兰和斯堪的纳维亚(瑞典、挪威和丹麦)的移民开始到来。来自墨西哥和拉丁美洲的季节性务农人员也散布其中[11]。随后,明尼阿波利斯迎来了德国、意大利、希腊、波兰、及南欧和东欧的移民。这些移民聚居在城市的东北部,该社区如今依旧保留了民族特色,其中的波兰社区声名显著。俄国和东欧的犹太人在1880年代到来,主要住在城北,后在1950和1960年代大批移居城西郊区[12]。亚洲移民来自中国、菲律宾、日本和韩国。有两批移民是在美国政府的安置下来到该城:1940年代的日裔和1950年代的印第安人。自1970年代起,来自越南、老挝、柬埔寨和泰国的移民开始到来。自1990年代起,大量拉丁裔人口涌入,一起到来的还有来自非洲之角的移民,尤其是索馬里人[13]。市区是新移民的落脚地,在1990到2000年间外国出生人口增长了127%[14]。
美国人口调查局预计,明尼阿波利斯人口在2015年会达到410,939人,基于2010年人口的增长率为7.4%。总人口数在1950年达到历史峰值(521,718人),后因居民向郊区迁移而持续下降,直到1990年后才略有恢复。
到2006年为止,明尼阿波利斯有12.5%的成年LGBT群体,在美国城市中排名第四,位于旧金山、西雅图和亚特兰大之后[15][16]。2012年,《拥护者》杂志(The Advocate)把明尼阿波利斯列为美国“最同性恋的“城市第七位[17]。2013年,人权战线把该城市列为25个获得最高分的城市之一,体现了它对LGBT居民的支持[18]。
少数族裔在受教育程度方面落后于白人群体。15.0%的黑人和13.0%的拉丁裔人口取得了大学学士学位,相比之下白人的数据为42.0%。该城生活水平在提高,收入水平在美国中西部为最高之一。但少数族裔的家庭收入中位数比白人的低了超过$17,000。尽管亚裔所有的房屋翻倍了,但其他少数族裔的所有房屋是白人的一半。2000年,白人的贫困率为4.2%,黑人为26.2%,亚裔为19.1%,印第安人为23.2%,拉丁裔为18.1%[14][19][20]。
宗教
[编辑]根据皮尤研究中心2014年的研究,70%的明尼阿波利斯人口自称是基督徒,其中46%的人口属于新教下的各教派,21%的人口信奉天主教[22][23]。23%的人称自己无宗教信仰。其他宗教信徒(包括犹太教、佛教、伊斯兰教和印度教)共占据了5%。
明尼阿波利斯地区的原住民达科他人信仰大神灵(Great Spirit),对有些欧洲殖民者无宗教信仰感到很惊讶[24]。已有超过五十种宗教、教派自此来到这个城市。来自新英格兰的移民大多为基督教新教徒、貴格會教徒和普世主义信徒[24]。城里最古老的连续被使用的教堂是露德圣母堂,由普世主义信仰者建于1856年,不久后转让给一个法国天主教团体[25]。该城第一个犹太教团体在1978年创立,称为Shaarai Tov。它自1920年代起被人称作以色列圣殿,在1928年建造了犹太教会堂[12]。圣玛丽正东教大教堂(St. Mary's Orthodox Cathedral)建于1887年,会众在1897年开办了一家教会学校,并在1905年创办了全美第一家俄罗斯正教会神学院[26]。埃德温·霍利·休伊特(Edwin Hawley Hewitt)设计了市中心南边的圣马可圣公会座堂和亨内平大道卫理公会教堂[27]。圣玛利亚圣殿是全美第一座宗座圣殿,是天主教聖保祿及明尼波利斯總教區的共同主教座堂,在1926年由罗马教皇庇護十一世命名[24]。
从1940年代末到2000年代,葛培理福音派协会(The Billy Graham Evangelistic Association)、《决定》杂志(Decision)和World Wide Pictures发行商的总部坐落于明尼阿波利斯[28]。吉姆·巴克(Jim Bakker)和塔米·法耶(Tammy Faye)在明尼阿波利斯的北部中心大学(North Central University)相遇,他们的电视布道节目至1980年代已传播到1350万户家庭[29]。现今,位于西南城区的福音路德教會欧利佛山教堂(Mount Olivet)拥有6000名教众,是全美第二大的路德宗会众[30]。路德会基督堂是建筑师埃列爾·薩里寧的杰出作品,后来增设的一栋教育楼由他的儿子埃罗·沙里宁设计[31]。
在犹太—基督主流信仰外的其他宗教也在这个城市有一席之地。在1950年代中期,黑人宗教组织伊斯兰民族在北明尼阿波利斯建造了一座会堂[32]第一座清真寺在1967年建成[33]。1972年,在救济组织的安排下,第一个什叶派穆斯林家庭落户该城,来自乌干达。至2004年,两万至三万的索马里穆斯林在这里安家[34]。1972年,曹洞宗禅大师片桐大忍受邀从加州来到明尼阿波利斯弘法(据说他认为这个地方没人会想去),如今全城有三个曹洞宗中心,总共有近20个佛教和冥想场所[35][36]。“无神论者为人权”组织(Atheists For Human Rights)的总部坐落于城市西北角的一座网格球顶建筑中[37]。东方神殿教(Ordo Templi Orientis)自1994年起在该城建立了一个本地分部[38]。
经济
[编辑]明尼阿波利斯-聖保羅都會區是美國中西部第二大的经济中心,仅次于芝加哥。如今,明尼阿波利斯经济以贸易、金融、运输、医疗和工业为基础。较小的组成部分还有出版、面粉、食品加工、平面艺术、保险、教育和高科技行业。工业产出包括金属和汽车产品,农化产品,电子产品,电脑,精密医疗仪器,塑料和机器[39]。该城曾经主要生产农具[40]。
五家财富美国500强企业的总部位于明尼阿波利斯的城区内,它们是目標百貨(Target)、美国银行集团(U.S. Bancorp)、埃克赛能量(Xcel Energy)、美财金融(Ameriprise Financial)和斯莱文特金融(Thrivent Financial)[41]。 As of 2015 the city's largest employers downtown are Target, Wells Fargo, HCMC, Hennepin County, Ameriprise, U.S. Bancorp, Xcel Energy, City of Minneapolis, RBC Wealth Management, the Star Tribune, Capella Education Company, Thrivent, CenturyLink, ABM Industries, and the Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis.[42]
Foreign companies with U.S. offices in Minneapolis include Accenture, Bellisio Foods (now part of Charoen Pokphand Foods),[44] Canadian Pacific, Coloplast,[45] RBC,[46] and Voya Financial.[47]
Availability of Wi-Fi, transportation solutions, medical trials, university research and development expenditures, advanced degrees held by the work force, and energy conservation are so far above the national average that in 2005, Popular Science named Minneapolis the "Top Tech City" in the U.S.[48] The Twin Cities was ranked as the country's second best city in a 2006 Kiplinger's poll of Smart Places to Live and Minneapolis was one of the Seven Cool Cities for young professionals.[49]
