英语中的国家前缀

英语中的国家前缀（复数：Nationality prefixes）指的是表示某国家、地区、民族或语言的一种前缀。这样的前缀有三种，一种是国家名字不变的，如伊拉克-科威特战争（Iraq-Kuwait War），伊拉克一词就没有变化；另一种是国家名字被添加了-o-这一成分的前缀，这样的前缀不少来自拉丁语；还有一种前缀是该国家的名字或其形容词形式的缩写，如British（英国的）的缩写而成的前缀为Brit-，由其衍生出的单词有Britpop（英式摇滚）。需要注意的是，像Chinglish（中式英语）、Eurasia（欧亚大陆）之类的词语是两个单词各取一部分而混合而成的，而不是以一个国家前缀与一个后缀合成的。

-o-成分的作用

在英语中，-o-这个成分可以是一个插在两个词素间的起连接作用的元音。它的前后各是一个辅音性质的成分。它的插入缓和了发音，但是不会对词意造成影响。它类似于汉语里的诗歌、歌词中的衬字“来”，如：八月里来桂花香。英语中的这个成分通常被用在古希腊语来源的词语中，但是它也能被用在现代的单词甚至缩写词之中。

举例：

epheb(e)（青少年） + -o- + philia（爱） = ephebophilia（恋<青春期及青春期之后的>少年癖）

speed（速度） + -o- + meter（计量器） = speedometer（速度计）

blog（博客） + -o- + sphere（范围） = blogosphere（博客圈）

现有国家的o结尾式前缀

汉语	英语	前缀
埃及	Egypt	Egypto-, Ægypto-
爱尔兰	Ireland	Hiberno-（来自拉丁语Hibernia，爱尔兰的拉丁名字）
奥地利	Austria	Austro-
澳大利亚	Australia	Australo-
保加利亚	Bulgaria	Bulgaro-
比利时	Belgium	Belgo-
波兰	Poland	Polono-
丹麦	Denmark	Dano-
德国	Germany	Germano-, Teuto-（来自条顿）
俄罗斯	Russia	Russo-
法国	France	Franco-, Gallo-（来自拉丁语Gallus，“高卢”）
芬兰	Finland	Fenno-, Finno-
荷兰	Netherlands	Batavo-（来自巴达维亚）
捷克	Czech	Czecho-
克罗地亚	Croatia	Croato-
马来	Malay	Malayo-
美国	America	Americo-
蒙古	Mongolia	Mongolo-
挪威	Norway	Norwego-（英语中Norway的形容词形式为Norwegian）
葡萄牙	Portugal	Luso-（来自拉丁语Lūsitānia，“路西塔尼亚”）
日本	Japan	Japano-, Yamato-（来自大和，假名：やまと，转写：Yamato）, Nihono-/Nippono-/Nippo-（来自日本，假名：にほん或にっぽん，转写：Nihon或Nippon）
瑞典	Sweden	Swedo-
瑞士	Switzerland	Helveto-（来自赫尔维蒂）
塞尔维亚	Serbia	Serbo-
塞浦路斯	Cyprus	Cypro-
斯洛文尼亚	Slovenia	Sloveno-
土耳其	Turkey	Turco-, Turko-
西班牙	Spain	Hispano-（来自拉丁语Hispānia，“西班牙”）
希腊	Greece	Greco-, Graeco-, Græco-, Helleno-（来自希腊语Ἑλλάς，转写：Hellas，“希腊”）
匈牙利	Hungary	Hungaro-
叙利亚	Syria	Syro-
亚美尼亚	Armenia	Armeno-
伊朗	Iran	Irano-
意大利	Italy	Italo-
印度	India	Indo-
英国	United Kingdom	Anglo-（来自盎格鲁）
中国	China	Sino-（来自拉丁语Sinae，“中国人”，归根结底来自汉语秦）

