跳转到内容

阿普唑仑

本页使用了标题或全文手工转换
维基百科,自由的百科全书
(重定向自阿普唑他
阿普唑仑
臨床資料
读音/ælˈpræzəlæm//ælˈprzəlæm/
商品名英语Drug nomenclatureXanax, Xanor, Niravam, others
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
MedlinePlusa684001
核准狀況
懷孕分級
  • : C
依賴性High
给药途径口服
藥物類別英语Drug classBenzodiazepine
ATC碼
法律規範狀態
法律規範
藥物動力學數據
生物利用度80–90%
血漿蛋白結合率80%
药物代谢代谢,via cytochrome P450 3A4
代謝產物Alpha-hydroxyalprazolam, 4-hydroxyalprazolam, beta-hydroxyalprazolam
藥效起始時間英语Onset of action20~60分钟
生物半衰期完全释放:11~13小时
缓释:11~16小时
作用時間完全释放:6小时
缓释:11.3小时
排泄途徑Kidney
识别信息
  • 8-Chloro-1-methyl-6-phenyl-4H-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a] [1,4]benzodiazepine
CAS号28981-97-7  checkY
PubChem CID
IUPHAR/BPS
DrugBank
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ChEBI
ChEMBL
CompTox Dashboard英语CompTox Chemicals Dashboard (EPA)
ECHA InfoCard100.044.849 編輯維基數據鏈接
化学信息
化学式C17H13ClN4
摩尔质量308.77 g·mol−1
3D模型(JSmol英语JSmol
  • Cc1nnc2n1-c1ccc(Cl)cc1C(c1ccccc1)=NC2
  • InChI=1S/C17H13ClN4/c1-11-20-21-16-10-19-17(12-5-3-2-4-6-12)14-9-13(18)7-8-15(14)22(11)16/h2-9H,10H2,1H3 checkY
  • Key:VREFGVBLTWBCJP-UHFFFAOYSA-N checkY

阿普唑仑INN:alprazolam),商品名贊安諾Xanax),是三唑并苯二氮䓬类中的中效速效镇静剂,它是与三唑环融合的苯二氮䓬类 (BZD)[1]。它最常用于焦虑症的短期管理,特别是恐慌症广泛性焦虑症 (GAD)[2]。其他用途包括治疗化疗引起的恶心,以及其他治疗方法[3]。GAD 改善一般在一周内发生[4][5]。阿普唑仑通常口服[3]

常见的副作用包括嗜睡、抑郁、头痛、感觉疲倦、口干和记忆力问题[3]一些镇静和疲倦可能会在几天内得到改善。[6]由于担心误用,一些人不推荐阿普唑仑作为恐慌症的初始治疗。[7]如果突然减少使用,可能会出现戒断或反弹症状;[3]可能需要在数周或数月内逐渐减少剂量[4]其他罕见的风险包括自杀[8][9]和全因死亡风险增加两倍。[10]阿普唑仑与其他苯二氮䓬类药物一样,通过GABAA受体起作用。[3]

阿普唑仑于1971年获得专利,并于1981年在美国获准用于医疗用途。[3][11]阿普唑仑是附表IV受控物质,是一种常见的滥用药物。[12]它可作为通用名药物使用。[2]2019年,它是美国第41位最常用的处方药,有超过1700万张处方。[13][14]

医疗用途

[编辑]

阿普唑仑主要用于短期治疗焦虑症、恐慌症和化疗引起的恶心[4]阿普唑仑适用于治疗成人广泛性焦虑症和恐慌症伴或不伴广场恐惧症[2]FDA标签建议医生应定期重新评估药物的有效性。[2]

恐慌症

[编辑]

阿普唑仑可有效缓解中度至重度焦虑惊恐发作[2]然而,自从开发出选择性5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂以来,它并不是一线治疗。由于对耐受性、依赖性和滥用的担忧,澳大利亚不推荐阿普唑仑用于治疗恐慌症。[7]大多数证据表明,阿普唑仑治疗恐慌症的益处仅持续四到十周。 然而,恐慌症患者已经接受了长达八个月的公开治疗,而没有明显的益处损失。[2]

