跳至內容

三元論 (神學)

維基百科，自由的百科全書

在基督教神學中，三元論（Tripartite）認為人是三個不同部分組成的複合體：身體（body）、靈（spirit）和魂（soul）。另一種觀點二元論（bipartite）則認為魂和靈只是同一實體（靈魂）的不同表達。

三元論的支持者

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以下許多神學家都見於路易·伯克富（Louis Berkhof）的《系統神學》、[1] 史特朗（Augustus H. Strong）的《系統神學》、[2] 簡·雅各布·范·奧斯特茲（Jan Jacob van Oosterzee）的《基督教教義》（Christian Dogmatics）、[3] 約翰·比克福德·赫德（John Bickford Heard）的《人的三重性》(Tripartite Nature of Man),[4]和亨利·德·呂巴克（Henri de Lubac）的《歷史與精神》。[5]。

姓名 出生 逝世 神學傳統 主要著作 引用者
游斯丁（Justin Martyr） 100 165 早期基督教護教士 《論復活》（On the Resurrection）[6] 奧斯特茲、赫德
他提安（Tatian） 120 180 早期基督教護教士 《致希臘人書》（Tatian's Address to the Greeks）[7] 奧斯特茲《早期基督教信仰詞典》[8]
革利免（Clement of Alexandria） 150 215 教父 伯克富
墨利托（Melito） ? 180 撒狄主教 奧斯特茲
希坡律陀（Hippolytus of Rome） 170 235 羅馬教會長老 但以理書註解第2冊，第38頁 呂巴克
俄利根（Origen） 184 253 教父 《論基要教理》(De Principiis) Book 2,關於魂[9] 奧斯特茲、伯克富、呂巴克[10]
愛任紐（Irenaeus） 2世紀 202 教父 《駁異端》（Against Heresies）[11] 奧斯特茲
該撒利亞的優西比烏（Eusebius） 260/265 339/340 羅馬歷史學家、凱撒利亞主教 詩篇102篇20節註解[12] 呂巴克
亞波里拿留（Apollinarius） ? 390 敘利亞老底嘉主教 伯克富
狄迪莫斯（Didymus of Alexandria） 313 398 科普特教會神學家 傳道者註解;[13]詩篇註解[14] 理查德·阿萊頓[15] 呂巴克
該撒利亞的巴西流(Basil of Caesarea) 329 379 教父 Homily 21[16] 呂巴克
聖額我略·納齊安(Gregory of Nazianzus) 329 389/390 教父、君士坦丁堡大主教 Poems, bk. 1, sec. 1, 8 (On the Soul)[17] 呂巴克
尼撒的貴格利（Gregory of Nyssa） 335 395 教父 On the Making of Man 8.4–6[18] 伯克富
大馬士革的聖約翰（John of Damascus） 645/676 749 東正教 史特朗
若望·克利馬古（John Climacus） 7世紀 ? 7世紀修士 《樂園階梯》（Scala Paradisi，The Ladder of Divine Ascent）[19]
馬丁·路德（Martin Luther） 1483 1546 德國宗教改革領袖 Commentary on the Magnificat[20] Delitzsch
托馬斯·傑克遜（Thomas Jackson） 1579 1640 英國神學家, Arminian
托馬斯·懷特（Thomas White） 1593 1676 羅馬天主教神父、學者
陶德瑞(Philip Doddridge) 1702 1751 英國非國教徒領袖 A Paraphrase and Notes on the First Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Thessalonians[21]
Magnus Friedrich Roos 1727 1803 German Lutheran theologian Outlines of Psychology drawn from the Holy Scriptures 伯克富
Seraphim of Sarov 1754 1833 Russian Orthodox Theologian St. Seraphim of Sarov's Conversation with Nicholas Motovilov
Adam Clarke 1762 1832 British Methodist theologian Clarke's Commentary on the Bible
Gotthilf Heinrich von Schubert 1780 1860 German Theologian 奧斯特茲
