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发射场

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發射場（英語：launch site），又稱太空港（英語：spaceport）等，是发射或接收航天器的场所，类似于船舶的海港或飞机的机场。太空港一词传统上被用来指能够将航天器发射到地球轨道或行星际轨道上的场所。 然而，纯粹用于亚轨道飞行的火箭发射场有时被称为太空港，因为近年来新的和拟议的载人亚轨道飞行场经常被提及或命名为“太空港”。 空间站和拟议的未来月球基地有时被称为太空港，特别是如果打算作为进一步旅行的基地的话。

已隱藏部分未翻譯内容，歡迎參與翻譯。

The term rocket launch site is used for any facility from which rockets are launched. It may contain one or more launch pads or suitable sites to mount a transportable launch pad. It is typically surrounded by a large safety area, often called a rocket range or missile range. The range includes the area over which launched rockets are expected to fly, and within which some components of the rockets may land. Tracking stations are sometimes located in the range to assess the progress of the launches.[1]

Major spaceports often include more than one launch complex, which can be rocket launch sites adapted for different types of launch vehicles. (These sites can be well-separated for safety reasons.) For launch vehicles with liquid propellant, suitable storage facilities and, in some cases, production facilities are necessary. On-site processing facilities for solid propellants are also common.

A spaceport may also include runways for takeoff and landing of aircraft to support spaceport operations, or to enable support of HTHL or horizontal takeoff and vertical landing (HTVL) winged launch vehicles.

History

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The age of crewed rocket flight was initiated by Fritz von Opel who piloted the world's first rocket-propelled flight on 30 September 1929; von Opel was the co-designer and financier of the visionary project which led to actual space flights.

Peenemünde, Germany, where the V-2, the first rocket to reach space in June 1944, was launched

The first rockets to reach space were V-2 rockets launched from Peenemünde, Germany in 1944 during World War II.[2] After the war, 70 complete V-2 rockets were brought to White Sands for test launches, with 47 of them reaching altitudes between 100 km and 213 km.[3]

The world's first spaceport for orbital and human launches, the Baikonur Cosmodrome in southern Kazakhstan, started as a Soviet military rocket range in 1955. It achieved the first orbital flight (Sputnik 1) in October 1957. The exact location of the cosmodrome was initially held secret. Guesses to its location were misdirected by a name in common with a mining town 320 km away. The position became known in 1957 outside the Soviet Union only after U-2 planes had identified the site by following railway lines in the Kazakh SSR, although Soviet authorities did not confirm the location for decades.[4]

The Baikonur Cosmodrome achieved the first launch of a human into space (Yuri Gagarin) in 1961. The launch complex used, Site 1, has reached a special symbolic significance and is commonly called Gagarin's Start. Baikonur was the primary Soviet cosmodrome, and is still frequently used by Russia under a lease arrangement with Kazakhstan.

In response to the early Soviet successes, the United States built up a major spaceport complex at Cape Canaveral in Florida. A large number of uncrewed flights, as well as the early human flights, were carried out at Cape Canaveral Space Force Station. For the Apollo programme, an adjacent spaceport, Kennedy Space Center, was constructed, and achieved the first crewed mission to the lunar surface (Apollo 11) in July 1969. It was the base for all Space Shuttle launches and most of their runway landings. For details on the launch complexes of the two spaceports, see List of Cape Canaveral and Merritt Island launch sites.

The Guiana Space Centre in Kourou, French Guiana, is the major European spaceport, with satellite launches that benefit from the location 5 degrees north of the equator.

In October 2003 the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center achieved the first Chinese human spaceflight.

Breaking with tradition, in June 2004 on a runway at Mojave Air and Space Port, California, a human was for the first time launched to space in a privately funded, suborbital spaceflight, that was intended to pave the way for future commercial spaceflights. The spacecraft, SpaceShipOne, was launched by a carrier airplane taking off horizontally.

At Cape Canaveral, SpaceX in 2015 made the first successful landing and recovery of a first stage used in a vertical satellite launch.[5]

Location

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Rockets can most easily reach satellite orbits if launched near the equator in an easterly direction, as this maximizes use of the Earth's rotational speed (465 m/s at the equator). Such launches also provide a desirable orientation for arriving at a geostationary orbit. For polar orbits and Molniya orbits this does not apply.

