草稿:煤炭山

https://www.orientaldaily.com.my/news/wenhui/2024/01/14/624171

Batu Arang
马来西亚城市列表
Other轉寫
• 马来语	Batu Arang
• 爪夷文	باتو ارڠ‎
• 汉语	煤炭山 (简化字) 煤炭山 (繁体字)
• 日语	バトゥアラン
• 泰米尔语	பத்து ஆராங்
A monument regarding heritage town status on a roundabout
詞源：马来语: Batu Arang ("stone coal")
Batu Arang in Gombak District
Batu Arang Batu Arang in Gombak District Batu Arang Batu Arang (雪兰莪)
坐标：3°19′02.7″N 101°28′17.6″E
Country	马来西亚
马来西亚州属和联邦直辖区	雪蘭莪
马来西亚县份	鹅唛县
Founded	1911
Granted heritage town status	2011
面积
• 总计	4,000 公顷（9,000 英亩）
• 鄉村	800 公顷（2,000 英亩）
时区	马来西亚标准时间（UTC+08:00）
马来西亚邮政编码	48100
Telephone area code	+6-03

煤炭山（馬來語：Batu Arang）是一座位于马来西亚雪蘭莪州鹅唛县的小镇，距离吉隆坡市区50公里（31英里），可取道万挠路或依约路前往。煤炭山开埠于1913年，英国煤矿公司开始运作是在1915年，在英殖民时期盛产煤矿而曾经成为州内第二繁忙城镇。当年第一批采矿工人，多数是来自沙巴纳闽煤炭场的华裔，以客家人居多。另一些则是从中国南下，因此华人可说是当地的开拓先锋。 煤 was first discovered in the region in 1908, when British authorities found large deposits of coal reserves that could be commercially viable and fuel a railway system. The town was established when the British started mining operations. In 1915, a railway system linking Batu Arang and 轰埠 was built to transport coal to the rest of the country. As coal output and demand increased, rail services to and from Kuala Lumpur expanded. The demand for coal from Batu Arang skyrocketed due to the 第一次世界大战, which led to a reduction of coal imports. The local coal was frequently sold to the railway companies, power stations, tin mines, dredges, and end customers. During 第二次世界大战, in 1942, British authorities halted mining operations, and destroyed the power station and main sub-station as Japanese forces approached Batu Arang. When 马来亚日占时期, they repaired the damaged equipment and hired more people to mine coal. Their mining methods, however, have left a devastating effect on the coal mine because they only focused on surface mining. When Japan surrendered at the end of World War II, Malayan Collieries resumed mining but were faced with problems such as improper mining methods by Japanese, delayed delivery for new equipment, 罷工s, fire, floods, increasing costs, rising coal prices and competition from 石油, which is a cheaper and more attractive fuel. These problems led to the permanent closure of the coal mine on January 30, 1960. After the closure of the mine, many miners and workers moved out of town and many buildings became ruins, the coal mine filled with water, land faced soil erosion, and the railway line from Kuang was dismantled, effectively ended railway service in Batu Arang. Despite this, some residents remained in the town and shops, facilities, and amenities continue to operate. On October 16, 2011, the town celebrated 100 years since its establishment and was granted heritage town status to boost economic prospects of its residents and make it one of the most important tourist attractions in Selangor.