Karl Friedrich Goschel 1784 1861 Prussian Right Hegelian Herzog, Realencyclopadie, article "Seele" 史特朗
August Neander 1789 1850 German theologian and church historian History of the Planting and Training of the Christian Church by the Apostles[22] 史特朗
Hermann Olshausen 1796 1839 German theologian Opuscula Theologica[23] and Commentary on 1 Thes. 5:23 史特朗、伯克富
Leonhard Usteri 1799 1833 Swiss Reformed theologian Entwickelung Des Paulinischen Lehrbegriffes[24] 史特朗
August Friedrich Christian Vilmar 1800 1868 German Neo-Lutheran theologian Dogmatik: Akademische Vorlesungen G. C. Berkouwer[25]
Heinrich August Wilhelm Meyer 1800 1873 German Protestant theologian Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the New Testament[26]
Johann Tobias Beck 1804 1878 German theologian Outlines of Biblical Psychology[27] 史特朗、伯克富
亨利·阿福德（Henry Alford） 1810 1871 英國聖公會神學家、聖經學者 New Testament for English Readers[28]
Frederic Charles Cook 1810 1889 English churchman and linguist The Speaker's Commentary[29]
Johann Gottfried Hausmann 1811 1901
Gustav Friedrich Oehler 1812 1872 German Lutheran theologian Theology of the Old Testament 伯克富
索倫·奧貝·克爾凱郭爾（Søren Kierkegaard） 1813 1855 丹麥路德宗 The Concept of Anxiety, 《致死的疾病》（The Sickness Unto Death）, or De omnibus dubitandum est. A Narrative
Franz Delitzsch 1813 1890 German Lutheran theologian Biblical Psychology 伯克富
威廉·史密斯（William Smith） 1813 1893 English Lexicographer Smith's Bible Dictionary[30]
Theophan the Recluse 1815 1894 Russian Orthodox Theologian The Spiritual Life
簡·雅各布·范·奧斯特茲（Jan Jacob van Oosterzee） 1817 1882 荷蘭 《基督教教義》（Christian Dogmatics） 史特朗
Charles John Ellicott 1819 1905 Anglican theologian Destiny of the Creature[31] 史特朗
A. R. Fausset 1821 1910 Anglican theologian Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary[32]
Karl August Auberlen 1824 1864 German Lutheran theologian Geist des Menschen im Biblischen Sinne 史特朗、伯克富
George Boardman the Younger 1828 1903 Baptist "The Scriptural Anthropology." Baptist Quarterly Vol. 1[33] 史特朗
慕安德烈（Andrew Murray） 1828 1917 南非荷蘭歸正會 《基督的靈》（The Spirit of Christ）[34]
約翰·比克福德·赫德（John Bickford Heard） 1828 ? 《人的三重性》(Tripartite Nature of Man)[35] 史特朗、伯克富
Henry Liddon 1829 1890 English Theologian John Laidlaw[36]