In principle, advantages of high altitude launch are reduced vertical distance to travel and a thinner atmosphere for the rocket to penetrate. However, altitude of the launch site is not a driving factor in spaceport placement because most of the delta-v for a launch is spent on achieving the required horizontal orbital speed. The small gain from a few kilometers of extra altitude does not usually off-set the logistical costs of ground transport in mountainous terrain.

Many spaceports have been placed at existing military installations, such as intercontinental ballistic missile ranges, which are not always physically ideal sites for launch.

A rocket launch site is built as far as possible away from major population centers in order to mitigate risk to bystanders should a rocket experience a catastrophic failure. In many cases a launch site is built close to major bodies of water to ensure that no components are shed over populated areas. Typically a spaceport site is large enough that, should a vehicle explode, it will not endanger human lives or adjacent launch pads.[6]

Planned sites of spaceports for sub-orbital tourist spaceflight often make use of existing ground infrastructure, including runways. The nature of the local view from 100 km（62 mi） altitude is also a factor to consider.

Active orbital-launch spaceports in the world.

Space tourism

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The space tourism industry (see List of private spaceflight companies) is being targeted by spaceports in numerous locations worldwide. e.g. Spaceport America, New Mexico.

The establishment of spaceports for tourist trips raises legal issues, which are only beginning to be addressed.[7][8]

With achieved vertical launches of humans

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The following is a table of spaceports and launch complexes for vertical launchers with documented achieved launches of humans to space (more than 100 km（62 mi） altitude). The sorting order is spaceport by spaceport according to the time of the first human launch.

Spaceport Launch

complex

Launcher Spacecraft Flights Years
俄罗斯 哈萨克斯坦 Baikonur Cosmodrome,

Kazakhstan (Soviet and Russian flights)

Site 1 Vostok (r) Vostok 1–6 6 Orbital 1961–1963
Site 1 Voskhod (r) Voskhod 1–2 2 Orbital 1964–1965
Site 1, 31 Soyuz, Soyuz-U Soyuz 1–40 † 37 Orbital 1967–1981
Site 1, 31 Soyuz Soyuz 18a 1 Sub-O 1975
Site 1, 31 Soyuz-U, Soyuz-U2 Soyuz-T 2–15 14 Orbital 1980–1986
Site 1 Soyuz-U, Soyuz-U2 Soyuz-TM 2–34 33 Orbital 1987–2002
Site 1 Soyuz-FG Soyuz-TMA 1–22 22 Orbital 2002–2011
Site 1, 31 Soyuz-FG Soyuz TMA-M 1–20 20 Orbital 2010–2016
Site 1, 31 Soyuz-FG Soyuz MS 1–9, 11–13, 15 13 Orbital 2016–2019
Site 1, 31 Soyuz-2.1a Soyuz MS 16–22, 24 8 Orbital 2020–
美国 Cape Canaveral Space Force Station,

Florida, United States

LC-5 Redstone Mercury 3–4 2 Sub-O 1961
LC-14 Atlas Mercury 6–9 4 Orbital 1962–1963
LC-19 Titan II Gemini 3–12 10 Orbital 1965–1966
LC-34 Saturn IB Apollo 7 1 Orbital 1968
美国 Kennedy Space Center,

Florida, United States

LC-39 Saturn V Apollo 8–17 10 Lun/Or 1968–1972
Saturn IB Skylab 2–4 3 Orbital 1973–1974
Saturn IB Apollo–Soyuz 1 Orbital 1975
Space Shuttle STS 1-135‡ 134 Orbital 1981–2011
Falcon 9 Block 5 Crew Dragon 11 Orbital 2020–
中国 Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center,

China

Area 4 Long March 2F Shenzhou 5–7, 9-17 12 Orbital 2003–
美国 Corn Ranch,

Texas, United States

Launch Site One New Shepard New Shepard Crew Capsule 6 Sub-O 2021–

† Three of the Soyuz missions were uncrewed and are not counted (Soyuz 2, Soyuz 20, Soyuz 34).

‡ STS-51-L (Challenger) failed to reach orbit and is not counted. STS-107 (Columbia) reached orbit and is therefore included in the count (disaster struck on re-entry).

