相互理解性

相互理解性 指语言学上的互通程度（亦称互懂程度），為某种语言的使用者在从未接触另一种语言（包括听或学习）的情況下，能通过听力或（及）阅读理解另一种语言的程度。这一数据常被用作区分语言与方言的重要根据。另外，社会语言学亦會用作区分的根据。

语言互通有时是不对等的，即语言A与语言B的使用者在交谈时，语言A可能更易被语言B的使用者理解，反之则不成立。互通常发生在地理上毗邻的语言或方言之间，特别是方言连续体中。

例子

书面与听力

南非荷兰语：荷兰语（部分）^[1]
阿塞拜疆语：土耳其语^[2]
布里亞特語：內蒙古方言、喀爾喀蒙古語
白俄罗斯语：俄语、乌克兰语^[3]
波斯尼亚语：克罗地亚语、蒙特內哥羅語、塞尔维亚语（拉丁字母书写）^[4]
保加利亚语：马其顿语^[5]
克罗地亚语：波斯尼亚语、蒙特內哥羅語、塞尔维亚语（拉丁字母书写）^[4]
捷克语：斯洛伐克语、波兰语^[6]
丹麦语：瑞典语、挪威语^[7]
芬兰语：爱沙尼亚语 (部分)^[8]、卡累利阿語 (高度近似)^[9]、克文语及梅安语 (非常高度近似)
荷兰语：南非荷兰语（部分）^[1]、西弗里斯語（部分）^[1] ^[10]
英语：低地蘇格蘭語^[11]
加利西亚语：葡萄牙语^[12]
德语：荷兰语（部分）、盧森堡語^[10]
印尼语：马来语^[13]
卢旺达语：基隆迪语^[14]
基隆迪语：卢旺达语^[14]
马其顿语：塞尔维亚语、保加利亚语^[5]
马来语：印尼语^[13]
蒙特內哥羅語：波斯尼亚语、克罗地亚语、塞尔维亚语^[4]
挪威语：丹麦语、瑞典语^[7]
葡萄牙语：加利西亚语^[12]、西班牙語^[15]^[16]^[17]
俄语：白俄罗斯语、乌克兰语^[3]
低地苏格兰语：英语^[11]
塞尔维亚语：马其顿语、波斯尼亚语、克罗地亚语、蒙特內哥羅語^[4]
斯洛伐克语：捷克语^[6]
西班牙语：加泰隆尼亞语^[18]、葡萄牙语^[15]^[16]^[17]
瑞典语：丹麦语、挪威语^[7]
托克劳语：图瓦卢语^[19]
土耳其语：阿塞拜疆语^[2]
图瓦卢语：托克劳语^[19]
乌克兰语：白俄罗斯语、俄语^[3]

仅听力

保加利亚语与马其顿语：托拉克语、波斯尼亚语、克罗地亚语（前两者用西里尔字母书写，后三者用拉丁字母书写）^[20]
达利语：波斯语、塔吉克语^[21]（塔吉克语用西里尔字母书写，其他两者则用波斯-阿拉伯字母书写）
德语：意第绪语^[22]（德语用拉丁字母书写，意第绪语则用希伯来字母书写）
印地语：乌尔都语^[23]（印地语用天城文书写，乌尔都语则用波斯-阿拉伯语字母书写）
老挝语：泰语^[24]（各有书写系统）
波斯语：塔吉克语^[21]（波斯语与达利语用波斯-阿拉伯字母书写，塔吉克语用西里尔字母书写）
塔吉克语：波斯语、达利语^[21]（波斯语与达利语用波斯-阿拉伯字母书写，塔吉克语用西里尔字母书写）
泰语：老挝语、壮语（仅限傳統词汇）^[24]
托拉克语：保加利亚语、马其顿语^[20]
乌尔都语：印地语^[23]
维吾尔语：乌兹别克语^[25]（维吾尔语用阿拉伯字母书写，乌兹别克语用拉丁字母书写）
乌兹别克语：维吾尔语^[25]
意第绪语：德语^[22]
東干語：現代標準漢語（各有書寫系統）
現代標準漢語：東干語（使用西里爾字母及延伸型西里爾字母，文字不標註聲調）

仅书面

法罗语：冰岛语^[26]
冰岛语：法罗语^[26]

古语

古英语与古萨克森语^[27]