Hermann Cremer 1834 1903 German Protestant theologian Biblico-theological Lexicon of New Testament Greek[37] 史特朗
司可福（C. I. Scofield） 1843 1921 美國神學家 《司可福串注聖經》（Scofield Reference Bible）[38]
喬治·彭伯（G. H. Pember） 1837 1910 普利茅斯弟兄會解經家 《地的最早時期》（Earth's Earliest Ages）[39]
Otto Stockmayer 1838 1917 German Holiness Movement 倪柝聲《屬靈人》
弗雷德里克·邁爾（F. B. Meyer） 1847 1929 英國浸信會牧師 倪柝聲《屬靈人》 & Latent Power of the Soul
James M Stalker 1848 1929 Scottish preacher Christian Psychology[40]
Clarence Larkin 1850 1924 Protestant (Baptist) Dispensational Truth or God's Plan and Purpose in the Ages[41]
賓路易師母（Jessie Penn-Lewis） 1861 1927 更正教(Welsh) 《魂與靈》（Soul and Spirit）、《眾聖徒的爭戰》（War on The Saints）
麥敦諾師母（Mary E. McDonough） 1863 1962 《神救贖的計劃》（God's Plan of Redemption）[42]
Lewis Sperry Chafer 1871 1952 美國更正教神學家 Systematic Theology Vol. 1&2[43] Gordon R. Lewis and Bruce A. Demarest in Integrative Theology[44]
George H. Lang 1874 1958 普利茅斯弟兄會 Firstfruits and Harvest[45]
伊凡·羅伯斯 1878 1951 威爾斯 Calvinist Methodist 《眾聖徒的爭戰》（War on The Saints）[46]
Robert Lightfoot 1883 1953 聖公會牧師、神學家 John Laidlaw[47]
William Theodore Heard 1884 1973 羅馬天主教樞機主教
Arthur W. Pink 1886 1952 Reformed The Great Change, Regeneration, Or, The New Birth,[48] Gleanings in Genesis[49]
Herbert Lockyer 1886 1984 All the Doctrines of the Bible[50] 約翰伍德沃德
史百克（Theodore Austin-Sparks） 1888 1971 英國基督教傳道人 What is Man? 約翰伍德沃德
安汝慈（Ruth Paxson） 1889 1949 新教 《最高的生命》（Life on the Highest Plane）[51]
倪柝聲 1903 1972 中國基督徒領袖 《屬靈人》（The Spiritual Man）、《人的破碎與靈的出來》（The Release of the Spirit）
George S. Hendry 1904 1993 Reformed Theologian The Holy Spirit in Christian Theology[52]
李常受 1905 1997 中國基督徒領袖 《生命的認識》（The Knowledge of Life）、《神的經綸》（The Economy of God）、《那靈同我們的靈》（The Spirit with Our Spirit）
E.C.Bragg 1912 1995 美國福音派神學家
Lehman Strauss ? 1997 浸信會 《三部份的人：靈、魂、體》（Man A Trinity：Spirit, Soul, Body)
Mark G Cambron 1911 2000 Bible Doctrines[53] 約翰伍德沃德
Lester Sumrall 1913 1996 American Pentecostal pastor and evangelist 《靈、魂與體》（Spirit, Soul and Body）[54]
S. Lewis Johnson Jr. 1915 2004 美國長老會神學家 Man and his Nature, part 1[55]
Gleason Archer 1916 2004 美國神學家 Encyclopedia of Bible Difficulties[56]
P. B. Fitzwater ? ? Christian Theology A Systematic Presentation[57] 約翰伍德沃德