Crewed Missions failed to reach Kármán line:

Soyuz T-10a (1983)

STS-51-L (1986)

Soyuz MS-10 (2018)

With achieved satellite launches

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The following is a table of spaceports with a documented achieved launch to orbit. The table is sorted according to the time of the first launch that achieved satellite orbit insertion. The first column gives the geographical location. Operations from a different country are indicated in the fourth column. A launch is counted as one also in cases where the payload consists of multiple satellites.

Spaceport Location Years
(orbital) 		Launches
to orbit
or inter-
planetary 		Launch vehicles
(operators) 		Sources
俄罗斯 Baikonur Cosmodrome, Baikonur/Tyuratam, Kazakhstan[9] Kazakhstan 1957– >1,000 R-7/Soyuz, Kosmos, Proton, Tsyklon, Zenit, Energia, Dnepr, N1, Rokot, Strela [來源請求]
美国 Cape Canaveral Space Force Station, Florida, United States[10] United States 1958– >400 Delta, Scout, Atlas, Titan, Saturn, Athena, Falcon 9, Minotaur IV, Vanguard, Juno, Thor [來源請求]
美国 Vandenberg Space Force Base, California, United States[11] United States 1959– >700 Delta, Scout, Atlas, Titan, Taurus, Athena, Minotaur, Falcon 9, Thor, Firefly Alpha [12]
美国 Wallops Flight Facility, Virginia, United States[13] (see also MARS below) United States 1961–1985 19 Scout 6[13]+13[13]
俄罗斯 Kapustin Yar Cosmodrome, Astrakhan Oblast, Russia[14] Russia 1962–2008 85 Kosmos [14][來源請求]
法國 Hammaguir French Special Weapons Test Centre, Algeria[15] Algeria 1965–1967 4 Diamant A (France) Diamant
俄罗斯 Plesetsk Cosmodrome, Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russia[16] Russia 1966– >1,500 R-7/Soyuz, Kosmos, Tsyklon-3, Rokot, Angara, Start [16]
義大利 San Marco platform, Broglio Space Centre, Malindi, Kenya[13] Kenya 1967–1988 9 Scout (ASI and Sapienza, Italy) Broglio
美国 Kennedy Space Center, Florida, United States[10] United States 1967– 187 17 Saturn, 135 Space Shuttle, 63 Falcon 9, 11 Falcon Heavy, 1 SLS Saturn, STS, F9
澳大利亚 Woomera Prohibited Area, South Australia[13] Australia 1967, 1971 2 Redstone (WRESAT), Black Arrow (UK Prospero X-3), Europa WRESAT, X-3
日本 Uchinoura Space Center (Kagoshima), Japan[13] Japan 1970– 31 27 Mu, 3 Epsilon, 1 SS-520-5 [13] M, ε, S
法國 Guyane française Space Centre, Kourou, French Guiana, France[17] France 1970– 318 7 Diamant, 227 Ariane, 16 Soyuz-2, 11 Vega see 4 rockets
中国 Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center, China[13] China 1970– 121 2 LM1, 3 LM2A, 20 LM2C, 36 LM2D, 13 LM2F, 3 LM4B, 5 LM4C, 3 LM11 See 8 rockets
日本 Tanegashima Space Center, Japan[13] Japan 1975– 65 6 N-I, 8 N-II, 9 H-I, 6 H-II, 36 H-IIA see 5 rockets
印度 Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SHAR), Andhra Pradesh, India[13] India 1979– 91 4 SLV, 4 ASLV, 59 PSLV, 15 GSLV, 7 LVM3, 2 SSLV List SDSC
中国 Xichang Satellite Launch Center, China[18] China 1984– 183 Long March: 6 LM2C, 5 LM2E, 11 LM3, 25 LM3A, 42 LM3B, 15 LM3C See 6 rockets
中国 Taiyuan Satellite Launch Center, China[19] China 1988– 62 Long March: 16 LM2C, 2 LM2D, 2 LM4A, 25 LM4B, 15 LM4C, 2 LM6 See 6 rockets
以色列 Palmachim Air Force Base, Israel[13] Israel 1988– 8 Shavit Shavit
Various airport runways (B-52, Stargazer) Various 1990– 39 Pegasus (Orbital Sciences Corporation) Pegasus
俄罗斯 Svobodny Cosmodrome, Amur Oblast, Russia[20] Russia 1997–2006 5 Start-1 [20]
俄罗斯 Deltasubmarine, Barents Sea Barents Sea 1998, 2006 2 Shtil' (Russia), Volna-O Shtil'
Odyssey mobile platform, Pacific Ocean Pacific Ocean 1999–2014 32 Zenit-3SL (Sea Launch) Sea Launch
美国 Pacific Spaceport Complex (Kodiak), Alaska, United States[21][22] United States 2001– 3 1 Athena, 2 Minotaur IV Kodiak
俄罗斯 Yasny Cosmodrome (Dombarovsky), Orenburg Oblast, Russia[23] Russia 2006– 10 Dnepr Dnepr
美国 Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport (MARS), Virginia, United States[24] United States 2006– 12 5 Minotaur I, 6 Antares, 1 Minotaur V MARS
美国 Omelek, Kwajalein Atoll, Marshall Islands Marshall Islands 2008–2009 5 5 Falcon 1 (US) Falcon 1
伊朗 Semnan Space Center, Semnan, Iran[13][25] Iran 2009– 5 Safir, Simorgh, Zuljanah Safir
朝鲜民主主义人民共和国 Sohae Satellite Launching Station, North Korea North Korea 2012– 2 Unha-3 K3-U2[26]
大韩民国 Naro Space Center, South Jeolla, South Korea[27] South Korea 2013– 2 Naro-1, Nuri Naro-1,Nuri
俄罗斯 Vostochny Cosmodrome, Amur Oblast, Russia Russia 2016– 8 8 Soyuz-2 Vostochny
中国 Wenchang Satellite Launch Center, China China 2016– 23 Long March: 9 LM5, 12 LM7, 2 LM8 See 3 rockets
新西兰 美国 Rocket Lab Launch Complex 1,
New Zealand 		New Zealand 2018– 21 21 Electron Electron (rocket)
中国 various launching platforms from Dongfang Spaceport​（中文）, China Yellow sea, East China sea 2019– 6 4 Long March 11, 1 SD3, 1 CERES-1​（中文） See 3 rockets
伊朗 Shahroud Space Center, Semnan Province, Iran Iran 2020– 4 3 Qased, 2 Qaem 100 [28][29]