参考文献

^ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Gooskens, Charlotte. The Contribution of Linguistic Factors to the Intelligibility of Closely Related Languages (PDF). Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development (University of Groningen). 2007, 28 (6) [2010-05-19]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2019-04-11）.
^ ^2.0 ^2.1 Denis Sinor, The Uralic and Altaic Series, p.90
^ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 Alexander M. Schenker. 1993. "Proto-Slavonic," The Slavonic Languages. (Routledge). Pp. 60-121. Pg. 60: "[The] distinction between dialect and language being blurred, there can be no unanimity on this issue in all instances..."
C.F. Voegelin and F.M. Voegelin. 1977. Classification and Index of the World's Languages (Elsevier). Pg. 311, "In terms of immediate mutual intelligibility, the East Slavic zone is a single language."
Bernard Comrie. 1981. The Languages of the Soviet Union (Cambridge). Pg. 145-146: "The three East Slavonic languages are very close to one another, with very high rates of mutual intelligibility...The separation of Russian, Ukrainian, and Belorussian as distinct languages is relatively recent...Many Ukrainians in fact speak a mixture of Ukrainian and Russian, finding it difficult to keep the two languages apart...
^ ^4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 ^4.3 Greenberg, Robert David. Language and identity in the Balkans: Serbo-Croatian and its disintegration. Oxford University Press. 2004: 14. ISBN 9780199258154.
^ ^5.0 ^5.1 Language profile Macedonian （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, UCLA International Institute
^ ^6.0 ^6.1 Trudgill, Peter. Glocalisation and the Ausbau sociolinguistics of modern Europe (PDF). Duszak, Anna; Okulska, Urszula (编). Speaking from the Margin: Global English from a European Perspective. Polish Studies in English Language and Literature 11. Peter Lang. 2004 [2010-11-24]. ISBN 0820473286. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2019-06-11）.
^ ^7.0 ^7.1 ^7.2 Bø, I. Ungdom od nabolad. En undersøkelse av skolens og fjernsynets betydning for nabrospråksforstålen.. Rogalandsforskning. 1976, 4.
^ Katzner, Kenneth. The languages of the world 3rd ed. London: Routledge. 2002. ISBN 0203430166. OCLC 51322181.
^ Taagepera, Rein. The Finno-Ugric republics and the Russian state. Routledge. 1999: 100. ISBN 0-415-91977-0.
^ ^10.0 ^10.1 Beerkens, Roos. Receptive Multilingualism as a Language Mode in the Dutch-German Border Area. Waxmann Publishing Co. 2010: 51 [2010-11-24]. ISBN 9783830923466. （原始内容存档于2014-09-29）.
^ ^11.0 ^11.1 Woolf, Alex. From Pictland to Alba 789-1000. Edinburgh University Press. 2007: 331. ISBN 9780748612338.
^ ^12.0 ^12.1 Beswick, Jaine. Linguistic homogeneity in Galician and Portuguese borderland communities. Estudios de Sociolingüística. 2005, 6 (1): 39–64.
^ ^13.0 ^13.1 Swan, Michael. Learner English: a teacher's guide to interference and other problems. Cambridge University Press. 2001: 279. ISBN 9780521779395.
^ ^14.0 ^14.1 Kirundi Language. [2010-11-24]. （原始内容存档于2021-04-28）.
^ ^15.0 ^15.1 GAVILANES LASO, J. L. (1996) Algunas consideraciones sobre la inteligibilidad mutua hispano-portuguesa In: Actas del Congreso Internacional Luso-Español de Lengua y Cultura en la Frontera, Cáceres, Universidad de Extremadura, 175-187.
^ ^16.0 ^16.1 Comparação Português e Castelhano. [2010-11-24]. （原始内容存档于2019-01-05）.
^ ^17.0 ^17.1 Algumas observações sobre a noção de língua portuguesa (PDF). [2010-11-24]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2011-07-16）.
^ Wright, Sue. Monolingualism and bilingualism: Lessons from Canada and Spain. Multilingual Matters Ltd. 1996: 80. ISBN 1853593540.
^ ^19.0 ^19.1 Tokelauan language. [2010-11-24]. （原始内容存档于2012-11-08）.
^ ^20.0 ^20.1 Българският език през ХХ век (The Bulgarian language in the 20th century). [2010-11-24]. （原始内容存档于2021-04-30）.
^ ^21.0 ^21.1 ^21.2 Dari/Persian/Tajik languages (PDF). [2010-11-24]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2012-10-25）.
^ ^22.0 ^22.1 Avrum Ehrlich, Mark. Encyclopedia of the Jewish Diaspora: origins, experience and culture, Volume 1. ABC-CLIO. 2009: 192. ISBN 9781851098736.
^ ^23.0 ^23.1 Gumperz, John J. Language Problems in the Rural Development of North India. The Journal of Asian Studies. February 1957, 16 (2): 251–259.
^ ^24.0 ^24.1 Ausbau and Abstand languages. [2010-11-24]. （原始内容存档于2012-10-17）.
^ ^25.0 ^25.1 Hahn, Reinard F. Uyghur. Lars Johanson, Éva Csató (编). The Turkic Languages. Taylor & Francis. 1998: 379 [2010-11-24]. ISBN 9780415082006. （原始内容存档于2016-08-01）.
^ ^26.0 ^26.1 Barbour, Stephen. Language and nationalism in Europe. Oxford University Press. 2000: 106 [2010-11-24]. ISBN 9780199250851. （原始内容存档于2021-04-30）.
^ Fortson, Benjamin W. Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction. Wiley-Blackwell. 2004: 315 [2010-11-24]. ISBN 1405103167. （原始内容存档于2021-01-24）.