The Twin Cities contribute 63.8% of the gross state product of Minnesota. Measured by gross metropolitan product per resident ($62,054), Minneapolis is the fifteenth richest city in the U.S.[50] The area's $199.6 billion gross metropolitan product and its per capita personal income rank thirteenth in the U.S.[51] Recovering from the nation's recession in 2000, personal income grew 3.8% in 2005, though it was behind the national average of 5%. The city returned to peak employment during the fourth quarter of that year.[52]
The Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis, serves Minnesota, Montana, North and South Dakota, and parts of Wisconsin and Michigan. The smallest of the 12 regional banks in the Federal Reserve System, it operates a nationwide payments system, oversees member banks and bank holding companies, and serves as a banker for the U.S. Treasury.[53] The Minneapolis Grain Exchange founded in 1881 is still located near the riverfront and is the only exchange for hard red spring wheat futures and options.[54]
文化
[编辑]视觉艺术
[编辑]坐落在洛利山(Lowry Hill)上的沃克藝術中心是美国最大的五家现代艺术博物馆之一。2005年,该中心由赫爾佐格和德梅隆事务所扩建,面积增大了一倍。明尼阿波利斯雕塑公园对面的一个15英亩大的公园也被纳入其中,由迈克尔·德维涅(Michel Desvigne)设计改建。
南城中部的明尼阿波利斯美術館是城中最大的艺术博物馆,由麦克金、米德和怀特事务所(McKim, Mead & White)在1915年设计。永久藏品有十万件。为了有更大的展示空间,新侧翼在1974年和2006年建造,分别由丹下健三和迈克尔·格雷夫斯设计。它们展示当代和现代作品。
明尼苏达大学的魏斯曼美術館在1993年开馆,由弗兰克·盖里设计。2011年新增的扩建部分使它的面积翻番,也由盖里设计。俄罗斯艺术博物馆(The Museum of Russian Art)于2005年在一家修复的教堂开馆,展示20世纪俄罗斯艺术,还举办讲座系列、研讨会、社交活动等等。
2015年,《今日美国》投票将“东北明尼阿玻艺术区”(Northeast Minneapolis Arts District)选为全国最佳艺术区。citing 400 independent artists, a center at the Northrup King Building, and recurring annual events like Art-A-Whirl every spring, and the Fine Arts Show Art Attack and Casket Arts Quad's Cache open studio events in November.
戏剧表演
[编辑]音乐
[编辑]文学
[编辑]慈善
[编辑]饮食
[编辑]参考资料
[编辑]- ^ Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2015. [July 2, 2016].
- ^ United States Census Bureau. Census of Population and Housing. [May 21, 2014]. (原始内容存档于May 11, 2015).
- ^ 引用错误:没有为名为
2015 Pop Estimate
的参考文献提供内容 - ^ Minneapolis (city), Minnesota. State & County QuickFacts. U.S. Census Bureau. [April 21, 2012].
- ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places: Earliest Census to 1990. U.S. Census Bureau. [April 21, 2012].
- ^ 6.0 6.1 From 15% sample
- ^ Race for the Population 18 Years and Over. U.S. Census Bureau: American FactFinder. 2010 [March 20, 2011].
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MplsLib-Dakota
的参考文献提供内容 - ^ GR Anderson Jr. Living in America. City Pages. October 1, 2003 [April 29, 2008].
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- ^ 14.0 14.1 Minneapolis/Saint Paul in Focus: A Profile from Census 2000. Metropolitan Policy Program, The Brookings Institution. November 2003 [April 29, 2008].
- ^ 12.9% in Seattle are gay or bisexual, second only to S.F., study says. The Seattle Times. 2006 [March 20, 2009].
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- ^ Chadwick, David. Crooked Cucumber: Interview With Tomoe Katagiri. Crooked Cucumber Archives. 1997.
And also many teachers are not interested in Minnesota because of the climate. So he said if I can go, I want to go to the place where nobody wants to go.
and Dainin Katagiri Lineage. Sweeping Zen. [June 2, 2012]. - ^ United States Dharma Centers: Minnesota: Minneapolis. DharmaNet. and Directory of Religious Centers. President and Fellows of Harvard College and Diana Eck. [June 2, 2012].
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