卫生假说
卫生假说(英語:hygiene hypothesis)或老朋友假說(英語:old friend hypothesis),是一种医学假说,指童年时因缺少接触传染源、共生微生物(如胃肠道菌群、益生菌)与寄生蟲,从而抑制了免疫系统的正常发展,进而增加了罹患过敏性疾病的可能性。[1]发达国家青少年自體免疫性疾病与急性淋巴性白血病发病率的增加被认为与卫生假说有关。[2][3]一些证据指出自闭症與某些免疫疾病細胞因子有關[4][5][6][7][8],有一篇文獻推測卫生假说可能是导致自闭症的原因之一。[9]
近40年来生活在北美洲,欧洲等工业化国家的儿童确诊过敏和自體免疫性疾病的概率有惊人的提升。[10]相对而言,生活在发展中国家的青少年儿童相关疾病的确诊概率处于一个稳定的状态。 例如美国在1980年至1995年哮喘的确诊人数提升了75%,[11]患有枯草热的人数提升了10%. 目前可以明确的是导致过敏性疾病人数大量提升的原因有:儿童时代细菌性或病毒性感染发生次数较少,例如细菌性肠道感染,抗生素滥用,独生子女比生活在多子家庭的儿童更容易患上过敏性疾病,以及良好的卫生条件等。
针对于上述过敏性疾病在发达国家的确诊情况,有一些举措可能对该情况有缓解作用,例如在出生后第一到三个月内摄入一些含有过敏原的食物例如大豆,牛奶等[12],母乳喂养至少持续3-6个月,在出生后第一年内暴露在细菌环境下, 出生后二年内生活在有动物居住的环境内;暴露并接触含有脂多糖的抗原以促进CD14受体和Toll样受体的发育;在出生后六个月内摄入例如乳酸杆菌之类的益生菌可促进婴儿体内的Th2 ,辅助性T细胞2基础的免疫反应向Th1, 辅助性T细胞1型基础免疫反应的过渡。[13]但是例如环境污染,真菌性过敏原,鼻病毒感染,等其他因素无法帮助儿童免疫系统的正常发展。
- ^ Strachan DP. Family size, infection and atopy: the first decade of the "hygiene hypothesis". Thorax. 55. August 2000,. Suppl 1 (90001): S2–10 [2012-01-04]. PMC 1765943 . PMID 10943631. doi:10.1136/thorax.55.suppl_1.S2. (原始内容存档于2020-06-12).
- ^ Evidence that childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia is associated with an infectious agent linked to hygiene conditions. Smith MA, Simon R, Strickler HD, McQuillan G, Ries LA, Linet MS.National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
- ^ The 'hygiene hypothesis' for autoimmune and allergic diseases: an update. Okada H, Kuhn C, Feillet H, Bach JF. INSERM U1013, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris, France.
- ^ Croonenberghs J, Wauters A, Devreese K; et al. Increased serum albumin, gamma globulin, immunoglobulin IgG, and IgG2 and IgG4 in autism. Psychol Med. 2002, 32 (8): 1457–63. PMID 12455944.
- ^ Gupta S, Aggarwal S, Rashanravan B, Lee T. Th1- and Th2- like cytokines in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in autism. J Neuroimmunol 1998;85(1):106–9.
- ^ Ashwood P, Wakefield AJ. Immune activation of peripheral blood and mucosal CD3(+) lymphocyte cytokine profiles in children with autism and gastrointestinal symptoms. JNeuroimmunol 2006;173(1–2):126–34.
- ^ Zimmerman AW, Jyonouchi H, Comi AM; et al. Cerebrospinal fluid and serum markers of inflammation in autism. Pediatr Neurol. 2005, 33 (3): 195–201. PMID 16139734. doi:10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2005.03.014.
- ^ Molloy CA, Morrow AL, Meinzen-Derr J; et al. Elevated cytokine levels in children with autism spectrum disorder. J Neuroimmunol. 2006, 172 (1–2): 198–205. PMID 16360218. doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2005.11.007.
- ^ "Autism, asthma, inflammation, and the hygiene hypothesis (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)", Kevin G. Becker. Medical Hypothesis. 2007;69(4): 731-740
- ^ Rate of childhood peanut allergies more than tripled from 1997 to 2008. ScienceDaily. [2018-11-24]. (原始内容存档于2020-10-14) (英语).
- ^ Asthma Prevalence and Statistics 1980-2010. CHILDREN ALLERGY CENTER. 2010-11-09 [2018-11-24]. (原始内容存档于2020-11-26) (美国英语).
- ^ Chin, Benetta; Chan, Edmond S.; Goldman, Ran D. Early exposure to food and food allergy in children. Canadian Family Physician. 2014-4, 60 (4): 338–339 [2018-11-24]. ISSN 0008-350X. PMC 4046529 . PMID 24733323. (原始内容存档于2022-05-22).
- ^ Thanai Pongdee, MD, FAAAA. PREVENTION OF ALLERGIES AND ASTHMA IN CHILDREN. (原始内容存档于2021-02-10).
- ^ Boye, Joyce Irene. Food allergies in developing and emerging economies: need for comprehensive data on prevalence rates. Clinical and Translational Allergy. 2012, 2 (1): 25 [2018-11-24]. ISSN 2045-7022. PMC 3551706 . PMID 23256652. doi:10.1186/2045-7022-2-25. (原始内容存档于2021-02-22) (英语).