With achieved horizontal launches of humans to 100 km

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The following table shows spaceports with documented achieved launches of humans to at least 100 km altitude, starting from a horizontal runway. All the flights were sub-orbital.

Spaceport Carrier aircraft Spacecraft Flights above 100 km Years
美国 Edwards AFB,

California, United States

B-52 X-15 2 flights (# 90-91) 1963
美国 Mojave Air and Space Port,

California, United States

White Knight SpaceShipOne 3 flights (# 15P-17P) 2004

Beyond Earth

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Spaceports have been proposed for locations on the Moon, Mars, orbiting the Earth, at Sun-Earth and Earth-Moon Lagrange points, and at other locations in the Solar System. Human-tended outposts on the Moon or Mars, for example, will be spaceports by definition.[30] The 2012 Space Studies Program of the International Space University studied the economic benefit of a network of spaceports throughout the solar system beginning from Earth and expanding outwardly in phases, within its team project Operations And Service Infrastructure for Space (OASIS).[31] Its analysis claimed that the first phase, placing the "Node 1" spaceport with space tug services in low Earth orbit (LEO), would be commercially profitable and reduce transportation costs to geosynchronous orbit by as much as 44% (depending on the launch vehicle). The second phase would add a Node 2 spaceport on the lunar surface to provide services including lunar ice mining and delivery of rocket propellants back to Node 1. This would enable lunar surface activities and further reduce transportation costs within and out from cislunar space. The third phase would add a Node 3 spaceport on the Martian moon Phobos to enable refueling and resupply prior to Mars surface landings, missions beyond Mars, and return trips to Earth. In addition to propellant mining and refueling, the network of spaceports could provide services such as power storage and distribution, in-space assembly and repair of spacecraft, communications relay, shelter, construction and leasing of infrastructure, maintaining spacecraft positioned for future use, and logistics.[32]