參見

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參考

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  1. ^ Berkhof, Systematic Theology, p. 191-192.
  2. ^ Strong, Systematic Theology, p. 484.
  3. ^ Van Oosterzee, Christian Dogmatics, p. 366.
  4. ^ Heard, The Tripartite Nature of Man, p. x.
  5. ^ de Lubac, History and Spirit, p. 178-179.
  6. ^ Justin, 'Ante-Nicene Fathers, Vol 1, p. 298. "For the body is the house of the soul; and the soul the house of the spirit." Online （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）.
  7. ^ Tatian, Ante-Nicene Fathers, Vol 2, p. 70. "We recognize two varieties of spirit, one of which is called the soul, but the other is greater than the soul, an image and likeness of God: both existed in the first men, that in one sense they might be material, and in another superior to matter."
  8. ^ Bercot, Dictionary of Early Christian Beliefs, p. 627.
  9. ^ Origen, Ante-Nicene Fathers, Vol. 4, p. 289. "It appears that the soul is something intermediate between the weak flesh and the willing spirit." Vol. 4, p. 359. "For as man is said to consist of body, and soul, and spirit, so also does sacred Scripture, which has been granted by the divine bounty for the salvation of man."
  10. ^ de Lubac, History and Spirit, p.172-181. Lubac offers a lengthy analysis of the source of Origen's anthropological trichotomy.
  11. ^ Irenaeus, Ante-Nicene Fathers, p. 532. "For that flesh which has been moulded is not a perfect man in itself, but the body of a man, and part of a man. Neither is the soul itself, considered apart by itself, the man; but it is the soul of a man, and part of a man. Neither is the spirit a man, for it is called the spirit, and not a man; but the commingling and union of all these constitutes the perfect man." p. 534. "There are three things out of which, as I have shown, the complete man is composed- flesh, soul, and spirit. One of these does indeed preserve and fashion [the man]- this is the spirit; while as to another it is united and formed- that is the flesh; then [comes] that which is between these two- that is the soul, which sometimes indeed, when it follows the spirit, is raised up by it, but sometimes it sympathizes with the flesh, and falls into carnal lusts."
  12. ^ Patrologia Graeca 23:1267D. Online （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）.
  13. ^ Eccl.T. 124.19–28, 337.8–24
  14. ^ Patrologia Graeca 39:1256B, 1324A, 1400A, 1577C. Online （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）.
  15. ^ Layton, Didymus the Blind, p. 186, note 31
  16. ^ Basil, Homily 21, no. 5. (Patrologia Graeca 31:549A).
  17. ^ Patrologia Graeca 37:452.
  18. ^ On the Making of Man.Online （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）.
  19. ^ Climacus, Ladder of Divine Ascent. "I called with my whole heart, says the Psalmist, that is, with body, soul, and spirit. For where the two last are gathered together, there God is in the midst of them" (28.61)
  20. ^ Martin Luther, Luther's Works , ed., Jaroslar Pelikan (St. Louis: Concordia, 1956), 21:303–304.
  21. ^ The Works of the Rev. P. Doddridge, Volume 9 (1805). "May the God of peace himself... sanctify you entirely, in all the parts of your nature; and [I pray God that] your whole constitution, or frame, your rational spirit, your animal soul, and your body, animated by it, may be so kept blameless....It is very evident, that the apostle, in the following words, refers to a notion which... prevailed among the rabbies as well as the philosophers, that the person of a man was constituted of three distinct substances, the rational spirit, the animal soul, and the visible body." p. 536. Online （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）.
  22. ^ Neander, History of the Planting and Training of the Christian Church, p. 394-395. Online （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）.
  23. ^ Olshausen, Opuscula Theologica, p. 134.
  24. ^ Usteri, Entwickelung Des Paulinischen Lehrbegriffes, p. 384.
  25. ^ Berkouwer, Man: The Image of God, p. 210
  26. ^ Meyer, Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the New Testament, on 1 Thes 5:23.
  27. ^ Beck, Outlines of Biblical Psychology, p. 31.