历史

British Malaya era

Coal was first discovered in Malaya in 1908 by Haji Abdul Hadi, a Malay man who was looking for tin near 萬撓 in 乌鲁雪兰莪县. Samples were sent to the Inspector of Mines at 新古毛, who forwarded them to the Federated Malay States Geological Survey Department, which sent a geologist to investigate the location of discovery and discovered there are large deposits of coal in this location. There was strong demand in Federated Malay States Railway (FMSR)—especially the tin mining activity—to open up the country to private enterprise. Several interested parties bade for the coal-mining tender. John Archibald Russell initially tried to bid for mining activity under his firm J. A. Russell and Co. but the bid was awarded to Rawang Federated Malay States Coal Syndicate Ltd instead. The company start mining the coal using a diamond drill and hand boring tools but two years later, the company started to lose interest in Batu Arang after discovering the mine has no commercial value. The company then sold the mining concession to John Archibald Russell in 1913. In the same year, however, the price of 天然橡胶 decreased globally and many people who had been considering buying shares in rubber starting to lose interest. As a result, Russell had to sell some of his past investments and become a major shareholder of Malayan Collieries Limited with help from his associates on June 20, 1914. Malayan Collieries then appointed J. A. Russell and Co. to become general managers and secretaries, and his company issued $1,500,000 worth of capital, in which $500,000 was the working capital, where it was formed on a basis of coal deposits which estimated to be between 10 and 20 million tons of coal and the coal demand was estimated to be around 200,000 tons per year. The company leased 9,000英畝（3,600 ha） of coal deposits, of which 2,000英畝（810 ha） were used for surface plant and miners' housing. Mining machinery was ordered from the United Kingdom and the United States. The village then established to serve the coal mining industry, was named "Batu Arang" from the 马来语 word meaning "stone charcoal". The company hired mining engineer T. C. McCall to manage the mining operations. Federated Malay States Railway then agreed to build an additional railway line that spanned 7 mi（11 km） from 轰埠 to Batu Arang; the new line cost $1 million and was opened to traffic in 1915. The railway company also sold a locomotive designed for 编解 (铁路) to the mining company. In return, the mining company agreed to pay the construction costs of the 侧线 (铁路)s from Batu Arang station to the pit head. Initially, only one train ran daily between Batu Arang and 吉隆坡 but the frequency increased as output and demand for coal grew. The mining company also built the road that links the 主干道 to the mining area. 牛车s were used to carry mining equipment and stores to the mining area. The bullock cart was previously used to carry coal to local customers.

Total production of coals in tons from 1915 until closure in 1960

The initial output was low; the mine produced an average of 60 tons of coal per day due to it being mined on a small scale and low demand; imported coal was readily available. Most of the coal was used for the colliery's consumption and in 1916, coal from Batu Arang was supplied to two of the largest European tin mines in Malaya. The price of coal was relatively low; it sold at $5 per ton at Batu Arang station. During the 第一次世界大战, the demand for Batu Arang coal soared as coal imports decreased and then stopped; thereafter, the mining company build new sidings to deal with renewed demand. As of 1939, the mining company conveyed coal and other products to the FSMR system by operating 17英里（27公里） of railway on its property. The main customers for Batu Arang coal were railways, 發電廠s and tin mines, where in 1937, 700 tons of coal were sold to tin 疏浚s, which was followed by the Perak River Hydro-Electric Company (500 tons), FMSR (450 tons), Bangsar Power Station (200 tons) and end customers (150 tons). Thus Batu Arang played an important role in the Malayan economy by introducing electricity to the Malayan state and improving tin mining through dredges, which outpaced Asian methods of mining tin. Coal production peaked in 1940, when Batu Arang produced 781,509 tons of coal.

• 
  Batu Arang in 1924
• 
  Batu Arang in 1933
• 
  Batu Arang railway station circa 1918. The station and its railway line was demolished in 1971.

World War II and decline

Batu Arang surface coal mine in 1949.

During 第二次世界大战, the colonial official advised the mining company to evacuate Batu Arang on January 5, 1942; the mine's machinery was halted, and stores and portable equipment were handed over to the military and FMSR to be transported to 新加坡英属时期 by rail. The military then used explosives to destroy the power station and its main sub-station. The parent company J. A. Russell and Co. continued to operate in Kuala Lumpur until January 9, 1942, when they fled with their records to Singapore to establish emergency offices and continued to do business there. Once 新加坡戰役, the company attempted to send all records and equipment to Australia, and open an office there, but the ship conveying them sank on its way to Australia. In 马来亚日占时期, the Japanese hired many men to repair the damaged equipment at Batu Arang and continue mining activity. The resumed mining activity allowed the Japanese army to operate tin mines and run the railway system, allowing them to continue producing and exporting raw minerals from Malaya. Unlike the previous company, which focused on a balance between surface mining and underground mining, the Japanese only mined coal on the surface, which would affect future mining operations due to high operational costs. Prior to their surrender, the Japanese had mined 1,369,834 tons of coal. On September 11, 1945, the British Military Administration took over properties belonging to Malayan Collieries with Indian troops to manage the mine. The 马来亚联邦 government then backed Malayan Collieries from April 1, 1946, until June 30, 1946, when all the properties were returned to the company, which faced several problems that would hamper its coal mining activity. 罷工s in November 1946 and January 1947 caused the Malayan Government to take over the company under emergency legislation. The shipment of new machinery was delayed and the restoration of coal mining was slowed down by the poor mining methods which had been used by the Japanese, and was further exacerbated by fire and floods in the coal mine. The company could not meet the demand for coal and the increasing operation costs coupled with the rising prices of coal from $12.50 per ton in 1946 to $35.00 per ton in 1959 caused many customers to abandon coal for 石油. In 1954, the government of Malaya hired a consulting firm, Messrs Powell Duffryn Technical Services Limited, to investigate the future of Malayan coal; the firm concluded it was not feasible to proceed with coal mining activity due to high costs and inability to compete with petroleum. The Batu Arang mine was permanently closed on January 30, 1960. By this time, the mine had produced over 14,000,000 tons of coal.