阿普唑仑被世界生物精神病学联合会 (WFSBP) 推荐用于没有耐受依赖史的恐慌症难治性病例。[15]

焦虑症

[编辑]

与抑郁症相关的焦虑对阿普唑仑有反应。临床研究表明,对焦虑症的疗效仅限于 4 个月。[2]然而,对阿普唑仑抗抑郁特性的研究很差,只评估了它对抑郁症的短期影响。[16]在一项研究中,一些长期高剂量服用阿普唑仑的人出现了可逆性抑郁症。[17]在美国,阿普唑仑被FDA批准用于治疗焦虑症(与APA诊断和统计手册DSM-IV-TR 诊断广泛性焦虑症最接近的病症)或短期缓解焦虑症状。在英国,阿普唑仑被推荐用于严重急性焦虑症的短期治疗(2-4周)。[2][18][19]

副作用

[编辑]
Xanax(阿普唑崙)2毫克三片連狀錠劑

可能的副作用包括:

異常反應

[编辑]
阿普唑崙的副作用.

使用阿普唑仑有可能會發生下面的異常反應:

食品和藥物相互作用

[编辑]

阿普唑崙的代謝主要是通過CYP3A4進行[37],結合CYP3A4临床上,抑製劑諸如西咪替丁紅黴素氟西汀氟伏沙明伊曲康唑酮康唑奈法唑酮(Nefazodone)、丙氧芬(Propoxyphene)、利托那韋(Ritonavir)等可以延緩阿普唑崙的肝清除率,但是這可能導致阿普唑崙在人体内部的過度積纍[38],如此很有可能會導致其不良反應更加的惡化[39][40]