  28. ^ Alford, New Testament for English Readers, Vol 2, p. 936-937. "Sensual- we have no English word for the quality here implied in the Greek word psychikos; and our biblical psychology is, by this defect, entirely at fault. The psyche is the center of the personal being, the 'I' of each individual. It is in each man bound to the spirit, man's higher part, and to the body, man's lower part; drawn upwards by the one, downwards by the other. He who gives himself up to the lower appetites, is fleshly; he who by communion of his spirit with God's Spirit is employed in the higher aims of his being, is spiritual. He who rests midway, thinking only of self and self's interests, is the psychikos, the selfish man, the man in whom the spirit is sunk and degraded into subordination to the subordinate psyche... Not having spirit- not directly the Holy Spirit of God, but the higher spiritual life of man's spirit in communion with the Holy Spirit. These men have not indeed ceased to have a spirit, as a part of their own tripartite nature: but they have ceased to possess it in any worthy sense: it is degraded beneath and under the power of the psyche, the personal life, so as to have no real vitality of its own.
  29. ^ The Holy Bible According to the Authorized Version (A.D. 1611): With an Explanatory & Critical Commentary & a Revision of the Translation, by Bishops & Other Clergy of the Anglican Church. Vol. 3. New York: Scribner, Armstrong &, 1881. pp. 258, 330–331, 729–730. Online （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）.
  30. ^ The article on Resurrection is where the support lies. It is written by Rev. Daniel Raynes Goodwin, but as Smith is the general editor, he seems to condone this view. Smith's Dictionary of the Bible. Rev. and edited by H.B. Hackett & Ezra Abbot, Vol. 4. 1870, p. 2712 Online （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）.
  31. ^ Ellicott, Destiny of the Creature, p. 106-125.
  32. ^ Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary, On 1 Thes. 5:23, Jude 19
  33. ^ Boardman, Baptist Quarterly Vol. 1,Online （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）.
  34. ^ Murray, The Spirit of Christ, pp 159–160, 193.
  35. ^ Heard, The Tripartite Nature of Man, p. 62-114.
  36. ^ Laidlaw, The Biblical Doctrine of Man, p. 67
  37. ^ Cremer, Biblico-theological Lexicon of New Testament Greek, p. 503-510, 582–586.
  38. ^ Scofield Reference Bible, Note on 1 Thes. 5:23. Online.
  39. ^ Pember, Earth's Earliest Ages, p. 74-77.
  40. ^ Stalker, Christian Psychology, p. 47-65.
  41. ^ Larkin, Dispensational Truth or God's Plan and Purpose in the Ages, p. 97-98. Online （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）.
  42. ^ McDonough, God's Plan of Redemption, p. 16-17. "The terms 'inner man' and 'outer man', or their equivalents, are employed in modern psychology, but the psychology of the Bible is more analytical inasmuch as it indicates a subdivision of the invisible part of man, thus teaching us that man is not dichotomous but is a trichotomous being.
  43. ^ Chafer, Systematic Theology, p. 180-187
  44. ^ Online.. [2020-12-19]. （原始內容存檔於2021-04-27）. 
  45. ^ Lang, Firstfruits and Harvest, Ch 5. "This threefold composition of man is implied everywhere in the Word of God, and sometimes is distinctly stated." Online （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）.
  46. ^ Roberts, War on The Saints, p. 209. "Christ wrought out for man upon Calvary's Cross salvation of spirit, soul, and body, from the dominion of sin and Satan; but that full salvation is wrought out in the believer through the central action of the will, as he deliberately chooses the will of God for each department of his tripartite nature."
  47. ^ Laidlaw, The Biblical Doctrine of Man, p. 67.
  48. ^ Pink, Regeneration, Ch 2. Online （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）.
  49. ^ Pink, Gleanings in Genesis, p. 107. "Is it not clear then that the ark divided into three stories more than hints at our threefold salvation in Christ? The salvation which we have in Christ is a threefold one, and that in a double sense. It is a salvation which embraces each part of our threefold constitution, making provision for the redemption of our spirit, and soul, and body (1 Thes. 5:23); and further, our salvation is a three tense salvation—we have been saved from the penalty of sin, are being saved from the power of sin, we shall yet be saved from the presence of sin."
  50. ^ Lockyer, All the Doctrines of the Bible, p. 143-145.