Malayan Emergency

Batu Arang was a conflict zone during the 馬來亞緊急狀態 period, and the 马来亚共产党 occupied the town. The attempted communist occupation of Batu Arang caused British authorities to declare it a "Black Area" until 1960 because it became a base for the communist insurgents: the hills and valleys around the town provided ideal hiding places for the communists, who could quickly launch small-scale attacks from the area. On July 12, 1948, the communist group seized the coal mine, occupied it for an hour, damaged mining equipment and killed five Chinese people before leaving the mine. The attack on the coal mine raised tensions during the initial period of the Malayan Emergency; there was a shortages of troops in the country to protect residents and to combat the communists. Eight days later, twenty people had been arrested in relation with the coal mine attack. Then on July 30, 1948, police and troops killed 22 members and arrested 47 members in their forest hideouts. The communists then derailed a train in Batu Arang on January 25, 1949. The air force launched an attack against communist guerrillas on July 20, 1949. A reward of $2,000 was offered for the capture of Chong Hoy Fong, who was wanted for the terrorist attack; Chong was killed by 蘇格蘭衛隊 on January 16, 1950. The police later raided the Indian clubhouse and confiscated communist items such as flags, caps, photographs of communist leaders, posters and documents on April 27, 1950. This incident caused the closure of 25 shops under emergency regulations on January 25, 1952.

Contemporary era

The plaque that marks the remnants of railway bridge since the dismantlement in 1971.

Batu Arang in May 2007

Since the closure of the coal mine, many miners and workers have moved out of Batu Arang and many of the town's buildings have been left to decay. Some of these buildings are scheduled to be demolished because they are unsafe for occupation or were built over cavities and old mining tunnels. The surface mining area filled with water and is subject to erosion caused by dripping water tables from mining activities. Although many traces of the area's mining past have disappeared, some structures are still visible, although some chimneys have trees growing in them. The railway track from Kuang to Batu Arang was removed in 1971, ending railway service in Batu Arang. Despite this, many local shops, restaurants, 傳統市場s and other facilities continue to operate and the town now has a 多元文化主義 population made up mostly of people with 馬來西亞華人, 马来族 and 马来西亚印度人 backgrounds. An underground coal-seam fire occurred on September 18, 2011; one family discovered the land behind their house was getting hotter for two weeks before thick, black smoke started emitting from the ground. The fire was extinguished but the family were displaced and that area is deemed to be no longer safe for occupation. In 2011, as the 100th anniversary of Batu Arang's establishment approached, many residents appealed to authorities to give the town heritage status, citing the development of nearby towns such as Bandar Tasik Puteri and Bandar Kota Puteri, which was rapid and left Batu Arang town behind in terms of recent developments. They also urged that the town and its buildings be preserved to attract tourists, suggesting old buildings such as the police station, brick factory, mine shafts and 地方政府大樓 be renovated and maintained for future generations. In addition, they suggested the abandoned mines be converted for other purposes such as water sports and fishing. On October 16, 2011, during a carnival to celebrate the town's 100th anniversary, 雪兰莪州务大臣 卡立依布拉欣 awarded heritage town status to Batu Arang to increase the economic prospects of its residents and to make it a tourist attraction, Despite this recognition, it was later reported by 星洲日報 that due to lack of local humanity cultivation and support from mapping companies, the development of Batu Arang as a tourism area had slowed; this was further exacerbated by Khalid Ibrahim's decision to move to 巴生港 to contest the 2013年马来西亚大选. The 0.6 ha（1.5 acre） Christian cemetery in Batu Arang, where foreigners had buried their dead since 2011, has become controversial due to the illegal burial of foreigners, usually of Asian origin, including 京族, 暹羅泰族 and 高棉族, without burial permits and 死亡證; these burials occurred at night, which caught the attention of the cemetery coordinator and reported to police several times, claiming the cemetery is intended for the burial of local people only. These claims were later supported by Gombak district officer Datuk Nor Hisham Ahmad Dahlan, who was told the illegal burial service costs 馬來西亞令吉 5,000 per session and would launch the investigation into this matter. The Christian cemetery was officially gazette by Gombak authorities on September 25, 2014, and any foreigners who wanted to bury their dead must first obtain permission from Batu Arang police department before doing so. On April 9, 2018, a century-old chimney previously belonging to a defunct brick company was demolished after being abandoned by the company and overgrown with trees. The land it stood on was later acquired by a private owner, who plan to demolish the century-old brick factory building, including the chimney. The chimney's demolition shocked the residents and complaints were filed to the Batu Arang branch of the 馬來西亞華人公會, which led to the suspension of the demolition of the factory building. It was later discovered the chimney and the brick factory were not gazette as a Batu Arang heritage site because the previous land owner had yet to sign an agreement with state government. The private owner stated he demolished the chimney because of safety concerns; the chimney itself has fallen into despair and he was planning to rebuild a replica of it.

