幽灵图
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Suushi_Yurei.jpg/220px-Suushi_Yurei.jpg)
幽灵图(日语:幽霊図/ゆうれいず Yūrei zu)是由鬼魂、恶魔和其他鬼神為題材的日本繪畫流派。而幽灵图也被认为是日本的风俗画,[1]于19世纪末的幕末时期最為盛行。[2]
幽灵的定義
[编辑]幽灵可包括化身物、妖怪、死灵(亡灵(日语:亡霊)等。信仰超自然生物是日本的一项悠久传统。幽灵的来源包括佛教,道教和中国民间传说。最显着的影响,是日本神道的泛灵论,它指出我们的物质世界是由800万无所不在的鬼神所组成。[3]
日本的鬼魂基本上是从地府中为了完成一个优秀的使命而“请假”外出。[4]而日本的灵魂(日语:霊魂)则是那些枉死、死無葬身之地、或死后有着强烈的怨念、以及無主孤魂。而他们的“灵魂”实现了愿望后,则可以转世。[5]根据糅合佛教及民間信仰的思想,从現世(日语:この世)到靈界(日语:あの世)需要七七四十九天,而在中陰身,他们可以在這段期間解决现世未解决的问题。[6]而个人一生的痛苦程度与他们在前世的惡行严重程度有密切的关系。[7]虽然幽灵们的意图并不总是邪恶的,但他们的行动的结果却几乎总是对人类有害。[4]而有信仰认为,鬼魂只能通过一名在世的人的祈祷来得到释放,他的灵魂才能被允许进入冥界。[3]
历史背景
[编辑]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Shimobe_Fudesuke_and_the_Ghost_of_the_Woman_in_the_Waterfall_LACMA_M.84.31.442.jpg/220px-Shimobe_Fudesuke_and_the_Ghost_of_the_Woman_in_the_Waterfall_LACMA_M.84.31.442.jpg)
存在于日本画卷的幽灵形象,以及血腥和怪诞的场景轴可以追溯到平安時代,而这个传统一直持续到近几个世纪以来,[8] 例如“幽灵画”在19世纪后期达到流行巅峰状态,[2]与幽灵相关的“歌舞伎”以及与幽灵相关的怪談。[1]学术机构“persistent popularity”[9]认为这种神秘物是在“不稳定的社会条件”的江户后期盛行,[2]其中包括普遍存在压迫的德川幕府政权、西方的入侵以及一些自然灾害。 [10][11]
幽灵图及戏剧
[编辑]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Funazu_-_Yoshitoshi_ryakuga_-_Walters_95350.jpg/220px-Funazu_-_Yoshitoshi_ryakuga_-_Walters_95350.jpg)
日本的鬼故事有着悠久的民俗传统,在江戶時代初开始便成為戲劇題材。[3]至于歌舞伎在18世纪后开始流行,也创作出了很多以幽灵为题材的戏剧。[3]
审查
[编辑]德川政权试图恢复其封建农业基础,于1842年开始进行天保改革(日语:天保の改革),改革涉及到日常生活的许多方面。除了经济、军事、农业、宗教外,還包括艺术。[12]改革的目的是从根本上稳定物价和令人民忠於政權,[13]而在艺术领域的改革使得如艺妓、花魁等妓女和歌舞伎題材作品被禁止。[14]1842年老中水野忠邦下令禁買賣歌舞伎伶人、遊女和艺妓等被認為是有傷風化版画。促使了浮世繪轉向非現實題材發展[13]。
参见
[编辑]脚注
[编辑]- ^ 1.0 1.1 Schaap 1998, 17
- ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Addis 1985, 178
- ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Rubin 2000
- ^ 4.0 4.1 Richie 1983, 7
- ^ Monstrous.com
- ^ Iwasaki and Toelken 1994, 15
- ^ Jordan 1985, 27
- ^ Fensom 2012
- ^ Bell 2004, 140
- ^ See Addis 1985, 178; Rubin 2000; Harris 2010, 156; Schaap 1998, 17
- ^ In addition to floods and earthquakes, Japan was blighted by a series of droughts which led to twenty periods of famine between 1675 and 1837 (Dolan and Worden 1994)
- ^ 《大英百科全书》中天保改革。
- ^ 13.0 13.1 The Fitzwilliam Museum
- ^ Harris 2010, 156
参考资料
[编辑]- Addis, Stephen. “Conclusion: The Supernatural in Japanese Art.” In Japanese Ghosts and Demons: Art of the Supernatural, edited by Stephen Addis, 177-179. New York: George Braziller Inc., 1985.
- Art History Reference. "Maruyama Okyo (1733-1795)." Accessed September 14, 2013. http://arthistoryreference.com/a1/54567.htm (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- Bell, David. Ukiyo-e Explained. Kent, UK: Global Oriental, 2004.