  51. ^ Paxson, Life on the Highest Plane, p. 24-28. On p. 26- "Man, then, is a trinity; spirit, soul, and body are the integral parts of his triune being." Online （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）.
  52. ^ Hendry, The Holy Spirit in Christian Theology, Ch. 5.
  53. ^ Cambron, Bible Doctrines, p. 20, 62–63, 120–134.
  54. ^ Sumrall, Spirit, Soul and Body (Springdale: WhitakerHouse, 1995).
  55. ^ Man and his Nature, part 1. Online （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）.
  56. ^ Archer, Encyclopedia of Bible Difficulties, p. 260. "Quite clearly then, the spirit is distinct from the soul, or else these verses add up to tautological nonsense. We therefore conclude that man is not dichotomic (to use the technical theological term)but trichotomic."
  57. ^ Fitzwater, Christian Theology A Systematic Presentation, p. 309.
  • The Ante-Nicene Fathers. Ed. Alexander Roberts and James Donaldson. Reprint. 10 Vols. Peabody: Hendrickson, 1994.
  • Alford, Henry. The New Testament for English Readers. 2 Vols. London: Rivingtons, 1872.
  • Augustine. Confessions: Books I-XIII. Trans. F. J. Sheed. Indianapolis: Hackett Pub., 1993.
  • Berkhof, Louis. Systematic Theology. Eerdmans, 1996.
  • Boardman, George D. "The Scriptural Anthropology." Baptist Quarterly Vol. 1 (1867): 177–190, 325–340, 428–444.
  • Delitzsch, Franz. A System of Biblical Psychology. Trans. Robert E. Wallis. 2nd, English ed. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1885.
  • Ellicott, C. J. The Destiny of the Creature. London: Longmans, Green, 1865.
  • Good, Roger. "The Parts of Man in Translation." Affirmation and Critique II.4 (October 1997).
  • Good, Roger. "The Progressive Revelation of Man." Affirmation and Critique III.1 (January 1998).
  • Heard, John Bickford. The Tripartite Nature of Man. 2nd ed. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1868.
  • Hendry, George S. The Holy Spirit in Christian Theology. Philadelphia: Westminster, 1956.
  • Hodge, Charles. Systematic Theology. Ed. Edward N. Gross. Abridged ed. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Book House, 1992.
  • "Is Man Tripartite or Bipartite?" Catholic Answers. N.p., n.d. Web. 1 May 2017.
  • Kelley, John N. D. Early Christian Doctrines. 5th, revised ed. London: Continuum, 1977.
  • Lang, G. H. Firstfruits and Harvest: A Study in Resurrection and Rapture. Miami Springs, FL: Conley & Schoettle Pub., 1985.
  • Layton, Richard A. Didymus the Blind and His Circle in Late-antique Alexandria. Urbana: University of Illinois, 2004
  • Lee, Witness. The Spirit With Our Spirit. Anaheim: Living Stream Ministry, 1994.
  • Lee, Witness. The Knowledge of Life. 2nd ed. Anaheim: Living Stream Ministry, 1988.
  • Lubac, Henri De. History and Spirit: The Understanding of Scripture According to Origen. San Francisco: Ignatius, 2007.
  • Marais, J. I. "Psychology." International Standard Bible Encyclopedia. Grand Rapids: W.B. Eerdmans Pub., 1939.
  • McDonough, Mary E. God's Plan of Redemption. Bournemouth: Overcomer Book Room, 1922.
  • Nee, Watchman. The Spiritual Man. New York: Christian Fellowship, 1968.
  • Oehler, Gust Fr. Theology of the Old Testament. Trans. George Edward Day. 2nd ed. New York: Funk & Wagnalls, 1884.
  • Pelikan, Jaroslav. The Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Doctrine, Vol. 1: The Emergence of the Catholic Tradition (100–600). Chicago: University of Chicago, 1971.
  • Pember, G. H. Earth's Earliest Ages. London: Pickering & Inglis, 1900.
  • Pester, John. "The Human Spirit in the Experience of the Triune God." Affirmation and Critique I.2 (April 1996).
  • Pink, Arthur W. Gleanings in Genesis. Paperback ed. Chicago, IL: Moody, 1922.
  • Scofield, C. I. The New Scofield Reference Bible. New York: Oxford UP, 1967.
  • Schaff, Philip. History of the Christian Church. Vol 3. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1979.
  • Stalker, James. Christian Psychology. New York and London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1914.
  • Strong, Augustus H. Systematic Theology. Valley Forge, PA: Judson, 1907.
  • Van Oosterzee, Jan Jacob. Christian Dogmatics. London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1874.
  • Woodward, John B. Man as Spirit, Soul, and Body: A Study of Biblical Psychology. Pigeon Forge, TN.: Grace Fellowship International, 2007.

外部連結

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