延伸閱讀

Casad, Eugene H. Dialect intelligibility testing. Summer Institute of Linguistics. 1974 [2018-07-31]. ISBN 0-88312-040-2. （原始内容存档于2020-04-23）.
Gooskens, Charlotte. Experimental methods for measuring intelligibility of closely related language varieties (PDF). Bayley, Robert; Cameron, Richard; Lucas, Ceil (编). The Oxford Handbook of Sociolinguistics. Oxford University Press. 2013: 195–213 [2018-07-31]. ISBN 978-0-19-974408-4. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-08-24）.
Gooskens, Charlotte; van Heuven, Vincent J.; Golubović, Jelena; Schüppert, Anja; Swarte, Femke; Voigt, Stefanie. Mutual intelligibility between closely related languages in Europe. International Journal of Multilingualism. 2017. doi:10.1080/14790718.2017.1350185.
Grimes, Joseph E. Dialects as Optimal Communication Networks. Language. 1974, 50 (2): 260–269. JSTOR 412437.

參閲

語言改革

外部連結

Harold Schiffman, "Linguists' Definition: mutual intelligibility" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. University of Pennsylvania.
Common words between languages （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）

[gooskens-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Gooskens, Charlotte. The Contribution of Linguistic Factors to the Intelligibility of Closely Related Languages (PDF). Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development (University of Groningen). 2007, 28 (6) [2010-05-19]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2019-04-11）.

[Denis_Sinor_p.90-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Denis Sinor, The Uralic and Altaic Series, p.90

[BlrRusUkr-3] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 Alexander M. Schenker. 1993. "Proto-Slavonic," The Slavonic Languages. (Routledge). Pp. 60-121. Pg. 60: "[The] distinction between dialect and language being blurred, there can be no unanimity on this issue in all instances..."
C.F. Voegelin and F.M. Voegelin. 1977. Classification and Index of the World's Languages (Elsevier). Pg. 311, "In terms of immediate mutual intelligibility, the East Slavic zone is a single language."
Bernard Comrie. 1981. The Languages of the Soviet Union (Cambridge). Pg. 145-146: "The three East Slavonic languages are very close to one another, with very high rates of mutual intelligibility...The separation of Russian, Ukrainian, and Belorussian as distinct languages is relatively recent...Many Ukrainians in fact speak a mixture of Ukrainian and Russian, finding it difficult to keep the two languages apart...

[CroBosSerMon-4] 4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 ^4.3 Greenberg, Robert David. Language and identity in the Balkans: Serbo-Croatian and its disintegration. Oxford University Press. 2004: 14. ISBN 9780199258154.

[BulMac-5] 5.0 ^5.1 Language profile Macedonian （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, UCLA International Institute

[CzeSlo-6] 6.0 ^6.1 Trudgill, Peter. Glocalisation and the Ausbau sociolinguistics of modern Europe (PDF). Duszak, Anna; Okulska, Urszula (编). Speaking from the Margin: Global English from a European Perspective. Polish Studies in English Language and Literature 11. Peter Lang. 2004 [2010-11-24]. ISBN 0820473286. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2019-06-11）.