以前的国家以及地区、群体等的o结尾式前缀

汉语	英语	前缀
阿拉伯	Arabia	Arabo-
巴尔干	Balkans	Balkano-
波罗的	Baltic	Balto-
波斯	Persia	Perso-
达契亚	Dacian	Daco-
非洲	Africa	Afro-
胡利安	Hurrian	Hurro-
加泰罗尼亚	Catalan	Catalano-
凯尔特	Celtic	Celto-, Cymro-（来自Cymro，威尔士人对自己的称呼，引申为凯尔特人；或来自Cymru，威尔士人对威尔士的称呼，引申为凯尔特^[1]^[2]^[3]）
拉丁	Latins	Latino-
雷蒂亚	Rhaetians	Rhaeto-, Rhæto-
罗姆、吉普赛	Romani, Gypsies	Romano-
尼罗	Nile	Nilo-
欧洲、欧盟	Europe, European Union	Euro-
普鲁士	Prussia	Prusso-
萨赫勒	Sahel	Sahelo-
斯基泰	Scythia	Scytho-
色雷斯	Thracian	Thraco-
斯巴达	Sparta	Lacono-（来自斯巴达人生活过的拉科尼亚）
斯堪的纳维亚	Scandinavia	Scando-
斯拉夫	Slavs	Slavo-
苏格兰	Scotland	Scoto-
威尔士	Wales	Cambro-（来自拉丁语Cambria，威尔士的拉丁名字^[4]^[5]）, Cymro-（来自Cymro，威尔士人对自己的称呼；或来自Cymru，威尔士人对威尔士的称呼^[6]^[7]^[8]）
乌拉尔	Ural	Uralo-
西藏	Tibet	Tibeto-
西西里	Sicilian	Siculo-^[9]
伊斯的利亚	Istria	Istro-
伊比利亚	Iberia	Ibero-
犹太	Jews	Judaeo-, Judæo-Judeo-（犹太人生活的地方叫Judaea）

缩写式前缀

汉语	英语	前缀	举例
朝鲜、韩国	Korean	K-	K-Horror（韩国恐怖片）
菲律宾	Filipino	Fil-	Fil-Am（菲律宾裔美国人）
日本	Japanese	J-	J-Horror（日本恐怖小说）
英国	British	Brit-	Britpop（英式摇滚）

使用

在一个单词中，该前缀后面不加连接符号，而直接与词语的另一构词成分组合。如Anglophile（亲英派），由Anglo-与表示喜爱的-phile结合。

在两个国家的联合词组中，前面的一个国家使用国家前缀，后一个国家仍然使用本身的形式，两词用连接符号连接，之后空一格，再加上后面的单词。如Sino-Japanese War（中日战争），“中国人”使用前缀Sino-，而“日本人”不使用前缀Japano-，而使用Japanese。

在翻译为汉语时，这些前缀通常也译为一个字，而不译为全称，如Sino-Japanese War译为“中日战争”，不译为“中国人-日本人战争”。

参考

^ 1862, Britannicus (pseudonym), “Vindication of the mosaic ethnology of Europe”, The Cambrian Journal, page 149: From B.C. 390, to B.C. 900, is the fall and rise of the Etrurian or Tyrrhenian empire, of the establishment of the Cymro-Gallic empire in Northern Italy, and of the Etrurian domination in Rome
^ 1907, John Beddoe and Joseph Hamberly Rowe, “The Ethnology of West Yorkshire”, The Yorkshire Archæological Journal, volume 19, page 32: And as for the physical type or types, the light complexion is very unlike that of the earlier British or Iberian race, though we cannot say that the ruling Cymro-Gaelic stocks were not fair.
^ 1909, A. G. Bradley, The Romance of Northumberland, page 137: Some people derive Berwick from the Cymro-Teutonic compound Aber-wick. This sounds most reasonable, Aber signifying the mouth of a river, while some of the Saxons whom Ida gathered into one kingdom certainly then or later had a "wick" or town here. The Celts would naturally have emphasized the penultimate and made it Aberwick [...]
^ 1868, Thomas Nicholas, The Pedigree of the English People, page 442: History proves that for centuries the Anglo-Saxons fought, formed treaties, intermarried with the Cymbric race [...] They even themselves passed through intermixture out of the properly Anglo-Saxon into the Cambro-Saxon phase, constituting in fact a new race.
^ 1993, Martin John Ball and James Fife, The Celtic Languages, ISBN 0415010357, page 311: In present-day Colloquial Welsh borrowed nouns retain noun plurals in the exact shape that they occur in Cambro-English; for example (in north-western areas): [kondəktərs] 'conductors', loris 'lorries'.
^ 1838 March, Sylvanus Urban (pseudonym), review of The Parochial History of Cornwall, in The Gentleman’s Magazine, volume IX, page 274: The root of the Cornish language was the same as that of the Welsh language, but largely amalgamated with the Saxon; […] Every vestige of this old Cymro-Saxon jargon has however past[sic] away, except it be indeed the use of a few pronouns decidedly Saxon.
^ 2004, Jim Perrin, Travels with the Flea... and Other Eccentric Journeys, ISBN 1903238439: They moved to Rhydlewis, just to the west of Llandysul, where he spent what appears to have been a poor (his mother was expelled from chapel for not paying her dues) and unhappy childhood, falling foul of the Cymrophobic education system of the time.
^ 2010 July 15, Graham Henry, “Irish 'consul' holds court at new HQ”, Western Mail: Formerly Mr Driscoll held court at that bastion of Welsh nationalism, The Cayo Arms, on Cardiff’s Cathedral Road, where he could be consulted on any matter concerning Cymro-Irish relations as long as an element of rugby football was included in the conversation.
^ 1987, María Rosa Menocal, The Arabic role in medieval literary history (page 133) […] much Siculo-Arabic poetry is clearly lost, perhaps irremediably […]