地理

气候

云 in Batu Arang

Batu Arang's climate is classified as tropical. Rainfall in the area is quite significant throughout the year. This climate is Af according to the 柯本气候分类法. The temperature here averages 27.1 °C（80.8 °F）. The average annual rainfall is 2,549 mm（100.4英寸）. Precipitation is lowest in July, with an average of 126 mm（5.0英寸）. The average for November—the wettest month—is 301 mm（11.9英寸）. At an average temperature of 27.7 °C（81.9 °F）, May is the hottest month of the year. The coolest month is January, with an average temperature of 26.5 °C（79.7 °F）. Between the driest and wettest months, the difference in precipitation is 175 mm（6.9英寸）.

Batu Arang
月份	1月	2月	3月	4月	5月	6月	7月	8月	9月	10月	11月	12月	全年
平均高温 °C（°F）	31.5 (88.7)	32.2 (90.0)	32.7 (90.9)	32.5 (90.5)	32.5 (90.5)	32.4 (90.3)	32.2 (90.0)	32.1 (89.8)	31.7 (89.1)	31.7 (89.1)	31.2 (88.2)	31.3 (88.3)	32.0 (89.6)
日均气温 °C（°F）	26.5 (79.7)	27.1 (80.8)	27.4 (81.3)	27.6 (81.7)	27.7 (81.9)	27.6 (81.7)	27.3 (81.1)	27.2 (81.0)	27 (81)	27 (81)	26.7 (80.1)	26.6 (79.9)	27.1 (80.9)
平均低温 °C（°F）	21.6 (70.9)	22.1 (71.8)	22.1 (71.8)	22.7 (72.9)	22.9 (73.2)	22.8 (73.0)	22.4 (72.3)	22.3 (72.1)	22.3 (72.1)	22.4 (72.3)	22.3 (72.1)	21.9 (71.4)	22.3 (72.2)
平均降水量 mm（英寸）	186 (7.3)	158 (6.2)	252 (9.9)	257 (10.1)	217 (8.5)	128 (5.0)	126 (5.0)	167 (6.6)	218 (8.6)	290 (11.4)	301 (11.9)	249 (9.8)	2,549 (100.3)
平均相對濕度（％）	80	78	80	82	80	79	79	79	80	82	84	83	81
数据来源1：climate-data.org
数据来源2：timeanddate.com

环境课题

Illegal dumping of materials containing 有毒廢物 was discovered on January 15, 2004, and a lawsuit was filed against the responsible parties. Among the toxic materials found were paint, glues and chemicals that are used in the construction industry. Four years later, another waste-dumping issue was discovered when two contractors dumped waste collected from a sewerage processing plant in 蒲種 into their 棕櫚油 estate in Batu Arang and left it to dry and become 肥料. The waste generated strong odors that affected the lives of the town's residents. Since 2010, flooding has frequently occurred on an annual basis in some parts of town, especially the roundabout, which cut off access to schools, the police station and the fire station. It was caused by the aging drainage system, which had fallen into despair. More complains were filed by residents in 2019. To mitigate the flooding problem, a new drainage system was constructed in February 2020, and was completed in April 2020.