[DanNorSve-7] 7.0 ^7.1 ^7.2 Bø, I. Ungdom od nabolad. En undersøkelse av skolens og fjernsynets betydning for nabrospråksforstålen.. Rogalandsforskning. 1976, 4.

[8] Katzner, Kenneth. The languages of the world 3rd ed. London: Routledge. 2002. ISBN 0203430166. OCLC 51322181.

[9] Taagepera, Rein. The Finno-Ugric republics and the Russian state. Routledge. 1999: 100. ISBN 0-415-91977-0.

[DeuNed-10] 10.0 ^10.1 Beerkens, Roos. Receptive Multilingualism as a Language Mode in the Dutch-German Border Area. Waxmann Publishing Co. 2010: 51 [2010-11-24]. ISBN 9783830923466. （原始内容存档于2014-09-29）.

[EngSco-11] 11.0 ^11.1 Woolf, Alex. From Pictland to Alba 789-1000. Edinburgh University Press. 2007: 331. ISBN 9780748612338.

[GalPor-12] 12.0 ^12.1 Beswick, Jaine. Linguistic homogeneity in Galician and Portuguese borderland communities. Estudios de Sociolingüística. 2005, 6 (1): 39–64.

[IndMal-13] 13.0 ^13.1 Swan, Michael. Learner English: a teacher's guide to interference and other problems. Cambridge University Press. 2001: 279. ISBN 9780521779395.

[KinKir-14] 14.0 ^14.1 Kirundi Language. [2010-11-24]. （原始内容存档于2021-04-28）.

[GAVILANES_LASO,_J._L._1996-15] 15.0 ^15.1 GAVILANES LASO, J. L. (1996) Algunas consideraciones sobre la inteligibilidad mutua hispano-portuguesa In: Actas del Congreso Internacional Luso-Español de Lengua y Cultura en la Frontera, Cáceres, Universidad de Extremadura, 175-187.

[Comparação_Português_e_Castelhano-16] 16.0 ^16.1 Comparação Português e Castelhano. [2010-11-24]. （原始内容存档于2019-01-05）.

[cvc.instituto-camoes.pt-17] 17.0 ^17.1 Algumas observações sobre a noção de língua portuguesa (PDF). [2010-11-24]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2011-07-16）.

[EspGal-18] Wright, Sue. Monolingualism and bilingualism: Lessons from Canada and Spain. Multilingual Matters Ltd. 1996: 80. ISBN 1853593540.

[TokTuv-19] 19.0 ^19.1 Tokelauan language. [2010-11-24]. （原始内容存档于2012-11-08）.

[Bul20-20] 20.0 ^20.1 Българският език през ХХ век (The Bulgarian language in the 20th century). [2010-11-24]. （原始内容存档于2021-04-30）.

[DariPersianTajik-21] 21.0 ^21.1 ^21.2 Dari/Persian/Tajik languages (PDF). [2010-11-24]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2012-10-25）.

[DeuYid-22] 22.0 ^22.1 Avrum Ehrlich, Mark. Encyclopedia of the Jewish Diaspora: origins, experience and culture, Volume 1. ABC-CLIO. 2009: 192. ISBN 9781851098736.

[HinUrd-23] 23.0 ^23.1 Gumperz, John J. Language Problems in the Rural Development of North India. The Journal of Asian Studies. February 1957, 16 (2): 251–259.

[ThaiLao-24] 24.0 ^24.1 Ausbau and Abstand languages. [2010-11-24]. （原始内容存档于2012-10-17）.

[UznUig-25] 25.0 ^25.1 Hahn, Reinard F. Uyghur. Lars Johanson, Éva Csató (编). The Turkic Languages. Taylor & Francis. 1998: 379 [2010-11-24]. ISBN 9780415082006. （原始内容存档于2016-08-01）.

[IslFao-26] 26.0 ^26.1 Barbour, Stephen. Language and nationalism in Europe. Oxford University Press. 2000: 106 [2010-11-24]. ISBN 9780199250851. （原始内容存档于2021-04-30）.

[27] Fortson, Benjamin W. Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction. Wiley-Blackwell. 2004: 315 [2010-11-24]. ISBN 1405103167. （原始内容存档于2021-01-24）.

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