參考資料

[编辑]
  1. ^ Goldberg, Ray. Drugs across the spectrum 6th. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning. 2010. ISBN 978-0-495-55793-7. OCLC 429504239. 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 XANAX- alprazolam tablet. DailyMed. [2022-06-20]. (原始内容存档于2021-01-17). 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Alprazolam Monograph for Professionals. Drugs.com. [2022-06-20]. (原始内容存档于2010-12-07) (英语). 
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Verster, Joris C.; Volkerts, Edmund R. Clinical pharmacology, clinical efficacy, and behavioral toxicity of alprazolam: a review of the literature. CNS drug reviews. 2004, 10 (1) [2022-06-20]. ISSN 1080-563X. PMC 6741717可免费查阅. PMID 14978513. doi:10.1111/j.1527-3458.2004.tb00003.x. (原始内容存档于2022-06-23). 
  5. ^ Tampi, Rajesh R. Comprehensive review of psychiatry. Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Health. 2008. ISBN 978-0-7817-7176-4. OCLC 191317979. 
  6. ^ Marder, Stephen R.; Pavuluri, Mani N. Principles and practice of psychopharmacotherapy 5th. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2011. ISBN 1-4511-2502-X. OCLC 703840461. 
  7. ^ 7.0 7.1 Moylan, Steven; Giorlando, Francesco; Nordfjærn, Trond; Berk, Michael. The role of alprazolam for the treatment of panic disorder in Australia. The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 2012-03, 46 (3) [2022-06-20]. ISSN 1440-1614. PMID 22391278. doi:10.1177/0004867411432074. (原始内容存档于2022-04-21). 
  8. ^ Dodds, Tyler J. Prescribed Benzodiazepines and Suicide Risk: A Review of the Literature. The primary care companion for CNS disorders. 2017-03-02, 19 (2) [2022-06-20]. ISSN 2155-7780. PMID 28257172. doi:10.4088/PCC.16r02037. (原始内容存档于2022-02-16). 
  9. ^ McCall, W. Vaughn; Benca, Ruth M.; Rosenquist, Peter B.; Riley, Mary Anne; McCloud, Laryssa; Newman, Jill C.; Case, Doug; Rumble, Meredith; Krystal, Andrew D. Hypnotic Medications and Suicide: Risk, Mechanisms, Mitigation, and the FDA. The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2017-01-01, 174 (1) [2022-06-20]. ISSN 1535-7228. PMC 5205566可免费查阅. PMID 27609243. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2016.16030336. (原始内容存档于2022-06-23). 
  10. ^ Xu, Kevin Y.; Hartz, Sarah M.; Borodovsky, Jacob T.; Bierut, Laura J.; Grucza, Richard A. Association Between Benzodiazepine Use With or Without Opioid Use and All-Cause Mortality in the United States, 1999-2015. JAMA network open. 2020-12-01, 3 (12) [2022-06-20]. ISSN 2574-3805. PMC 7726637可免费查阅. PMID 33295972. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.28557. (原始内容存档于2022-06-25). 
  11. ^ Fischer, János; Ganellin, C. R. Analogue-based drug discovery. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. 2006: 536 [2022-06-20]. ISBN 978-3-527-60749-5. OCLC 77601762. (原始内容存档于2020-05-30). 
  12. ^ Ait-Daoud, Nassima; Hamby, Allan Scott; Sharma, Sana; Blevins, Derek. A Review of Alprazolam Use, Misuse, and Withdrawal. Journal of Addiction Medicine. 2018 Jan/Feb, 12 (1) [2022-06-20]. ISSN 1935-3227. PMC 5846112可免费查阅. PMID 28777203. doi:10.1097/ADM.0000000000000350. (原始内容存档于2022-07-01). 
  13. ^ The Top 300 of 2019. ClinCalc. [2022-06-20]. (原始内容存档于2020-03-18). 
  14. ^ Alprazolam - Drug Usage Statistics, ClinCalc DrugStats Database. ClinCalc. [2022-06-20]. (原始内容存档于2020-04-12). 
  15. ^ Bandelow, Borwin; Zohar, Josef; Hollander, Eric; Kasper, Siegfried; Möller, Hans-Jürgen; World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry Task Force on Treatment Guidelines for Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive and Posttraumatic Stress Disorders. World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) guidelines for the pharmacological treatment of anxiety, obsessive-compulsive and posttraumatic stress disorders. The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry: The Official Journal of the World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry. 2002-10, 3 (4) [2022-06-20]. ISSN 1562-2975. PMID 12516310. doi:10.3109/15622970209150621. (原始内容存档于2022-06-21). 
  16. ^ van Marwijk, Harm; Allick, Gideon; Wegman, Froukje; Bax, Arjan; Riphagen, Ingrid I. Alprazolam for depression. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2012-07-11, (7). ISSN 1469-493X. PMC 6769182可免费查阅. PMID 22786504. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007139.pub2. 
  17. ^ Lydiard, R. B.; Laraia, M. T.; Ballenger, J. C.; Howell, E. F. Emergence of depressive symptoms in patients receiving alprazolam for panic disorder. The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1987-05, 144 (5) [2022-06-20]. ISSN 0002-953X. PMID 3578580. doi:10.1176/ajp.144.5.664. (原始内容存档于2021-03-04). 
  18. ^ Xanax (alprazolam). Netdoctor. 2015-03-11 [2022-06-20] (英国英语). 