[1] 1862, Britannicus (pseudonym), “Vindication of the mosaic ethnology of Europe”, The Cambrian Journal, page 149: From B.C. 390, to B.C. 900, is the fall and rise of the Etrurian or Tyrrhenian empire, of the establishment of the Cymro-Gallic empire in Northern Italy, and of the Etrurian domination in Rome

[2] 1907, John Beddoe and Joseph Hamberly Rowe, “The Ethnology of West Yorkshire”, The Yorkshire Archæological Journal, volume 19, page 32: And as for the physical type or types, the light complexion is very unlike that of the earlier British or Iberian race, though we cannot say that the ruling Cymro-Gaelic stocks were not fair.

[3] 1909, A. G. Bradley, The Romance of Northumberland, page 137: Some people derive Berwick from the Cymro-Teutonic compound Aber-wick. This sounds most reasonable, Aber signifying the mouth of a river, while some of the Saxons whom Ida gathered into one kingdom certainly then or later had a "wick" or town here. The Celts would naturally have emphasized the penultimate and made it Aberwick [...]

[4] 1868, Thomas Nicholas, The Pedigree of the English People, page 442: History proves that for centuries the Anglo-Saxons fought, formed treaties, intermarried with the Cymbric race [...] They even themselves passed through intermixture out of the properly Anglo-Saxon into the Cambro-Saxon phase, constituting in fact a new race.

[5] 1993, Martin John Ball and James Fife, The Celtic Languages, ISBN 0415010357, page 311: In present-day Colloquial Welsh borrowed nouns retain noun plurals in the exact shape that they occur in Cambro-English; for example (in north-western areas): [kondəktərs] 'conductors', loris 'lorries'.

[6] 1838 March, Sylvanus Urban (pseudonym), review of The Parochial History of Cornwall, in The Gentleman’s Magazine, volume IX, page 274: The root of the Cornish language was the same as that of the Welsh language, but largely amalgamated with the Saxon; […] Every vestige of this old Cymro-Saxon jargon has however past[sic] away, except it be indeed the use of a few pronouns decidedly Saxon.

[7] 2004, Jim Perrin, Travels with the Flea... and Other Eccentric Journeys, ISBN 1903238439: They moved to Rhydlewis, just to the west of Llandysul, where he spent what appears to have been a poor (his mother was expelled from chapel for not paying her dues) and unhappy childhood, falling foul of the Cymrophobic education system of the time.

[8] 2010 July 15, Graham Henry, “Irish 'consul' holds court at new HQ”, Western Mail: Formerly Mr Driscoll held court at that bastion of Welsh nationalism, The Cayo Arms, on Cardiff’s Cathedral Road, where he could be consulted on any matter concerning Cymro-Irish relations as long as an element of rugby football was included in the conversation.

[9] 1987, María Rosa Menocal, The Arabic role in medieval literary history (page 133) […] much Siculo-Arabic poetry is clearly lost, perhaps irremediably […]

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