- Chiappa, J. Noel and Levine, Jason M. "Yoshitoshi's 'One Hundred Ghost Stories of China and Japan(1865)." Yoshitoshi.net. 2009. Accessed September 17, 2013. http://www.yoshitoshi.net/series/100ghosts.html (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- Chin Music Press. "The Ghost of Oyuki." Accessed September 13, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131008080519/http://store.chinmusicpress.com/product/the-ghost-of-oyuki-chapbook
- Davisson, Zack. "What is the White Kimono Japanese Ghosts Wear?" April 2012. Hyakumonogatari Kaidankai. Accessed September 2013. http://hyakumonogatari.com/2012/04/04/what-is-the-white-kimono-japanese-ghosts-wear/ (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- Dolan, Ronald E. and Worden, Robert L., editors. Japan: A Country Study. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1994. Accessed September 16, 2013. http://countrystudies.us/japan/21.htm (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- Encyclopaedia Britannica. "Maruyama Ōkyo." Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc. 2013. Accessed September 14, 2013. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/367211/Maruyama-Okyo (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- Encyclopaedia Britannica. "Tempō Reforms." Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc. 2013. Accessed September 17, 2013. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/586929/Tempo-reforms (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- Fensom, Sarah E. “Lucid Dreams & Nightmares.” Art & Antiques Worldwide Media, LLC. October 2012. Accessed September 17, 2013. http://www.artandantiquesmag.com/2012/10/japanese-woodblock-prints/ (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- Harris, Frederick. Ukiyo-e: The Art of the Japanese Print. Tokyo: Tuttle, 2010.
- Iwasaki, Michiko and Barre Toelken. Ghosts and the Japanese Cultural Experience in Japanese Death Legends. Logan, Utah: Utah State University Press, 1994.
- Japan Echo. "Beauty and the Ghosts: Young Painter Takes Japan's Art World by Storm." June 22, 2006. Web Japan. Accessed September 14, 2013. http://web-japan.org/trends/arts/art060622.html (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- Jesse, Bernd. "The Golden Age of the Utagawa School: Utagawa Kunisada and Utagawa Kuniyoshi." In Samurai Stars of the Stage and Beautiful Women: Kunisada and Kuniyoshi Masters of the Color Woodblock Print, edited by Stiftung Museum Kunstpalat, Gunda Luyken and Beat Wismer, 93-101. Düsseldorf: Hatje Cantz Verlag, 2012.
- Jordan, Brenda. “Yūrei: Tales of Female Ghosts.” In Japanese Ghosts and Demons: Art of the Supernatural, edited by Stephen Addis, 25-33. New York: George Braziller Inc., 1985.
- Liddell, C.B. “Nihonga to Nihonga: Young, Fresh and Traditional Artists.” Japan Times. March 9, 2006. Accessed September 14, 2013. http://www.japantimes.co.jp/culture/2006/03/09/culture/young-fresh-and-traditional-japanese-artists/#.UjUVUNJJ6s0 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- Meyer, Matthew. "Artwork: Japanese Yokai." Matthew Meyer. 2012. Accessed September 16, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20140903055358/http://matthewmeyer.net/artwork/japanese-mythology/
- Monstrous.com. "Japanese Ghosts." 2011. Accessed September 17, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131110081630/http://ghosts.monstrous.com/japanese_ghosts/all_pages.htm
- Richie, Donald. “The Japanese Ghost.” In Yoshitoshi’s Thirty-six Ghosts, edited by John Stevenson, 6-9. New York: Blue Tiger, 1983.
- Rubin, Norman A. "Ghosts, Demons and Spirits in Japanese Lore." Asianart.com. Accessed Sept. 9, 2013. http://www.asianart.com/articles/rubin/ (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- Stevenson, John. Yoshitoshi’s Thirty-six Ghosts. New York: Blue Tiger, 1983.
- Schaap, Robert. Heroes and Ghosts: Japanese Prints by Kuniyoshi 1797-1861. Leiden: Hotei Publishing, 1998.
- Tenmyouya, Hisashi. "天明屋 尚 [Tenmyouya Hisashi]." Accessed September 15, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130531054002/http://www3.ocn.ne.jp/~tenmyoya/biography/biography.html
- The Fitzwilliam Museum. "Luxury and Censorship." Fitzwilliam Museum Kunisada and Kabuki Web Site. Accessed September 17, 2013. http://www.fitzmuseum.cam.ac.uk/gallery/japan/gallery/info%20kun.htm (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
外部链接
[编辑]- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JnveMIhKnSA (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) - link to YouTube video of interview with Mizuki Shigeru on Japan's ghosts