  19. ^ Alprazolam. MedicinesComplete. [2022-06-20]. (原始内容存档于2020-05-06) (英国英语). 
  20. ^ 20.0 20.1 Michel, L.; Lang, J. P. Benzodiazépines et passage à l'acte criminel [Benzodiazepines and Forensic Aspects]. Encephale. 2003, 29 (6): 479–485 [9 April 2013]. PMID 15029082. (原始内容存档于2020-04-14) (法语). 
  21. ^ ALPRAZOLAM – ORAL (Xanax) side effects, medical uses, and drug interactions. Medicinenet.com. [2 August 2007]. (原始内容存档于25 August 2007). 
  22. ^ Noyes, R.; DuPont, R. L.; Pecknold, J. C.; Rifkin, A.; Rubin, R. T.; Swinson, R. P.; et al. Alprazolam in Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia: Results from a Multicenter Trial. II. Patient Acceptance, Side Effects, and Safety. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1988, 45 (5): 423–428. PMID 3358644. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1988.01800290037005. 
  23. ^ Complete Alprazolam Information. Drugs.com. [2 August 2007]. (原始内容存档于5 August 2007). 
  24. ^ Elie, R.; Lamontagne, Y. Alprazolam and Diazepam in the Treatment of Generalized Anxiety. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1984, 4 (3): 125–129. PMID 6145726. doi:10.1097/00004714-198406000-00002. 
  25. ^ Cassano, G. B.; Toni, C.; Petracca, A.; Deltito, J.; Benkert, O.; Curtis, G.; et al. Adverse Effects Associated with the Short-term Treatment of Panic Disorder with Imipramine, Alprazolam or Placebo. European Neuropsychopharmacology. 1994, 4 (1): 47–53. PMID 8204996. doi:10.1016/0924-977X(94)90314-X. 
  26. ^ Hori, A. Pharmacotherapy for Personality Disorders. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 1998, 52 (1): 13–19. PMID 9682928. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1819.1998.tb00967.x. 
  27. ^ Kravitz, H. M.; Fawcett, J.; Newman, A. J. Alprazolam and Depression: A Review of Risks and Benefits. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1993, 54 (Supplement): 78–84; discussion 85. PMID 8262892. 
  28. ^ Alprazolam Side Effects, Interactions and Information. Drugs.com. [2 August 2007]. (原始内容存档于19 August 2007). 
  29. ^ 29.0 29.1 Rawson, N. S.; Rawson, M. J. Acute Adverse Event Signalling Scheme Using the Saskatchewan Administrative Health Care Utilization Datafiles: Results for Two Benzodiazepines. Canadian Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1999, 6 (3): 159–166. PMID 10495368. 
  30. ^ 30.0 30.1 Alprazolam – Complete Medical Information Regarding This Treatment of Anxiety Disorders. Medicinenet.com. MedicineNet. [2 August 2007]. (原始内容存档于2019-03-09). 
  31. ^ Barbee, J. G. Memory, Benzodiazepines, and Anxiety: Integration of Theoretical and Clinical Perspectives. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1993, 54 (Suppl): 86–97; discussion 98–101. PMID 8262893. 
  32. ^ Rapaport, M.; Braff, D. L. Alprazolam and Hostility. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1985, 142 (1): 146. PMID 2857070. 
  33. ^ Béchir, M.; Schwegler, K.; Chenevard, R.; Binggeli, C.; Caduff, C.; Büchi, S.; et al. Anxiolytic Therapy with Alprazolam Increases Muscle Sympathetic Activity in Patients with Panic Disorders. Autonomic Neuroscience. 2007, 134 (1–2): 69–73. PMID 17363337. doi:10.1016/j.autneu.2007.01.007. 
  34. ^ Arana, G. W.; Pearlman, C.; Shader, R. I. Alprazolam-Induced Mania: Two Clinical Cases. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1985, 142 (3): 368–369. PMID 2857534. 
  35. ^ Strahan, A.; Rosenthal, J.; Kaswan, M.; Winston, A. Three Case Reports of Acute Paroxysmal Excitement Associated with Alprazolam Treatment. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1985, 142 (7): 859–861. PMID 2861755. 
  36. ^ Reddy, J.; Khanna, S.; Anand, U.; Banerjee, A. Alprazolam-Induced Hypomania. Australia and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 1996, 30 (4): 550–552. PMID 8887708. doi:10.3109/00048679609065031. 
  37. ^ Otani, K. Cytochrome P450 3A4 and Benzodiazepines. Seishin Shinkeigaku Zasshi. 2003, 105 (5): 631–642. PMID 12875231 (日语). 
  38. ^ Dresser, G. K.; Spence, J. D.; Bailey, D. G. Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacodynamic Consequences and Clinical Relevance of Cytochrome P450 3A4 Inhibition. Clinical Pharmacokinetics. 2000, 38 (1): 41–57. PMID 10668858. doi:10.2165/00003088-200038010-00003. 
  39. ^ Greenblatt, D. J.; Wright, C. E. Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Alprazolam. Therapeutic Implications. Clinical Pharmacokinetics. 1993, 24 (6): 453–471. PMID 8513649. doi:10.2165/00003088-199324060-00003. 
  40. ^ Wang, J. S.; Chase, C. L. Pharmacokinetics and Drug Interactions of the Sedative Hypnotics (PDF). Psychopharmacological Bulletin. 2003, 37 (1): 10–29. PMID 14561946. doi:10.1007/BF01990373. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2007-07-09). 

外部連結

[编辑]