美國共和黨派系
此條目可參照英語維基百科相應條目來擴充。 (2024年2月15日) |
美國的共和黨包括多個政治派系。19世紀,美國共和黨的派系包括:混血兒派,他們支持進行公務員制度改革;激進派,他們支持廢除美國的奴隸制度,後來在重建時期亦倡導給予被解放奴隸平等的公民權;堅定派,他們支持機械政治。進入20世紀後,共和黨的派系分化為進步派(Progressive Republicans)、列根派和洛克菲勒派。而在21世紀,美國共和黨的派系主要由保守派(在國會以共和黨研究委員會和自由核心小組為代表)、溫和派(在國會以共和黨治理集團及問題解決者核心小組中的共和黨員為代表)和自由派(在國會以共和黨自由核心小組為代表)組成。在當勞·特朗普擔任美國總統期間,共和黨又分裂出特朗普派和反特朗普派。
現有主要派系
[編輯]在巴拉克·奧巴馬擔任美國總統期間,美國共和黨經歷了一場其統治階級(即共和黨建制派)與信奉反建制和小政府主義的茶黨運動之間的內訌。[1][2][3][4] 2012年,《紐約時報》將共和黨劃分為六個派系:大街選民派(Main Street Voters)、茶黨選民派(Tea Party Voters)、基督教保守派(Christian Conservatives)、自由派(Libertarians)、不滿派(The Disaffected)和瀕危 / 消失派(Endangered / Vanished)。[5] 2014年,皮尤研究中心將傾向於共和黨的選民分為三個派系:堅定保守派(Steadfast Conservatives)、商業保守派(Business Conservatives)和年輕局外派(Young Outsiders)。[6] 2019年,在當勞·特朗普擔任美國總統期間,538網的小佩利·培根(Perry Bacon Jr.)斷言共和黨將分類成五個派系:特朗普派、支持特朗普派、對特朗普持懷疑態度的保守派、對特朗普持懷疑態度的溫和派和反特朗普派。[7]
2021年2月,在當勞·特朗普敗選給祖·拜登及國會山騷亂之後,《華盛頓郵報》的菲利普·邦普(Philip Bump)認為當時的共和黨眾議員已經分裂成特朗普派(該派系反對第二次彈劾特朗普和剝奪瑪喬麗·泰勒·格林自由核心小組成員資格及推翻2020年總統選舉結果)、問責核心小組派(該派系支持第二次彈劾特朗普和 / 或剝奪瑪喬麗·泰勒·格林自由核心小組成員資格)和親民主共和黨人派(該派系既反對第二次彈劾特朗普和剝奪瑪喬麗·泰勒·格林自由核心小組成員資格但也反對推翻2020年總統選舉結果)。[8] 同一時期,《達拉斯晨報》的卡爾·洛布斯多夫(Carl Leubsdorf)也認定共和黨人分為三種類別:從不支持特朗普派(包括比爾·克里斯托、參議員米特·羅姆尼及州長查利·貝克和拉里·霍甘等)、有時支持特朗普派(包括參議院少數黨領袖米奇·麥康奈爾和常駐聯合國代表妮基·黑利等)、始終支持特朗普派(包括參議員泰德·克魯茲和祖殊·霍利等)。[9]
2021年3月,根據一份民意調查報告顯示,在特朗普當選總統後,支持共和黨的選民中分化出五個派系:永絕特朗普派、後特朗普派(喜歡特朗普但不希望他再次參選)、支持特朗普派(喜歡特朗普但更認同共和黨而非特朗普本人)、特朗普死忠派和共和黨信息戰派(認同陰謀論者)。[10] 同年11月,皮尤研究中心的一份調查顯示有四類美國人群會與共和黨結盟,他們分別是:信仰與旗幟保守派(Faith and Flag Conservatives)、堅定保守派(Committed Conservatives)、民粹右派(Populist Right)和矛盾右派(Ambivalent Right)。[11][12]
截至2023年,國會共和黨議員將眾議院內的共和黨派系稱為「五大家族」。[13][14][15][16] 「五大家族」的概念源自電影《教父》,特指美國黑手黨犯罪家族。[14] 而美國眾議院內的共和黨「五大家族」指的是代表眾議院右翼的自由核心小組、代表保守派的共和黨研究委員會、代表商人利益的主街核心小組(Main Street Caucus)、代表主流共和黨人的共和黨治理集團以及跨黨派問題解決者核心小組中的共和黨議員。需要注意的是,這些派系中的成員相互重疊。[15]
