插綴

插綴（Transfix）在構詞學中指在詞根（閃語族詞根）中插入的不連續詞綴，屬於構詞學的詞根活用式（英语：Nonconcatenative morphology）系統，可在多種閃語中見到。

不連續詞綴為語音組件在單詞中不連續，圍繞著構成詞根的語音攤開詞綴。詞根常常是一系列難懂的三個子音，雖然單子音、雙字母、四字母詞根也實際存在。^[1]三子音詞根的例子如阿拉伯語的 d–r–b ，可以曲折為 daraba （打擊）和 idribunna （打擊他們（陰性））。^[2]一般認為三子音詞根是最普遍的型態，部分語言學家斷定雙字母詞根可能實際上是默認的，但至少有一位學者懷疑這些主張的合法性。^[1]

插綴在範型指定下安置到詞根的既定位置，範型綁定了所賦予詞形變化或衍生之特定意義。^[3]前述的插綴例子如 a–a–a 和 i––i–unna 。

插綴不同於前綴、後綴和中綴，完整的插綴配置到詞根的整體結構之中。插綴並非前綴、後綴和中綴的組合，有其獨自的結構，拆散在字詞之中。插綴另一項和其他詞綴的不同點在於各個組件本身不具意涵。再看到 daraba 這個字，組件 a–a–a 單方面編譯不出任何意義。僅能一起產生出不定詞意涵。

下列範例為馬爾他語的動詞曲折、阿拉伯語名詞衍生、豪薩語名詞複數變化，三者皆屬於亞非語系。

馬爾他語詞根 *q–t–l* 的指示曲折：
完成式與未完成式^[4]
	完成式		未完成式
單數
第一人稱	qtilt	"I killed"	noqtol	"I kill"
第二人稱	qtilt	"You killed"	toqtol	"You kill"
第三人稱陽性	qatel	"He killed"	joqtol	"He kills"
第三人稱陰性	qatlet	"She killed"	toqtol	"She kills"
Plural
第一人稱	qtilna	"We killed"	noqtlu	"We kill"
第二人稱	qtiltu	"You killed"	toqtlu	"You kill"
第三人稱	qatlu	"They killed"	joqtlu	"They kill"

The Maltese example efficiently demonstrates the broad nature of transfixes and how they can be inserted into a root.

阿拉伯語詞根 *k–t–b* 的動名詞形式^[5]
阿拉伯語轉寫	翻譯
kataba	'preaching, orating'
katb	'matter, affair, concern'
kutub	'matters, affairs, concerns'
kitab	'public address, speech, oration'
kitba	'courtship, engagement'
kitaba	'rhetoric, oratory'
takatub	'conversation, talk, discussion'
mukatib	'conversation partner, interlocutor'

The Arabic example shows the ways in which a great variety of different nouns can be derived from a single root through the use of transfixes.

**豪薩語的名詞複數變化**^[6]
單數		複數
zártòò	“saw”	zárààtáá	"saws"
ɡárkèè	"herd"	ɡárààkáá	"herds"
sárkʲíí	"emir"	sàrààkáí	"emirs"
ɡʷúrɡʷùù	"cripple"	ɡʷúrààɡʷúú	"cripples"
ʔárzìkʲíí	"fortune"	ʔárzúkàà	"fortunes"

The Hausa example demonstrates the presence of transfixation in non-Semitic languages, though the phenomenon does not seem to leave the Afro-Asiatic family.

參見

參考文獻

^ ^1.0 ^1.1 Bennett, Patrick R. Comparative Semitic Linguistics : a Manual. Winona Lake, Ind.: Eisenbrauns, 1998. 62-64. Print.
^ Hans Wehr, J.M. Cowan, Arabic-English Dictionary (Ithaca: Spoken Language Services, 1976. 538-539. Print.
^ McCarthy, John J. Formal Problems in Semitic Phonology and Morphology. Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Linguistics Club, 1982. 200-218. Print.
^ Borg, Albert J. Maltese. London ;New York: Routledge, 1997. 244. Print.
^ Wehr, Hans. A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic : (Arabic-English). 4th ed., considerably enlarged and amended by the author. Ithaca, NY: Spoken Language Services, 1994. 285-286. Print.
^ Al-Hassan, Bello. "Transfixation in Hausa: A Hypothetical Analysis." Studies of the Department of African Languages and Cultures. 45. (2011): n. page. Web. 3 Feb. 2014. <http://www.sdalc.uw.edu.pl/index.php?journal=SDALC&page=article&op=download&path%5B%5D=33&path%5B%5D=21 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）>.

[#1-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Bennett, Patrick R. Comparative Semitic Linguistics : a Manual. Winona Lake, Ind.: Eisenbrauns, 1998. 62-64. Print.

[2] Hans Wehr, J.M. Cowan, Arabic-English Dictionary (Ithaca: Spoken Language Services, 1976. 538-539. Print.

[3] McCarthy, John J. Formal Problems in Semitic Phonology and Morphology. Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Linguistics Club, 1982. 200-218. Print.

[4] Borg, Albert J. Maltese. London ;New York: Routledge, 1997. 244. Print.

[5] Wehr, Hans. A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic : (Arabic-English). 4th ed., considerably enlarged and amended by the author. Ithaca, NY: Spoken Language Services, 1994. 285-286. Print.

[6] Al-Hassan, Bello. "Transfixation in Hausa: A Hypothetical Analysis." Studies of the Department of African Languages and Cultures. 45. (2011): n. page. Web. 3 Feb. 2014. <http://www.sdalc.uw.edu.pl/index.php?journal=SDALC&page=article&op=download&path%5B%5D=33&path%5B%5D=21 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）>.

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