交通

Interchange in

Batu Arang is accessible via several roads that link Batu Arang with Taman Tasik Puteri and Kampung Baru Kundang, 根登 and 萬撓. Railway services to the town were ended in 1971. In 2019, 公共交通 was again provided with a free bus service known as Bus Smart Selangor; the 31.3 km（19.4 mi） line runs from SK Batu Arang school to 双溪毛糯站. 自行車 use in this town is widespread for both residents as utility cycling and non-residents who cycle for 自行车旅行, and the old bicycle shop in the town continues to operate.

医疗保健

A public clinic in Batu Arang was opened by the government in 1970 to provide medical services to Batu Arang residents. Residents can also access the clinics and hospitals in 根登 and 双溪毛糯 via the free bus service provided by Smart Selangor, which stops at these medical facilities since the introduction of these new stations in June 2019. Batu Arang houses a Welcome Community Home, a rehabilitation center for drug addicts and 艾滋病 patients, which previously operated in Kuala Lumpur in 1997 and moved to Batu Arang in 1998, where it occupies a former poultry farm. 截至2006年 (2006-Missing required parameter 1=month!), the rehabilitation center has housed 600 persons since 1997. In addition, there is an 孤兒院 in Batu Arang that houses children who are affected by HIV / AIDS and have suffered from 社會污名; these children were denied access to education and were unable to open bank accounts, which led to them being 無銀行戶口 and unable to obtain a 大马卡, making them 無國籍 and 失業.

体育活动

公路自行车 stacked in a bicycle parking

After the town's foundation, two separate sporting facilities were built for different demographics. A sports center known as the Asiatic Sports Club was designed for Asian residents; this had a 羽毛球 court, and 足球 and 板球 fields. This sports center was closed and the building has housed the 馬來西亞華人公會 (MCA) center since the 1960s. The soccer field remains intact and continues to operate today, in addition to the nearby 篮球 court. A separate clubhouse catered for European residents; this was known as the European Club. The clubhouse provided facilities for 撞球, 乒乓球, 网球, 舞蹈 and 游泳. The clubhouse was closed in the 1970s and the building has been converted into a residential house. Batu Arang has become the venue for several 骑车 activities and the town has become popular among cyclists, who perceive it as an ideal place for cycling. The routes are suitable for beginners, with little traffic, clean air, good relationship between cyclists and drivers, and a cuisine haven. Residents of Batu Arang often show a warm welcome to visitors to their town. Most of the riders comes from 莎阿南, 瓜拉雪兰莪, 依约 and 萬撓. Several international 公路自行车赛 and 國際自行車聯盟-sanctioned cycling events, including the Tour de Langkawi and the Jelajah Malaysia, have been held in the town, where cyclists passed through it. Residents also organize cycling events to attract local cyclists and bring more attention to the heritage value of the town. 山径越野跑 events such as Deuter International Trail Run, which attracts 3,000 runners, have been held in Batu Arang. Some residents of Batu Arang also practice 马术 and Silat.

影视拍摄

Several 贺岁片s have been filmed in Batu Arang. A 2018 film, A House of Happiness, was filmed in March 2017 for 13 days. 作战啦！茶室总动员 was filmed in Batu Arang in 2019 and was released in 2020. The red lanterns that were used during filming were the only items that remain in the filming location.

进一步阅读

• Kaur, A. ,1990. Hewers and Haulers: A History of Coal Miners and Coal Mining in Malaya. Modern Asian Studies, 24(1), 75–113.

外部链接

雪蘭莪 batuarang.my Category:Townships in Selangor Category:Gombak District Category:Coal mines in Malaysia Category:Mining communities in Malaysia