特朗普派
[編輯]特朗普派(有時被稱為MAGA或「美國優先」運動)[17][18]是截至2024年,共和黨當今的主流派系。[19][20][21][22][23]它被描述為由一系列右翼意識形態組成,包括但不限於右翼民粹主義[24][25][26]、民族保守主義[27] 、新民族主義[28]、和與當勞·特朗普及其支持者有關的政治運動。[29][30]有一些評論家將他們描述為美國政治上的「極右派」。[31][32][33]
在國際關係中,特朗普主義者支持美國援助以色列,但不支持烏克蘭[34][35],普遍支持俄羅斯[36][37],並支持孤立主義的「美國優先」外交政策議程。[38][39][40][41]他們普遍拒絕黨內和與民主黨的妥協[42][43],並願意驅逐他們認為過於溫和的共和黨官員。[44][45]與其他共和黨人相比,特朗普派更有可能是移民限制主義者[46],並且反對自由貿易[47] 、新保守主義[48]和環境保護主義。[49]
共和黨的特朗普主義隨着2010年代和2020年代全球極右運動的增加而出現[50][51],也被描述為「極右派」的茶黨運動崛起亦推動了特朗普主義。[52] 2016年總統選舉特朗普首次當選美國總統後,該黨主要分裂為支持特朗普和反對特朗普兩派。[53][54]特朗普在2020年連任敗選和在2024年再次勝選後,特朗普派在共和黨中已越來越佔主導地位。
保守派
[編輯]美國現代保守主義誕生於1950年代到1960年代之間,最初的領導人包括共和黨參議員羅伯特·塔虎脫、羅素·柯克和小威廉·巴克利等人。其核心宗旨包括促進個人自由和自由市場經濟,同時反對工會、高稅負及政府監管。[56]
在經濟政策方面,保守派呼籲大幅度削減政府開支、減少對經濟的監管以及改變或私有化社會保障。供給面學派和新自由主義的支持者佔據着主流地位,但是財政保守主義、赤字鷹派和貿易保護主義等思潮在共和黨內也不乏支持者。1930年之前,共和黨內東北部支持製造業的派系曾堅定要求提高關稅;而在當勞·特朗普擔任美國總統期間,這一立場在許多保守派圈子內又重新流行起來。[57][58] 保守派通常持社會保守主義立場,他們支持持槍權並限制墮胎權;但是這些問題在共和黨內有諸多觀點。[59]
保守派普遍反對平權運動,但支持增大軍費開支和反對控槍。而在學券議題上,共和黨保守派分裂成了兩個陣營。支持者相信「大政府教育是失敗的」;而反對者則擔心政府趁機加強對私立學校和教會學校的控制。部分共和黨保守派因為反環保主義或否認氣候變化而否定普遍科學共識,[60][61][62][63][64][65] 這使得他們遭致批評;並且他們的這種行為在全球保守派政黨中也獨樹一幟。[65]
在特朗普當選總統後,保守派思想的長期轉變被描述為傳統保守主義意識形態與右翼民粹主義主題相結合的「新融合主義」。[66] 這些轉變導致保守派越來越傾向民族保守主義、貿易保護主義、文化保守主義,支持更現實的外交政策和對新保守主義的否定,同時減少回滾權利計劃的努力以及對傳統制衡的蔑視。[66][67][68]
基督教右派
[編輯]自由意志派
[編輯]新保守派
[編輯]溫和派
[編輯]反特朗普派
[編輯]國會核心小組
[編輯]選舉年 | 共和黨研究委員會 | 共和黨治理集團 | 自由核心小組 |
---|---|---|---|
2020年 | 157 / 213
|
45 / 213
|
45 / 213
|
2022年 | 156 / 222
|
42 / 222
|
46 / 222
|
重要歷史派系
[編輯]相關條目
[編輯]參考資料
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- ^ Joel D. Aberbach; Gillian Peele (編). Crisis of Conservatism?: The Republican Party, the Conservative Movement, and American Politics After Bush. Oxford University Press. 2011: 105. ISBN 9780199831364.