参见

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维基共享资源中相关的多媒体资源：发射场

参考文献

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  1. ^ Merritt Island Spaceflight Tracking and Data Network station
  2. ^ Dyson, Marianne J. Space and astronomy: decade by decade. Infobase Publishing. 2007: 95. ISBN 978-0-8160-5536-4. 
  3. ^ Ernst Stuhlinger, Enabling technology for space transportation (The Century of Space Science, page 66, Kluwer, ISBN 0-7923-7196-8)
  4. ^ Baikonur Cosmodrome (NIIP-5/GIK-5). www.russianspaceweb.com. [24 December 2010]. （原始内容存档于8 February 2003）. 
  5. ^ Grush, Loren. SpaceX successfully landed its Falcon 9 rocket after launching it to space. The Verge. December 21, 2015 [April 9, 2016]. （原始内容存档于28 June 2017）. 
  6. ^ Overlookpress.com. www.overlookpress.com. （原始内容存档于13 January 2018）. 
  7. ^ Londin, Jesse. Space Law Probe: Virginia Leads The Way. blogspot.com. 9 February 2007 [28 April 2007]. （原始内容存档于22 August 2017）. 
  8. ^ Boyle, Alan. Regulators OK Oklahoma spaceport - Suborbital test flights could begin in 2007, setting stage for tourists. NBC News. 13 June 2006 [26 June 2006]. （原始内容存档于30 April 2013）. 
  9. ^ Baikonur. www.astronautix.com. （原始内容存档于7 February 2002）. 
  10. ^ 10.0 10.1 Cape Canaveral. www.astronautix.com. （原始内容存档于31 October 2003）. 
  11. ^ Vandenberg. www.astronautix.com. （原始内容存档于8 February 2002）. 
  12. ^ Howell, Elizabeth. Vandenberg: West Coast Launch Site. Space.com. 22 September 2016 [1 October 2021]. （原始内容存档于15 June 2018）. 
  13. ^ 13.00 13.01 13.02 13.03 13.04 13.05 13.06 13.07 13.08 13.09 13.10 13.11 Wallops Island. www.astronautix.com. [23 April 2022]. （原始内容存档于3 March 2022）. 
  14. ^ 14.0 14.1 Kapustin Yar. www.astronautix.com. （原始内容存档于4 November 2007）. 
  15. ^ Hammaguira. www.astronautix.com. （原始内容存档于5 May 2002）. 
  16. ^ 16.0 16.1 Plesetsk. www.astronautix.com. （原始内容存档于29 December 2007）. 
  17. ^ Arianespace - Launch program activity. [26 May 2009]. （原始内容存档于9 February 2014）. 
  18. ^ Xichang. www.astronautix.com. （原始内容存档于29 January 2005）. 
  19. ^ Taiyuan. www.astronautix.com. （原始内容存档于28 December 2016）. 
  20. ^ 20.0 20.1 Svobodniy. www.astronautix.com. （原始内容存档于2 August 2002）. 
  21. ^ Kodiak. www.astronautix.com. （原始内容存档于7 July 2009）. 
  22. ^ Kodiak Readies for Quick Launch, Aviation Week, April 2010, accessed 26 April 2010. "Alaska's remote Kodiak Launch Complex is state-of-the-art, has a perfect mission record, and will soon be able to launch a satellite-carrying rocket within 24 hours of mission go-ahead."
  23. ^ Dombarovskiy. www.astronautix.com. （原始内容存档于18 June 2008）. 
  24. ^ Welcome to Virginia Space. www.vaspace.org. [1 October 2021]. （原始内容存档于14 August 2021）. 
  25. ^ Imam Khomeini Space Center | Facilities. NTI. [2017-11-30]. （原始内容存档于5 July 2017）. 
  26. ^ North Korea says it successfully launched controversial satellite into orbit. MSNBC. 12 December 2012. （原始内容存档于13 December 2012）. 
  27. ^ news.xinhuanet.com. （原始内容存档于4 February 2013）. 
  28. ^ Iran's first space launch center near Shahrud for its Ghaem SLV project. www.b14643.de. [2022-06-06]. （原始内容存档于2022-12-04）. 
  29. ^ Hinz, Fabian. IRAN'S SOLID-PROPELLANT SLV PROGRAM IS ALIVE AND KICKING. [2024-01-15]. （原始内容存档于2022-10-18）. 
  30. ^ [Mendell, Wendell W. Lunar bases and space activities of the 21st century. Lunar and Planetary Institute. 1985. ISBN 0-942862-02-3. ]
  31. ^ http://www.oasisnext.com/ 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期24 December 2014., OASIS official website
  32. ^ OASIS Executive Summary Operations And Service Infrastructure for Space. [7 December 2012]. （原始内容存档于25 January 2014）. 

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