- ^ Bernie Becker. Trump’s 6 populist positions. 政客. 2016-02-13 [2024-02-17]. (原始內容存檔於2019-10-31).
- ^ William Curtis Martin. With God on Our Side: The Rise of the Religious Right in America 2nd Edition. Broadway Books. 1996 [2024-02-17]. ISBN 9780553067491.
- ^ Philip Shabecoff. Earth Rising: American Environmentalism in the 21st Century 2nd Edition. Island Press. 2000: 125 [2024-02-17]. ISBN 9781559635837.
- ^ Samuel P. Hays. A History of Environmental Politics Since 1945. University of Pittsburgh Press. 2000: 119 [2024-02-17]. ISBN 9780822972242.
- ^ Christopher Sellers. How Republicans came to embrace anti-environmentalism. Vox. 2017-06-07 [2024-02-17]. (原始內容存檔於2017-11-02).
- ^ Riley E. Dunlap; Araon M. McCright. A Widening Gap: Republican and Democratic Views on Climate Change. Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development. 2008, 50 (5): 26–35. doi:10.3200/ENVT.50.5.26-35.
- ^ Sondre Båtstrand. More than Markets: A Comparative Study of Nine Conservative Parties on Climate Change. Politics & Policy. 2015-08, 43 (4): 538–561. doi:10.1111/polp.12122.
- ^ 65.0 65.1 Jonathan Chait. Why Are Republicans the Only Climate-Science-Denying Party in the World?. 紐約. 2015-09-27 [2024-02-18]. (原始內容存檔於2024-02-11).
Of all the major conservative parties in the democratic world, the Republican Party stands alone in its denial of the legitimacy of climate science. Indeed, the Republican Party stands alone in its conviction that no national or international response to climate change is needed. To the extent that the party is divided on the issue, the gap separates candidates who openly dismiss climate science as a hoax, and those who, shying away from the political risks of blatant ignorance, instead couch their stance in the alleged impossibility of international action.
- ^ 66.0 66.1 Edward Ashbee; Alex Waddan. US Republicans and the New Fusionism. 政治季刊. 2023-12-13. doi:10.1111/1467-923X.13341.
- ^ The growing peril of national conservatism. 經濟學人. 2024-02-15 [2024-02-18]. (原始內容存檔於2024-02-15).
- ^ The Republican Party no longer believes America is the essential nation. 經濟學人. 2023-10-26 [2024-02-18]. (原始內容存檔於2024-02-13).
延伸閱讀
[編輯]- Michael Barone; Richard E. Cohen. The Almanac of American Politics 2010. National Journal Group. 2009. ISBN 9780892341191.
- Peter Baker; Susan Glasser. The Divider: Trump in the White House, 2017-2021. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. 2022-09-20. ISBN 9780385546546.
- John David Dyche. Republican Leader: A Political Biography of Senator Mitch McConnell. ISI Books. 2009. ISBN 9781935191599.
- Thomas B. Edsall. Building Red America: The New Conservative Coalition and the Drive for Permanent Power. Basic Books. 2006-08. ISBN 9780465018154.
- Michael Crane (編). The Political Junkie Handbook. S.P.I. Books. 2004.
- Thomas Frank. What's the Matter with Kansas?. Picador. 2005-05. ISBN 9780805077742.
- Bruce Frohnen; Jeffrey O. Nelson; Jeremy Beer (編). American Conservatism: An Encyclopedia. ISI Books. 2006. ISBN 9781932236446.
- Tom Hamburger; Peter Wallsten. One Party Country: The Republican Plan for Dominance in the 21st Century. Wiley. 2006-07-18. ISBN 9780471776727.
- Nicole Hemmer. Partisans: The Conservative Revolutionaries Who Remade American Politics in the 1990s. Basic Books. 2022-08-30. ISBN 9781541646872.
- Hugh Hewitt. GOP 5.0: Republican Renewal Under President Obama. XULON Press. 2009-01-15. ISBN 9781607911555.
- John Micklethwait; Adrian Wooldridge. The Right Nation: Conservative Power in America. Penguin Press. 2004-05. ISBN 9781594200205.
- Richard Morin; Claudia Deane. Belief Spectrum Brings Party Splits. Washington Post (The Washington Post Company). 1998-10-04: A1 [2024-02-16]. (原始內容存檔於2021-02-02).